Skræling

Maps showing the different cultures in Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland and the Canadian arctic islands in the years 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500. The green colour shows the Dorset Culture, blue the Thule Culture, red Norse Culture, yellow Innu and orange Beothuk

Skræling (Old Norse and Icelandic: skrælingi, plural skrælingjar) is the name the Norse Greenlanders used for the indigenous peoples they encountered in North America and Greenland. In surviving sources it is first applied to the Thule people, the Eskimo group with whom the Norse coexisted in Greenland after about the 13th century. In the sagas it is also used for the peoples of the region known as Vinland (probably Newfoundland) whom the Norse encountered during their expeditions there in the early 11th century.

Etymology

The term first appears in sources dating to well after the period in which Norse explorers made their first contacts with indigenous Americans. By the time these sources were recorded, Skræling was the common term Norse Greenlanders used for the Thule people, the ancestors to the modern Inuit. The Thule first arrived in Greenland from the North American mainland in the 13th century and were thereafter in contact with the Greenlanders. The Greenlanders' Saga and the Saga of Erik the Red, which were written in the 13th century, use this same term for the people of the area known as Vinland whom the Norse met in the early 11th century. The word subsequently became well known, and has been used in the English language since the 18th century.

The word skræling is the only word surviving from the Old Norse dialect spoken by the mediæval Norse Greenlanders. In modern Icelandic, skrælingi means a barbarian or foreigner. The origin of the word is not certain, but it is probably based on the Old Norse word skrá which meant "skin"; and as a verb, "to put in writing" (written accounts, such as the Icelandic Sagas, were put on dried skin in Iceland). The Eskimo, both Thule and Dorset, as well as other indigenous people whom the Norse Greenlanders met, wore clothes made of animal skins, in contrast to the woven wool clothes worn by the Norse.

Some scholars have speculated that skrælingi came from the Scandinavian word skral or the Icelandic word skrælna. The word skral connotes "thin" or "scrawny". In the Scandinavian languages, it is often used as a synonym for feeling sick or weak. But, this speculation is probably a case of folk etymology or linguistic "false friend"; the word skral does not exist in medieval Norse texts (for example the Icelandic sagas) nor in modern Icelandic. It is a 17th-century loanword from Low German into the Scandinavian languages: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Skræling or skrælling means weakling in modern Norwegian and Danish. Skrælna refers to shrinking or drying (plants for example). But, the written medieval texts do not use skræling in an adverse sense.

The Greenlandic ethnonym Kalaalleq may be based on the Norse Skræling (the combination skr is unknown in the Inuit language) or on the Norse klæði (meaning cloth).

As documented by William H. Babcock in "Certain Pre-Columbian Notices of American Aborigines", the word skræling may have been the name of one of the North American tribes encountered by Norse during initial contact. The story was that Norseman Bjorn the Bonde saved two Skræling siblings from the sea. As was their custom, in gratitude the Skrælings decided to become the Norseman's life-long servants. During this service, the Skrælings indicated that the word skræling was how their peoples' name was pronounced in Norse. Eventually, "The brother and sister killed themselves and threw themselves down the cliffs into the sea when they were prohibited from following along with Bjorn Bonde..." on his return to Iceland.

Pygmies and Skrælings

A monopod. From the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).

Another explanation for the etymology of the word Skræling is proposed by Kirsten Seaver in her work "'Pygmies' of the Far North." The pygmy belongs to a vein of Monster races that was ubiquitous throughout Ancient and Medieval lore dating as far back as Homer's Iliad. Scottish writer Alexander Ross (writer) wrote of the phenomena of the Pygmy

that there have been Pigmies in the world, that is, people of a cubit or two high. . . . I say there have been such, I make no question, when I consider the multitude of eminent Authours who have writ on them, and that no reason was ever yet alledged to deny them.

The ubiquity of the term pygmy throughout many different cultures and places in the known world lend to the validity of their mythical existence. Other monster races referred to by Norse writers were based on the monster races created by Pliny the Elder in his work Natural History (Pliny), including the infamous Monopod (creature), which made an appearance in the Saga of Erik the Red.

True it was that our men tracked a one-legged creature down to the shore. The uncanny fellow fled in a flash, though rough was his way, hear us Karlsefni!

The pygmy was a known idea to privileged Norse explorers like Leif Eriksson and as North America was a foreign and inhospitable land on the edges of the known world to the Norse, they were quick to label these new people as Pygmies, since they would have been smaller in stature to the Norse explorers. Kirsten Seaver contends that the word Skræling was a direct Old Norse translation of the Latin word Pygmaei, and referred to this newly discovered and misinterpreted monster race indigenous to North America.

Norse World View

Mare Oceanum surrounding the known continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe with the Mediterranean Sea in between [1]

Viking use of the word Skræling was predicated upon their view of the geographic world around them. Scandinavian peoples would have believed in a spherical world as opposed to the popular modern view of Medieval societies and the Myth of the Flat Earth. In fact, the idea that medieval societies believed the world to be flat is one of the great errors in modern historical teaching, and there were hardly any Medieval scholars who did not acknowledge the Earth's roundness. Kirsten A. Seaver conveys traditional medieval thinking: "Some medieval cosmographers fitted the three known continents into a tidy circular frame for illustration purposes, and others allowed for a fourth, unknown continent, but most believed that on the spherical earth they took for granted, Asia, Africa, and Europe interconnected and accounted for the world's landmass in such a way that only the Mare Oceanum separated westernmost Europe from the conjoined east coasts of Asia and Africa." Explorers from this time would not have been scared of "falling off the earth of the world", as they believed that by sailing west, one would eventually find more land: Asia to be specific. With Norway as the Viking explorers' northwestern extreme, these intrepid explorers headed due west to cross the open sea to reach the Eurasian continent's eastern edge fully expecting to encounter one of the legendary monster races face-to-face. The oldest accounts of the Norse exploration of Greenland and North America come from the writings of Adam of Bremen who wrote the History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Adam of Bremen confidently stated that the world is round, and briefly described what they would have believed to be the Eastern coast of Asia. He wrote thus on Vinland:

It is called Vinland because vines producing excellent wine grow wild there. That unsown crops also abound on that island we have ascertained not from fabulous reports from the trustworthy relation of the Danes.

The explorations of the New World were broadcasted across the Scandinavian world, but were not seen as a great discoveries such as the Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Since the explorers were unable to establish long-lasting colonies like Iceland, they were viewed as failures on the other side of the Eurasian continent.

Norse Exploration of the New World

Norse exploration of the New World began with the initial sighting of North America by an Icelander named Bjarni Herjólfsson who spotted land after drifting off course on a journey to Greenland in 985 or 986.

They speculated among themselves as to what land this would be, for Bjarni said he suspected this was not Greenland.

His voyage piqued the interest of later explorers including Leif Eriksson who would explore and name the areas of Helluland, Markland, and Vinland. He built some large houses on Vinland on his voyage and was said to inhabit the area for one year after, and this site is believed to be the archaeological site L'Anse aux Meadows discovered by Helge Ingstad.

Recreated Norse long house, L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

First Contact between Vikings and Skræling

At the site of L'Anse aux Meadows, Eriksson laid the groundwork for later colonizing efforts in the generations to come by establishing a foothold on Vinland, when he constructed some "large houses." Upon his return to Greenland,

There was great discussion of Leif's Vinland voyage and his brother Thorvald felt they had not explored enough of the land. Leif then said to Thorvald, 'You go to Vinland, brother, and take my ship if you wish, but before you do so I want the ship to make a trip to the skerry to fetch the wood that Thorir had there'

Thorvald has the first contact with the native population which would come to be known as the Skrælings. After killing capturing and killing eight of the natives, they were attacked at their beached ships, which they defended:

'I have been wounded under my arm,' he said. 'An arrow flew between the edge of the ship and the shield into my armpit. Here is the arrow, and this wound will cause my death.'

This first contact does not bode well for future relations between the Norse and Skrælings as they are already at war.

Thorfinn Karlsefni and the Skrælings

Statue of Thorfinn Karlsefni by Einar Jónsson in Philadelphia

Thorfinn Karlsefni was the first Norse explorer to attempt to truly colonize the newly discovered land of Vinland on the same site as his predecessors Thorvald and Leif Eriksson. According to the Saga of Erik the Red, he set sail with three ships and 140 men. Upon reaching Vinland, their intended destination, they find the now famous grapes and self-sown wheat which the land was named for. They spent a very hard winter at this site, where they barely survived by fishing, hunting game inland and gathering eggs on the island. After this summer, they sailed to the island of Hop, where they made the first peaceful interaction with the Skrælings, whom they traded with. Karlsefni forbade them to trade swords and spear, so they mainly traded dark pelts for their red cloth, and they are able to properly describe them saying:

They were short in height with threatening features and tangled hair on their heads. Their eyes were large and their cheeks broad.

Shortly thereafter they are attacked by the natives who are scared by a bull that breaks loose from their encampment. They are forced to retreat to an easily defendible location and at the end of the battle two of his men are slain, while "many of the natives" were killed. As with anywhere in this foreign land, Karlsefni and his men realized that

despite everything the land had to offer there, they would be under constant threat of attack from its prior inhabitants.

After this they returned to Greenland, and this three year excursion would be the longest lasting Norse colony in the New World until Columbus 400 years later.

Inuit Folktales on the Norse

There are even indigenous accounts from the Inuit peoples which tell of the Norse travels to their land, which describe their interactions:

soon the kayaker sent out his spear in good earnest, and killed him on the spot... When winter came, it was a general belief that the Kavdlunait would come and avenge the death of their countrymen

Kavdlunait was the Inuit word for foreigner or European. As with Norse accounts, the interactions between the peoples was still steeped in violence and revenge, thus hindering peaceful cohabitation and successful colonization by the Norse explorers.

References

• Hans Christian Gulløv, ed., Grønlands Forhistorie, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2005. ISBN 87020172455
• Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson (Translators), The Vinland Sagas : The Norse Discovery of America, Penguin Books, 1965 Translation, 13th reprint of 1985, p. 65, ISBN 978-0-14-044154-3

Further reading

• "Skraeling: First Peoples of Helluland, Markland, and Vinland.” Odess, Daniel; Stephen Loring; and William W. Fitzhugh, in Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Fitzhugh, William W. and Elisabeth I. Ward, editors. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Pages 193-205. ISBN 1-56098-995-5.
• "The Viking discovery of America: the excavation of a Norse settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland." Ingstad Helge. Checkmark Books. New York, 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4716-2.
• http://blogmeridian.blogspot.com/2008/08/unknowing-world.html
• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01416a.htm

External links

• Online etymology dictionary
• Native Languages of the Americas