Salvia: Difference between revisions
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== Botany == |
== Botany == |
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BOTANY IS FOR GIRLS, GIRLS WERE INVENTED! hahaha. |
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''Salvia'' species include [[annual plant|annual]], [[Biennial plant|biennial]], or [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant|herbs]], along with [[Woody plant|woody]] [[subshrub]]s. The [[Plant stem|stems]] are typically angled like other members in [[Lamiaceae]]. The leaves are commonly entire, but sometimes are toothed, or [[pinnate]]ly divided. The flowering stems bear small [[bracts]], dissimilar to the basal leaves, in some species they are ornamental and showy. |
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The [[flower]]s are produced in [[raceme]]s, or [[panicle]]s, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with white and yellI LOVE GaY PEOPLEow less common. The [[calyx]] is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. The [[Petal#Corolla|corollas]] are often claw shaped and are two-lipped. The upper lip is usually entire or three-toothed. The lower lip typically has two lobes. The [[stamen]]s are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower [[Gynoecium|styles]] are two-cleft. The [[fruit]]s are smooth ovoid or oblong [[Pyrena|nutlets]] and in many species they have a [[Mucilage|mucilaginous coating]].<ref>{{Citation |
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| title=Manual of Cultivated Plants |
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| author=L. H. Bailey |
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}}</ref> |
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Many salvias have [[trichome]]s (hairs) growing on the [[Leaf|leaves]], [[Plant stem|stems]], and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species. Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to [[grazing]] animals and some [[insects]].<ref name="Sutton">{{cite book|last=Sutton|first=John|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|date=2004|pages=15–16|isbn=9780881926712}}</ref> |
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===Classification of species=== |
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[[George Bentham]] was first to give a full [[monograph|monographic]] account of the genus in 1832-1836, and based his classifications on staminal morphology.<ref>{{cite journal |author=El-Gazzar, A., L. Watson, W. T. Williams, and G. N. Lance|title=The taxonomy of Salvia: a test of two radically different numerical methods|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|volume=60| pages=237-250|year=1968| }}</ref> The defining characteristic of the genus ''Salvia'' is the unusual [[pollination syndrome|pollination mechanism]], which consists of two [[stamen]]s (instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe [[Mentheae]]) and the way the two stamens are connected to form a [[lever]]. When a [[pollinator]] enters the flower for [[nectar]], the lever activates causing the stamens to move and the [[pollen]] to be deposited on the pollinator. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. As the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the [[Gynoecium|stigma]] is placed in a general location that corresponds to where the pollen was deposited on the pollinator's body. The lever of most ''Salvia'' species is not specialized for a single pollinator, but generic and selected to be easily released by many bird and bee pollinators of varying shapes and sizes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Classen-Bockhoff, R., M. Crone, and E. Baikova|title=Stamen development in Salvia L.: Homology reinvestigated|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=165| pages=475-498|year=2004| }}</ref> It is believed that this is a key factor in the speciation of this large group of diverse plants.<ref name=Clasenbockhoff2004>{{Cite journal | last = Clasenbockhoff | first = R. | year = 2004 | title = The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia L. (Lamiaceae): a key innovation for adaptive radiation? | journal = Organisms Diversity & Evolution| volume = 4| pages = 189| doi = 10.1016/j.ode.2004.01.004| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7GJ9-4D2F13P-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ba36292de66337e1fc11c4c8ab5670b5 |
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}}</ref> Because this structure is nearly exclusive to ''Salvia'', the genus was thought to be monophyletic. However, it now appears that somewhat different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved in the tribe Mentheae, and at least three different times within ''Salvia'', making the genus clearly non-[[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae | author = Jay B. Walker, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Jens Treutlein and Michael Wink | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1115–1125 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/7/1115 | journal = American Journal of Botany | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.7.1115 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 100 | issue = 2 | pages = 375–391 | month = August | year = 2007 | author = Walker, Jay B., Sytsma, Kenneth J. | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcl176 | pmid = 16926227 }}</ref> |
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The classification of different ''Salvia'' species has been confused. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. ''[[Salvia officinalis]]'', for example, has been described and named under six other specific names at various times. At one time there were over 2000 named ''Salvia'' species. That number has been reduced in recent years to 700-900 distinct species and subspecies, depending on the source.<ref>Sutton, p. 17.</ref><ref>Clebsch, p. 18.</ref> |
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==Selected species and their uses== |
==Selected species and their uses== |
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Revision as of 13:30, 9 February 2010
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| Meadow Sage (S. pratensis) | |
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| Genus: | Salvia |
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Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with approximately 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals.[2] It is one of several genera commonly referred to as sage. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to Salvia officinalis ("common sage"); however, it is used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name Salvia.
The genus is distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas, with the center of diversity and origin appearing to be Central and Southwestern Asia,[3] while nearly 500 species are native to Mexico and Central and South America.[4]
Botany
BOTANY IS FOR GIRLS, GIRLS WERE INVENTED! hahaha. I love girls yeah me too dont we all if we dident wed be gay hahaha yeah thats true. oh,dang dude we erased wikiipedia how do we get it back idk? me neither. well byebye wikipedia. SAVE!
Selected species and their uses
Many species are used as herbs, as ornamental plants (usually for flower interest), and sometimes for their ornamental and aromatic foliage. A selection of the most important species is below.
- Salvia apiana is the white sage used in smudge sticks in many U.S. Native American traditions.[5]
- Salvia divinorum, or Diviner's Sage, is sometimes cultivated for psychedelic drug effects; the legality of its drug use is pending in some US states.[6]
- Salvia elegans, the Pineapple Sage, is widely grown as an ornamental shrub or sub-shrub, with pineapple scented leaves.
- Salvia fruticosa, called Greek sage or just sage is commonly grown and harvested as an alternative to common sage.
- Salvia hispanica, commonly known as Chia, produces edible seeds which are high in protein and in the omega-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA).
- Salvia leucantha, Mexican bush sage or woolly sage, is grown as an ornamental in warm climates for its drooping flower heads, with white flowers emerging from furry blue or purple bracts.
- Salvia microphylla from Mexico, sometimes called baby sage, is a small shrub grown extensively for its red (sometimes pink or white) flowers, and its fruit scented leaves.
- Salvia officinalis, or common sage is used widely in cooking, as an ornamental and landscape plant, and in herbal medicine. It shows promise as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease patients.[7][8][9][10]
- Salvia sclarea, Clary, which is grown as an ornamental and to some extent for perfume oils.
- Salvia splendens or Scarlet Sage is a popular ornamental bedding or pot plant.[11]
Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. aegyptiacae, C. salviella (both feed exclusively on S. aegyptiaca), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on S. pratensis).
Etymology
Both botanic and common names are derived from the Latin salvere ("to save"), referring to the long-believed healing properties of salvia. The derivation of the common English name is through the old French form 'sauge', then to the old English 'sawge', and eventually to the modern day 'sage'.[12] Pliny the Elder was the first known to use the Latin name salvia.[13]
Notes
- ^ "Salvia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
- ^ Clebsch, Betsy (2003). The New Book of Salvias. Timber Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780881925609.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Kintzios, Spiridon E. (2000). Sage: The Genus Salvia. CRC Press. p. 27. ISBN 9789058230058.
- ^ Clebsch, p. 19.
- ^ Gladstar, Rosemary (2000). Planting the Future. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. pp. 247–251. ISBN 9780892818945.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Sack, Kevin (2008-09-08). "Popularity of a Hallucinogen May Thwart Its Medical Uses". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Akhondzadeh, S; Noroozian, M; Mohammadi, M; Ohadinia, S; Jamshidi, Ah; Khani, M (2003). "Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial". Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 28 (1): 53–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x. ISSN 0269-4727. PMID 12605619.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dos, Santos-Neto, Ll; De, Vilhena, Toledo, Ma; Medeiros-Souza, P; De, Souza, Ga (2006). "The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review" (Free full text). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 3 (4): 441–5. doi:10.1093/ecam/nel071. PMC 1697739. PMID 17173107.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Perry, Ek; Pickering, At; Wang, Ww; Houghton, P; Perry, Ns (1998). "Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: Integrating ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence". Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.). 4 (4): 419–28. doi:10.1089/acm.1998.4.419. ISSN 1075-5535. PMID 9884179.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Iuvone, T; De, Filippis, D; Esposito, G; D'Amico, A; Izzo, Aa (2006). "The spice sage and its active ingredient rosmarinic acid protect PC12 cells from amyloid-beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity" (Free full text). The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 317 (3): 1143–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.099317. PMID 16495207.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SALSPLA.PDF
- ^ Kintzios, p. 10.
- ^ Clebsch, p. 17.
References
- Sage: The Genus Salvia by Spiridon E. Kintzios, CRC Press, 2000. ISBN 9789058230058.
- The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias by John Sutton, Timber Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0881924749.
- The New Book of Salvias by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 2003. ISBN 9780881925609. An excellent reference on salvias.
External links
Data related to Salvia at Wikispecies
Media related to Salvia at Wikimedia Commons