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|image = Ficus sansibarica, c, Olifants.jpg
|image = Ficus sansibarica, c, Olifants.jpg
|image2 = Ficus sansibarica, met vye, Olifants, a.jpg
|image2 = Ficus sansibarica, met vye, Olifants, a.jpg
|image2_caption = The nominate race in the [[Kruger National Park|Kruger Park]]
|image2_caption = The nominate subsp. in the [[Kruger National Park|Kruger Park]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
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The '''Knobbly fig''' (''Ficus sansibarica'') is an African species of [[cauliflory|cauliflorous]] [[Ficus|fig]]. It is named after [[Zanzibar]], where [[Franz Stuhlmann]] discovered it in 1889.<ref name=plantz>{{cite web | last=Mtsweni | first=Patrick | title=''Ficus sansibarica'' Warb. | url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/ficussansi.htm | work=plantzafrica.com | publisher=SANBI | accessdate=24 July 2013}}</ref> They regularly reach 10 m, but may grow up to 40 m tall as forest stranglers.<ref name=kcp>{{cite book |last=Palgrave |first=K.C. |title=Trees of Southern Africa |year=1984 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-081-0 |pages=114–115}}</ref> It occurs in the tropics and subtropics from coastal elevations to 900 m above sea level.<ref name=iziko>{{cite web |last=Van Noort |title=''Ficus sansibarica sansibarica'' Warburg 1894 |url=http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Urostigma/Section_Galoglychia/Subsection_Caulocarpae/Ficus_sansibarica_sansibarica.htm |work=Figweb |publisher=iziko museums |accessdate=7 January 2012 |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130033842/http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Urostigma/Section_Galoglychia/Subsection_Caulocarpae/Ficus_sansibarica_sansibarica.htm |archivedate=30 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> They prefer deep sandy soil and often start life as a strangler.<ref name=vw>{{cite book|last=Van Wyk |first=Braam|title=Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa |year=1997 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=1-86825-922-6 |page=78 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=palmer/> The pollinating wasp is ''[[Courtella armata]]''.<ref name=iziko/>
The '''Knobbly fig''' (''Ficus sansibarica'') is an African species of [[cauliflory|cauliflorous]] [[Ficus|fig]]. It is named after [[Zanzibar]], where [[Franz Stuhlmann]] discovered it in 1889.<ref name=plantz>{{cite web | last=Mtsweni | first=Patrick | title=''Ficus sansibarica'' Warb. | url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/ficussansi.htm | work=plantzafrica.com | publisher=SANBI | accessdate=24 July 2013}}</ref> They regularly reach 10 m, but may grow up to 40 m tall as forest stranglers.<ref name=kcp>{{cite book |last=Palgrave |first=K.C. |title=Trees of Southern Africa |year=1984 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-081-0 |pages=114–115}}</ref>
==Range and habitat==
It occurs in the African tropics and subtropics from coastal elevations to 900 m above sea level.<ref name=iziko>{{cite web |last=Van Noort |title=''Ficus sansibarica sansibarica'' Warburg 1894 | url= http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Urostigma/Section_Galoglychia/Subsection_Caulocarpae/Ficus_sansibarica_sansibarica.htm |work=Figweb |publisher= iziko museums |accessdate= 7 January 2012 |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121130033842/http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Urostigma/Section_Galoglychia/Subsection_Caulocarpae/Ficus_sansibarica_sansibarica.htm |archivedate=30 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> Its range extends westwards up the [[Zambezi River|Zambezi Valley]].<ref name="berg">{{cite journal |last1=Berg |first1=C. C. |title=''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'' [family MORACEAE] |journal=Flora Zambesiaca |date=1991 |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=13 |publisher=JSTOR Global Plants |accessdate=31 May 2019 |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.flora.fz92 |accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref>

They are found in coastal, riverine and evergreen forests or woodland, and in [[miombo]] woodlands, while a few are cultivated in parks.<ref name="berg"/> They prefer deep sandy soil and often start life as a strangler.<ref name=vw>{{cite book|last=Van Wyk |first=Braam|title=Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa |year=1997 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=1-86825-922-6 |page=78 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=palmer/> The pollinating wasp is ''[[Courtella armata]]''.<ref name=iziko/>


==Description==
==Description==
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''[[Ficus chirindensis|F. chirindensis]]'' of the forests of southeastern Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique is similar, but has the leaves more oval, often has [[buttress root]]s,<ref name=vw/> and bears the small (1.5&nbsp;cm) figs in stalked pairs on second year branches.<ref name=kcp/>
''[[Ficus chirindensis|F. chirindensis]]'' of the forests of southeastern Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique is similar, but has the leaves more oval, often has [[buttress root]]s,<ref name=vw/> and bears the small (1.5&nbsp;cm) figs in stalked pairs on second year branches.<ref name=kcp/>


==Races and status==
==Subspecies and status==
* ''Ficus sansibarica'' (nom.) – East Africa: southern Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland
* ''Ficus s.'' subsp. ''sansibarica'' – East Africa: southern Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland
* ''F. s. macrosperma'' <small>(Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret) C.C.Berg</small> – West and Central Africa
* ''F. s.'' subsp. ''macrosperma'' <small>(Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret) C.C.Berg</small> – West and Central Africa
The species is deemed critically endangered in Swaziland, where most are located in proposed [[sugar cane]] expansion areas near [[Sihoye]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SABONET Report No. 38 |url=http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/35_swaziland_tree_atlas/f.swazi.ficus-rosaceae.pdf |page=119 |work=Moraceae |accessdate=7 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812205130/http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/35_swaziland_tree_atlas/f.swazi.ficus-rosaceae.pdf |archivedate=12 August 2011 |df= }}</ref> On [[Inhaca Island]] however, it is held sacred by most communities, and is scrupulously protected.<ref name=plantz/>
The species is deemed critically endangered in Swaziland, where most are located in proposed [[sugar cane]] expansion areas near [[Sihoye]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SABONET Report No. 38 |url=http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/35_swaziland_tree_atlas/f.swazi.ficus-rosaceae.pdf |page=119 |work=Moraceae |accessdate=7 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812205130/http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/35_swaziland_tree_atlas/f.swazi.ficus-rosaceae.pdf |archivedate=12 August 2011 |df= }}</ref> On [[Inhaca Island]] however, it is held sacred by most communities, and is scrupulously protected.<ref name=plantz/>


Revision as of 12:26, 31 May 2019

Knobbly fig
The nominate subsp. in the Kruger Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Moraceae
Genus:
Ficus
Species:
F. sansibarica
Binomial name
Ficus sansibarica
Warb. 1894
Synonyms
  • F. brachylepis Welw. ex Hiern
  • F. delagoensis T. R. Sim
  • F. gossweileri Hutch.[1]
  • F. langenburgii Warb.
  • F. ugandensis Hutch.
  • F. zanzibarica Boeck. ex Engl.[2]

The Knobbly fig (Ficus sansibarica) is an African species of cauliflorous fig. It is named after Zanzibar, where Franz Stuhlmann discovered it in 1889.[3] They regularly reach 10 m, but may grow up to 40 m tall as forest stranglers.[1]

Range and habitat

It occurs in the African tropics and subtropics from coastal elevations to 900 m above sea level.[4] Its range extends westwards up the Zambezi Valley.[5]

They are found in coastal, riverine and evergreen forests or woodland, and in miombo woodlands, while a few are cultivated in parks.[5] They prefer deep sandy soil and often start life as a strangler.[6][7] The pollinating wasp is Courtella armata.[4]

Description

The light grey bark is fairly smooth, though lumpy and folded.[1] The smooth leaves are up to 13 cm long and oblong-obovate.[7] They have parallel sides and are carried on slender petioles.[1]

The large (up to 5 cm), bitter-tasting figs appear in groups of 2 or 3 during the summer months.[1] They are cauliflorous, growing on the characteristic wart-like, leafless branchlets on the trunk and main branches (i.e. old wood).[6]

F. chirindensis of the forests of southeastern Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique is similar, but has the leaves more oval, often has buttress roots,[6] and bears the small (1.5 cm) figs in stalked pairs on second year branches.[1]

Subspecies and status

  • Ficus s. subsp. sansibarica – East Africa: southern Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland
  • F. s. subsp. macrosperma (Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret) C.C.Berg – West and Central Africa

The species is deemed critically endangered in Swaziland, where most are located in proposed sugar cane expansion areas near Sihoye.[8] On Inhaca Island however, it is held sacred by most communities, and is scrupulously protected.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Palgrave, K.C. (1984). Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-86977-081-0.
  2. ^ "Ficus sansibarica Warb". The Plant List. Version 1. 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b Mtsweni, Patrick. "Ficus sansibarica Warb". plantzafrica.com. SANBI. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  4. ^ a b Van Noort; et al. "Ficus sansibarica sansibarica Warburg 1894". Figweb. iziko museums. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Berg, C. C. (1991). "Ficus sansibarica subsp. sansibarica [family MORACEAE]". Flora Zambesiaca. 9 (6). JSTOR Global Plants: 13. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Van Wyk, Braam; et al. (1997). Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. p. 78. ISBN 1-86825-922-6.
  7. ^ a b Palmer, Eve (1977). A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa. London, Johannesburg: Collins. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-620-05468-9.
  8. ^ "SABONET Report No. 38" (PDF). Moraceae. p. 119. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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