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{{for|the village in Yemen|Kabar, Yemen}}
{{for|the village in Yemen|Kabar, Yemen}}


The '''Kabars''' ({{lang-el|''Κάβαροι, Kabaroi''}}) or '''Kavars''' were a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribal confederation who lived in the vicinity of [[Poltava]] in the 9th century. They consisted of three [[Khazars|Khazar]] tribes who rebelled against the Khazar [[Khagan]]ate some time in the ninth century; the rebellion was notable enough to be described in [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]]'s work ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]''. Subsequently the Kabars were expelled from the Khazar Khaganate and sought refuge by joining the [[Magyars|Magyar]] tribal confederacy called ''Hét-Magyar'' (meaning "seven" Hungarians). The three Kabar tribes accompanied the Hungarian migration from the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[steppes|steppe]] to the [[Pannonian plain]], and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.<ref>Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11.[http://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA1&dq=Hungarian+conquest&hl=en&ei=MwqvTOLICM_IswaqusmwDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=three%20kabar&f=false]</ref>
The '''Khavars''' ({{lang-el|''Κάβαροι''}}) or erroneously '''Kabars''' were Khazarians, therefore [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] people who joined to the [[Hungarians]] in the [[8th century|8<sup>th</sup> century]].
== Name of the Khavars ==
According to the Turkiologist [[András Róna-Tas]], the name ''Kabar" is faulty, the right pronounciation is '''Khavar'''.<ref>Róna-Tas, András (1996a): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, p. 273</ref>
== History ==
They consisted of three [[Khazars|Khazar]] tribes who rebelled against the Khazar [[Khagan]]ate some time in the ninth century; the rebellion was notable enough to be described in [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]]'s work ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]''. Subsequently the Khavars were expelled from the Khazar Khaganate and sought refuge by joining the [[Magyars|Magyar]] tribal confederacy called ''Hét-Magyar'' (meaning "seven" Hungarians). The three Khavar tribes accompanied the Hungarian migration from the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[steppes|steppe]] to the [[Pannonian plain]], and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.<ref>Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11.[http://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA1&dq=Hungarian+conquest&hl=en&ei=MwqvTOLICM_IswaqusmwDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=three%20kabar&f=false]</ref>


Around 833 the Hungarian tribal confederacy was living in [[Levedia]], between the [[Don River (Russia)|Don]] and the [[Dnieper]] rivers, within the clientele of the Khazar empire. Toward 850 or 860, driven from [[Levedia]] by the [[Pechenegs]], they entered Atelkuzu ([[Etelköz]]). The Magyars reached the [[Danube]] river basin around 880. Shortly afterward, the [[Byzantine]] emperor [[Leo VI]], being then at war with [[First Bulgarian Empire|Simeon]], the [[List of Bulgarian monarchs|Bulgarian czar]], called the Hungarians to his aid. The Magyars, led by [[Arpad|Árpád]], crossed the Danube and put [[Bulgaria]] to fire and the sword. But the Bulgarians then appealed to the Pechenegs, now masters of the steppe, who attacked the Hungarians in the rear and forced them to take refuge in the mountains of [[Transylvania]]. At that moment, [[Arnulf of Carinthia|Arnulf]], king of Germania, at war with the [[Slav]] ruler [[Svatopluk I|Svatopluk]], king of [[Great Moravia]], decided like the Byzantine to appeal to the Hungarians. The Hungarians came in haste and overcame Svatopluk, who disappeared in the conflict (895). Great Moravia collapsed, and the Hungarians took up permanent abode in Hungary (907).
Around 833 the Hungarian tribal confederacy was living in [[Levedia]], between the [[Don River (Russia)|Don]] and the [[Dnieper]] rivers, within the clientele of the Khazar empire. Toward 850 or 860, driven from [[Levedia]] by the [[Pechenegs]], they entered Atelkuzu ([[Etelköz]]). The Magyars reached the [[Danube]] river basin around 880. Shortly afterward, the [[Byzantine]] emperor [[Leo VI]], being then at war with [[First Bulgarian Empire|Simeon]], the [[List of Bulgarian monarchs|Bulgarian czar]], called the Hungarians to his aid. The Magyars, led by [[Arpad|Árpád]], crossed the Danube and put [[Bulgaria]] to fire and the sword. But the Bulgarians then appealed to the Pechenegs, now masters of the steppe, who attacked the Hungarians in the rear and forced them to take refuge in the mountains of [[Transylvania]]. At that moment, [[Arnulf of Carinthia|Arnulf]], king of Germania, at war with the [[Slav]] ruler [[Svatopluk I|Svatopluk]], king of [[Great Moravia]], decided like the Byzantine to appeal to the Hungarians. The Hungarians came in haste and overcame Svatopluk, who disappeared in the conflict (895). Great Moravia collapsed, and the Hungarians took up permanent abode in Hungary (907).
Line 8: Line 14:
*The origin of the name Hungary is believed to originate from the [[Utigur]] [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] tribal confederacy named ''[[Onogurs|On-Ogur]]'', (meaning "ten" Ogurs) (comparable to ''[[Tokuz-Oguzes|Tokuz-Oguz]]'' (meaning "nine" Oguz)), who ruled the territory of Hungary prior to the arrival of the Magyars.
*The origin of the name Hungary is believed to originate from the [[Utigur]] [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] tribal confederacy named ''[[Onogurs|On-Ogur]]'', (meaning "ten" Ogurs) (comparable to ''[[Tokuz-Oguzes|Tokuz-Oguz]]'' (meaning "nine" Oguz)), who ruled the territory of Hungary prior to the arrival of the Magyars.


Many Kabars settled in the [[Bihor County|Bihar]] region of the later [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and [[Transylvania]]. Some historian believe that the character recorded by [[Gesta Hungarorum]] as lord Marot and his grandson [[Menumorut]], [[dux]] of [[Bihor|Biharia]], were of Kabar descent{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. One of the names on the [[Kievian Letter]] is "Kiabar", which may suggest that Kabars settled in Kiev as well. At least some Kabars were [[Jew]]ish; others may have been Christians, Muslims or shamanists.<ref>Golden, Peter B. "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism." ''The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives.'' Brill, 2007. p. 150.</ref>
Many Khavars settled in the [[Bihor County|Bihar]] region of the later [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and [[Transylvania]]. Some historian believe that the character recorded by [[Gesta Hungarorum]] as lord Marot and his grandson [[Menumorut]], [[dux]] of [[Bihor|Biharia]], were of Khavar descent{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. One of the names on the [[Kievian Letter]] is "Kiabar", which may suggest that Khavars settled in Kiev as well. At least some Khavars were [[Jew]]ish; others may have been Christians, Muslims or shamanists.<ref>Golden, Peter B. "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism." ''The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives.'' Brill, 2007. p. 150.</ref>


The presence of a Turkic aristocracy among the Hungarians could explain the Byzantine protocol by which, in the exchange of ambassadors under Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Hungarian rulers were always referred to as "Princes of the Turks".<ref>[[René Grousset]], ''The Empire of the Steppes'', p.178. Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0813513049</ref>
The presence of a Turkic aristocracy among the Hungarians could explain the Byzantine protocol by which, in the exchange of ambassadors under Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Hungarian rulers were always referred to as "Princes of the Turks".<ref>[[René Grousset]], ''The Empire of the Steppes'', p.178. Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0813513049</ref>


The Kabars eventually assimilated into the general Hungarian population, leaving scattered remains and some cultural and linguistic imprints. Some scholars{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} believe that the [[Székely]] are their descendants.
The Khavars eventually assimilated into the general Hungarian population, leaving scattered remains and some cultural and linguistic imprints. Some scholars{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} believe that the [[Székely]] are their descendants.

== A Khavar inscription ==
An interesting relic of these Khavar people was explored in ([[Transylvania]], today [[Romania]]) in the 20<sup>th</sup> century CE called [[Alsószentmihály inscription|Alsószentmihály Rovas inscription]]. It was transcribed by the archaeologist-historian [[Gábor Vékony]].<ref>Vékony, Gábor (2004): A székely rovásírás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története [The Relics, Relations and the History of the Szekely Rovas Script]. Publisher: Nap Kiadó, Budapest. ISBN 963 9402 45 1</ref> According to the transcription, the meaing of the two-row isncription is the following:<ref>Vékony, Gábor (1997): Szkíthiától Hungáriáig: válogatott tanulmányok. [From Scythia to Hungary: selected Studies] Szombathely: Életünk Szerk. Magyar Írók Szövetsége. Nyugat-magyarországi Csoport. Ser.: Életünk könyvek, p. 110</ref>
(first row) ''"His mansion is famous."'' and (second row) ''"Jüedi Kür Karaite."'' or ''"Jüedi Kür the Karaite."'' See more details: [[Karaite Judaism#Karaite writings#Inscription in Khazarian Rovas script (10th century CE)|Inscription in Khazarian Rovas script]] and [http://wiki.rovas.info/index.php/Als%C3%B3szentmih%C3%A1ly_Rovas_inscription RovasPedia].


== See also ==
== See also ==
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* [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]]
* [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]]
* [[Turkic peoples]]
* [[Turkic peoples]]

== References ==
*Róna-Tas, András (1996): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, ISBN 963 506 106 4
*[http://wiki.rovas.info/index.php/Khavars Khavars in the Rovaspedia]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
<references/>
<references/>

{{Khazaria}}
{{Khazaria}}


Revision as of 08:31, 11 September 2011

Not to be confused with Kabard or KA-BAR.
For the village in Yemen, see Kabar, Yemen.

The Khavars ([Κάβαροι] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) or erroneously Kabars were Khazarians, therefore Turkic people who joined to the Hungarians in the 8th century.

Name of the Khavars

According to the Turkiologist András Róna-Tas, the name Kabar" is faulty, the right pronounciation is Khavar.[1]

History

They consisted of three Khazar tribes who rebelled against the Khazar Khaganate some time in the ninth century; the rebellion was notable enough to be described in Constantine Porphyrogenitus's work De Administrando Imperio. Subsequently the Khavars were expelled from the Khazar Khaganate and sought refuge by joining the Magyar tribal confederacy called Hét-Magyar (meaning "seven" Hungarians). The three Khavar tribes accompanied the Hungarian migration from the Ukrainian steppe to the Pannonian plain, and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[2]

Around 833 the Hungarian tribal confederacy was living in Levedia, between the Don and the Dnieper rivers, within the clientele of the Khazar empire. Toward 850 or 860, driven from Levedia by the Pechenegs, they entered Atelkuzu (Etelköz). The Magyars reached the Danube river basin around 880. Shortly afterward, the Byzantine emperor Leo VI, being then at war with Simeon, the Bulgarian czar, called the Hungarians to his aid. The Magyars, led by Árpád, crossed the Danube and put Bulgaria to fire and the sword. But the Bulgarians then appealed to the Pechenegs, now masters of the steppe, who attacked the Hungarians in the rear and forced them to take refuge in the mountains of Transylvania. At that moment, Arnulf, king of Germania, at war with the Slav ruler Svatopluk, king of Great Moravia, decided like the Byzantine to appeal to the Hungarians. The Hungarians came in haste and overcame Svatopluk, who disappeared in the conflict (895). Great Moravia collapsed, and the Hungarians took up permanent abode in Hungary (907).

  • The origin of the name Hungary is believed to originate from the Utigur Bulgar tribal confederacy named On-Ogur, (meaning "ten" Ogurs) (comparable to Tokuz-Oguz (meaning "nine" Oguz)), who ruled the territory of Hungary prior to the arrival of the Magyars.

Many Khavars settled in the Bihar region of the later Kingdom of Hungary and Transylvania. Some historian believe that the character recorded by Gesta Hungarorum as lord Marot and his grandson Menumorut, dux of Biharia, were of Khavar descent[citation needed]. One of the names on the Kievian Letter is "Kiabar", which may suggest that Khavars settled in Kiev as well. At least some Khavars were Jewish; others may have been Christians, Muslims or shamanists.[3]

The presence of a Turkic aristocracy among the Hungarians could explain the Byzantine protocol by which, in the exchange of ambassadors under Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Hungarian rulers were always referred to as "Princes of the Turks".[4]

The Khavars eventually assimilated into the general Hungarian population, leaving scattered remains and some cultural and linguistic imprints. Some scholars[citation needed] believe that the Székely are their descendants.

A Khavar inscription

An interesting relic of these Khavar people was explored in (Transylvania, today Romania) in the 20th century CE called Alsószentmihály Rovas inscription. It was transcribed by the archaeologist-historian Gábor Vékony.[5] According to the transcription, the meaing of the two-row isncription is the following:[6] (first row) "His mansion is famous." and (second row) "Jüedi Kür Karaite." or "Jüedi Kür the Karaite." See more details: Inscription in Khazarian Rovas script and RovasPedia.

See also

References

  • Róna-Tas, András (1996): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, ISBN 963 506 106 4
  • Khavars in the Rovaspedia

Notes

  1. ^ Róna-Tas, András (1996a): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, p. 273
  2. ^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11.[1]
  3. ^ Golden, Peter B. "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism." The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Brill, 2007. p. 150.
  4. ^ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, p.178. Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0813513049
  5. ^ Vékony, Gábor (2004): A székely rovásírás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története [The Relics, Relations and the History of the Szekely Rovas Script]. Publisher: Nap Kiadó, Budapest. ISBN 963 9402 45 1
  6. ^ Vékony, Gábor (1997): Szkíthiától Hungáriáig: válogatott tanulmányok. [From Scythia to Hungary: selected Studies] Szombathely: Életünk Szerk. Magyar Írók Szövetsége. Nyugat-magyarországi Csoport. Ser.: Életünk könyvek, p. 110
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