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Sophia Duleep Singh
Sophia Duleep Singh selling The Suffragette in 1913
Born8 August 1876
Elveden Hall, Elveden, Suffolk, England
Died22 August 1948(1948-08-22) (aged 72)
Tylers Green, Buckinghamshire, England
FatherMaharaja Duleep Singh
MotherBamba Müller
ReligionSikhism
OccupationProminent suffragette in the United Kingdom

Princess Sophia Alexandrovna Duleep Singh (8 August 1876 – 22 August 1948) was a prominent suffragette in the United Kingdom. Her father was Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, who had been taken from his kingdom of Punjab to the British Raj, and was subsequently exiled to England. Sophia's mother was Bamba Müller, and her godmother was Queen Victoria. She had four sisters, including two half-sisters, and three brothers. She lived in Hampton Court in an apartment in Faraday House given to her by Queen Victoria as a grace-and-favour home.

During the early twentieth century, Singh was one of several Indian women who pioneered the cause of women's rights in Britain. Although she is best remembered for her leading role in the Women's Tax Resistance League, she also participated in other women's suffrage groups, including the Women's Social and Political Union.

Early life

Sophia Duleep Singh was born on 8 August 1876 in Belgravia[1] and lived in Suffolk.[2] She was the third daughter of Maharaja Duleep Singh (the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire) and his first wife, Bamba Müller.[3] Bamba was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker of Todd Müller and Company, and Sofia, his mistress, who was of Abyssinian (Ethiopian) descent.[4] The Maharaja and Bamba had ten children, of whom six survived.[4][5][6] Singh combined Indian, European, and African ancestry with a British aristocratic upbringing, which her string of names reflected.[7] She was named Sophia for her maternal grandmother, the formerly enslaved woman from Ethiopia; and Alexandrovna in tribute to her godmother, Queen Victoria ("Alexandrina Victoria"). Some sources also report an additional forename, Jindan, after her paternal grandmother, the Maharani Jind Kaur.[8][9]

In the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, her father had been forced, at age 11, to abdicate his kingdom to the East India Company and give the Koh-i-Noor diamond to Lord Dalhousie.[10][11][12] He was exiled from India by the East India Company at age 15 and moved to England, where Queen Victoria treated him with maternal fondness. She and Prince Albert were impressed by his handsomeness and regal bearing. They formed a close bond with him over the years. The queen was godmother to several of his children, and his family's upkeep was provided for by the East India Company.[13][14][3][6][5][15] Duleep Singh converted to Christianity at a young age, some time prior to his removal from India.[16] In later life, he reconverted to Sikhism[4] and espoused the independence movement in India as he became more aware of the way in which the politics of the British Empire had resulted in the loss of his own kingdom.[3]

Singh's brothers included Frederick Duleep Singh; her two full sisters were Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh, a suffragette, and Bamba Duleep Singh.[4]

Singh developed typhoid at age 10. Her mother, who was attending her, contracted the disease, fell into a coma, and died on 17 September 1887. On 31 May 1889 her father married Ada Wetherill, a chambermaid,[5] with whom he had two daughters.[14][4] In 1886, when Sophia was ten, her father attempted to return to India with his family against the wishes of the British government; they were turned back in Aden by arrest warrants.[3][15]

Queen Victoria was fond of Duleep Singh and his family, particularly Sophia, who was her goddaughter, and encouraged her and her sisters to become socialites.[5] Sophia, with her fashionable address, wore Parisian dresses, bred championship dogs, pursued photography and cycling, and attended parties.[3][6]

After a period of ill health, her father died in a rundown Paris hotel[15] on 22 October 1893 at age 55.[14] She inherited substantial wealth from her father at his death in 1893, and in 1898 Queen Victoria, her godmother, granted her a grace and favour apartment in Faraday House, Hampton Court.[14] Singh did not initially live in Faraday House; she stayed at the Manor House in Old Buckenham, near her brother Prince Frederick.[14]

The British government lessened their vigilant watch on the shy, silent, grief-stricken Singh, which proved a misjudgment. She made a secret trip to India with her sister, Bamba, to attend the 1903 Delhi Durbar, where she was ignored. This impressed on Singh the futility of public and media popularity, and she returned to England determined to change her course.[15] During a 1907 trip to India, she visited Amritsar and Lahore and met relatives.[14] This visit was a turning point in her life, as she faced the realities of poverty in India and what her family had lost by choosing to surrender.[6] In India, Singh hosted a "purdah party" in Shalimar Bagh in Lahore (her grandfather's capital). During the visit, all the while shadowed by British agents, she encountered Indian independence activists such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai and expressed sympathy for their cause.[3][6] Singh admired Rai, and his imprisonment by the authorities on "charges of sedition" turned Sophia against the British Raj.[3]

In 1909 her brother bought Blo' Norton Hall in South Norfolk for himself and a house in Blo' Norton, Thatched Cottage, for his sisters.[14] That year, Sophia attended a farewell party at the Westminster Palace Hotel for Mahatma Gandhi.[14]

Bamba Duleep Singh, Sophia's oldest sister, married Dr Colonel Sutherland, principal of King Edward's Medical College in Lahore. They had no children.[citation needed]

Later life and activism

Sophia Duleep Singh (on the right), with her sisters Bamba and Catherine

After Singh returned from India in 1909, she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) at the behest of Una Dugdale, a friend of the Pankhurst sisters; Emmeline Pankhurst had co-founded the Women's Franchise League in 1889.[14] In 1909 Singh was a leading member of the movement for women's voting rights, funding suffragette groups and leading the cause. An example of her support to the Women's Social and Political Union was her loan of a trap for the work of the Kingston and District branch.[17] She also contributed towards fundraising efforts, which as self-denial weeks, where supporters would deprive themselves of luxuries and give the money saved to their chosen organisation.[18] She refused to pay taxes, frustrating the government. King George V asked in exasperation, "Have we no hold on her?"[15]

Although as a British subject Singh's primary interest was women's rights in England, she and her fellow suffragettes also promoted similar activities in the colonies. She valued her Indian heritage, but was not bound by allegiance to a single nation and supported the women's cause in a number of countries. Her title, Princess, was useful.[19] Singh sold a suffragette newspaper outside Hampton Court Palace, where Queen Victoria had allowed her family to live.[20] According to a letter from Lord Crewe, King George V was within his rights to have her evicted.[20]

Singh, Emmeline Pankhurst and a group of activists went to the House of Commons on 18 November 1910, hoping for a meeting with the Prime Minister.[20] The Home Secretary, Winston Churchill, ordered their expulsion. Churchill's refusal to meet with the group paired with the government's lack of response on the Conciliation Bill caused a protest with around 300 women. Many of the women were seriously injured during this demonstration, with reports of police brutality. The incident became known as Black Friday.[14]

At first, Singh kept a low profile; in 1911 she was reluctant to make speeches in public or at Women's Social and Political Union meetings. She refused to chair meetings, telling her WSPU colleagues she was "quite useless for that sort of thing" and would only say "five words if nobody else would support the forthcoming resolution". However, Singh later chaired and addressed a number of meetings.[21] Mithan Tata and her mother Herabai met Singh in India, in 1911, and noted that Singh wore a small yellow-and-green badge with her motto: "Votes for women".[22]

Singh authorised an auction of her belongings, with proceeds benefiting the Women's Tax Resistance League. She solicited subscriptions to the cause, and was photographed selling The Suffragette newspaper outside her home and from press carts.[22] On 22 May 1911 Singh was fined £3 by the Spelthorne Petty Sessions Court for illegally keeping a coach, a helper, and five dogs and for using a roll of arms. She protested that she should not have to pay the licence fees without the right to vote.[14] That July a bailiff went to Singh's house to collect an unpaid fine of 14 shillings, which she refused to pay. Her diamond ring was then confiscated by the police and auctioned a few days later; a friend bought it and returned it to her.[14] In December 1913, Singh was fined £12/10s for refusing to pay licence fees for two dogs, a carriage and a servant.[23][21] On 13 December 1913 she and other WTRL members appeared in court and Singh was again accused of keeping dogs without a licence. Singh tried to fall in front of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's car while holding a poster reading, "Give women the vote!" She supported the manufacture of bombs, encouraging anarchy in Britain.[14][22] Despite Singh's activism as a suffragette, she was never arrested; although her activities were watched by the administration, they may not have wanted to make a martyr of her.[5]

Singh as a nurse c. 1916

During World War I, Singh initially supported the Indian soldiers and Lascars working in the British fleets[15] and joined a 10,000-woman protest march against the prohibition of a volunteer female force. She volunteered as a British Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse, serving at an auxiliary military hospital in Isleworth from October 1915 to January 1917.[24] She tended wounded Indian soldiers who had been evacuated from the Western Front. Sikh soldiers could hardly believe "that the granddaughter of Ranjit Singh sat by their bedsides in a nurse's uniform".[5][25]

After the 1918 enactment of the Representation of the People Act, allowing women over age 30 to vote, Singh joined the Suffragette Fellowship and remained a member until her death.[14] Her arrangement of a flag day that year for Indian troops generated significant interest in England and New Delhi.[5] In September 1919 Singh hosted the Indian soldiers of the peace contingent at Faraday House.[19] Five years later, she made her second visit to India with Bamba and Colonel Sutherland. Singh visited Kashmir, Lahore, Amritsar, and Murre, where they were mobbed by crowds who came to see their former maharaja's daughters,[14] and this visit boosted the cause of female suffrage in India. The badge she wore promoted women's suffrage in Britain and abroad.[22]

Singh eventually received a place of honour in the suffragette movement alongside Emmeline Pankhurst. Her sole aim in life, which she attained, was the advancement of women.[15] Queen Victoria had given Singh an elaborately-dressed doll named Little Sophie, which became her proud possession, and, near the end of her life, she gave the doll to Drovna, her housekeeper's daughter.[5]

Achievements

In 1928 royal consent was given to the Equal Franchise Act enabling women over age 21 to vote on a par with men.[14] In 1930, Sophia was President of the Committee tasked with providing flower decorations at the unveiling of the Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial in Victoria Tower Gardens. Despite some reports, Sophia was not the President of the Suffragette Fellowship, which was established in 1930, after the death of Emmeline Pankhurst. In the 1934 edition of Who's Who, Singh described her life's purpose as "the advancement of women".[14] She espoused causes of equality and justice far removed from her royal background, and played a significant role at a crucial point in the history of England and India.[19]

Death

Singh died in her sleep on 22 August 1948 in Rathenrae (now Folly Meadow), in Penn, Buckinghamshire, a residence once owned by her sister Catherine, and was cremated on 26 August 1948 at Golders Green Crematorium.[14] Before her death she had expressed the wish that she be cremated according to Sikh rites and her ashes spread in India.[26][better source needed] Her will was proven in London on 8 November 1948, with her estate amounting to £58,040 0s. 11d. (roughly equivalent to £2,665,791 in 2023[27]).[28]

Posthumous recognition

She is featured in the Royal Mail's commemorative stamp set "Votes for Women", issued on 15 February 2018. She appears on the £1.57 stamp, selling The Suffragette.[29][30][31]

Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in April 2018.[32][33][34]

She was featured in the documentaries Sophia: Suffragette Princess (2015) and No Man Shall Protect Us: The Hidden History of the Suffragette Bodyguards (2018), portrayed in the latter production by actress Aila Peck.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ Anand, Anita (13 January 2015). Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 11. ISBN 9781632860828.
  2. ^ "As UK General Election drama unfolds, writer recalls Indian princess-turned suffragette". Asia House Organization. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Sarna, Navtej (23 January 2015). "The princess dares: Review of Anita Anand's book "Sophia"". India Today News Magazine.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Maharani Bamba Duleep Singh". DuleepSingh.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Tonkin, Boyd (8 January 2015). "Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary by Anita Anand, book review". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. ...the platonic love-affair that yoked Victoria to the dispossessed Maharajah Duleep Singh, "so handsome and charming"...
  6. ^ a b c d e Kellogg, Carolyn (8 January 2015). "'Sophia' a fascinating story of a princess turned revolutionary". LA Times.
  7. ^ Parker, Peter (24 January 2015). "Sophia Duleep Singh: from socialite to socialist". The Spectator. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  8. ^ "Sophia Duleep Singh: The Indian Princess Who Fought for Women's Rights". Historic Royal Palaces. Sophia's names show a truly international and remarkable family history: Sophia, after her enslaved Ethiopian maternal grandmother; Jindan, after her paternal grandmother, Maharani Jind Kaur; and Alexandrovna, after her godmother Queen (Alexandrina) Victoria.
  9. ^ Dhillon, Ruby (22 August 2021). "Remembering Sophia Duleep Singh: The Princess turned women's rights activist". Indian Weekender. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  10. ^ Mukherjee, Sumita (2018). Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199484218.
  11. ^ Freeman, Henry. East India Company, Beginning to End.
  12. ^ Wild, Antony. East India Company: trade and Conquest.
  13. ^ BBC Staff (29 July 1999). "Royal tribute to first Sikh settler". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Princess Sophia Duleep Singh – Timeline". History Heroes organization.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Anand, Anita (14 January 2015). "Sophia, the suffragette". The Hindu.
  16. ^ Campbell, Christopher (2000). The Maharajah's box: An imperial story of conspiracy, love and a guru's prophecy. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 44, 100–102. ISBN 978-0-00-653078-7.
  17. ^ "Kingston and District". Votes for Women. 20 September 1912. p. 13.
  18. ^ "Kingston and District". The Suffragette. 7 March 1913. p. 336.
  19. ^ a b c Ahmed & Mukherjee 2011, p. 173.
  20. ^ a b c Suffragette Sophia Duleep Singh, 1910, British Library, retrieved 13 February 2015
  21. ^ a b Ahmed & Mukherjee 2011, p. 171.
  22. ^ a b c d Ahmed & Mukherjee 2011, p. 175.
  23. ^ "Princess Ignores Fine, Becomes ,'Suff'". New Brunswick Daily Times. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 31 December 1913. p. 5 – via Newspaperarchive.com. Free access icon
  24. ^ "Princess Sophia Duleep Singh". Vad.redcross.org.uk. Red Cross. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  25. ^ "Women Wednesdays: Here's why Sophia Duleep Singh is our inspirational figure of the week | Comic Relief".
  26. ^ Cohen, Deborah (6 February 2015). "Royal and Revolutionary". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  27. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  28. ^ "Singh, Her Highness Princess Sophia Alexandrovna Duleep". probatesearchservice.gov. UK Government. 1948. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  29. ^ "Votes for Women stamp set". Royal Mail Shop. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  30. ^ "Votes for Women". Collect GB Stamps. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  31. ^ Bains, Nikki Kaur (4 February 2018). "Suffragettes and rights for women: Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, the maharajah's daughter who joined the struggle". The Times. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  32. ^ "Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square". Gov.uk. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  33. ^ Topping, Alexandra (24 April 2018). "First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  34. ^ "Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth". iNews. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  35. ^ "Fem Flicks Film Series: No Man Shall Protect Us - University Libraries - UNT".

Bibliography

External sources

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