Ward Churchill: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|American author and political activist (born 1947)}} |
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[[Image:churchill.gif|right|frame|Ward Churchill]] |
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{{Infobox person |
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|name=Ward Churchill |
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|image=Ward Churchill.jpg |
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|imagesize=200px |
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|caption=Churchill speaking at the Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair in May 2005. |
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|birth_name=Ward LeRoy Churchill |
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|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1947|10|02}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite web |title=Curriculum vitae of Ward L. Churchill |url=http://wardchurchill.net/archived/churchill_full_CV.pdf |website=wardchurchill.net |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> |
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|birth_place=[[Urbana, Illinois]], United States |
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|alma_mater=[[University of Illinois at Springfield|Sangamon State University]] (BA, MA) |
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|death_date= |
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|occupation=Author |
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}} |
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'''Ward LeRoy Churchill''' (born October 2, 1947)<ref name="DOB" /> is an American activist and author. He was a professor of [[ethnic studies]] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] from 1990 until 2007.<ref name="wrongly fired">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/03/us/03churchill.html?hp&_r=0 Jury Says Professor Was Wrongly Fired]; ''New York Times''; Kirk Johnson and Katherine Q. Seelye; April 2, 2009</ref> Much of Churchill's work focuses on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government, and he expresses controversial views in a direct, often confrontational style.<ref>Chapman Page 92–93</ref> While Churchill has claimed Native American ancestry, genealogical research has failed to unearth such ancestry and he is not a member of a tribe. |
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In January 2005, Churchill's 2001 essay "[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]" gained attention. In the work, he argued the [[September 11 attacks]] were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful [[U.S. foreign policy]] over the latter half of the 20th century; the essay is known for Churchill's use of the phrase "[[little Eichmanns]]" to describe the "technocratic corps" working in the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name="college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm">{{cite news |first=Charlie |last=Brennan |date=February 3, 2005 |title=College journalist touched off firestorm |work=Rocky Mountain News |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/03/college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081016160806/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/03/college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm/ |archive-date=October 16, 2008}}</ref> |
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'''Ward L. Churchill''' (born [[October 2]], [[1947]]) is an [[United States|American]] academic and activist of part [[Native American]] descent. The author of many books and articles, he is a [[tenure|tenured]] professor of [[ethnic studies]] at [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] and co-chairman of the [[American Indian Movement of Colorado]] (Colorado AIM). Churchill is very outspoken on Native American issues, the [[FBI]] and [[police state]]s, and his published work characterizes the [[United States]] as an [[imperialism|imperialist]] power with a history of [[genocide]]. In [[2005]], Churchill became the subject of intense media scrutiny in the United States because of an essay he wrote in response to the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. |
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In March 2005, the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct.<ref name="misconduct_report">{{Cite book |title=Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill |first1=Marianne |last1=Wesson |first2=Robert |last2=Clinton |first3=José |last3 =Limón |first4=Marjorie |last4=McIntosh |first5=Michael |last5=Radelet |date=May 9, 2006 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060523111342/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2006}}</ref> Churchill was fired on July 24, 2007.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill">{{cite news|url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/jul/25/cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill/ |title=CU regents fire Ward Churchill |first=Berny |last=Morson |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=July 25, 2007}}</ref> Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment. In April 2009, a Denver jury found that Churchill was unjustly fired, awarding him $1 in damages.<ref name="wrongly">{{cite news |title=Jury Says Professor Wrongly Fired |last1=Johnson |first1=Kirk |last2=Seelye |first2=Katharine Q. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/03/us/03churchill.html?hp |date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=John |first=Aguilar |date=April 2, 2009 |title=Churchill wins his case, awarded $1 in damages – Reinstatement at CU to be decided at future hearing |journal=Daily Camera |url= http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2009/apr/02/ward-churchill-trial-blog-jury-university-colorado/ |access-date=April 3, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090405174548/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2009/apr/02/ward-churchill-trial-blog-jury-university-colorado/ |archive-date=April 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> In July 2009, however, a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill's request to order his reinstatement, holding that the university had "quasi-judicial immunity". Churchill's appeals of this decision were unsuccessful. |
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==Life== |
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==Early life and education== |
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Churchill was born and grew up in [[Peoria, Illinois]]. He was drafted by the [[US Army]] and saw active service in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] from [[1966]] to [[1968]] as a heavy truck driver. Churchill later received his [[B.A.]] and [[M.A.]] from Sangamon State University, now the [[University of Illinois at Springfield]]. |
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Churchill was born in [[Urbana, Illinois]], to Jack LeRoy Churchill and Maralyn Lucretia Allen. His parents divorced before he turned two. He grew up in [[Elmwood, Illinois]], where he attended local schools.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005">{{cite news |
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|title=Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past |first1=Dave |last1=Curtin |first2=Howard |last2=Pankratz |first3=Arthur |last3=Kane |work=Denver Post |url= https://www.denverpost.com/2005/06/08/questions-stoke-ward-churchills-firebrand-past/ |date=June 9, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000349/http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_0002709008|archivedate=October 1, 2007|accessdate=May 7, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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In 1966, Churchill was [[conscription|drafted]] into the [[United States Army]]. On his 1980 resume, he claimed to have served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases."<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> In a 1987 profile in the ''[[Denver Post]]'', Churchill claimed to have attended [[United States Army Airborne School|paratrooper school]] and to have volunteered for a 10-month stint on [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol]] in Vietnam. Churchill also claimed to have spent time at the Chicago office of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS), and provided firearms and explosives training to members of the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weather Underground]].<ref name="LRRP">[http://www.gnosis.cx/photos/news/Churchill-DenverPost-1987.gif photostat of ''Denver Post'' article, Claire Martin and (name illegible), ''Denver Post''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619192424/http://www.gnosis.cx/photos/news/Churchill-DenverPost-1987.gif |date=June 19, 2007 }}, January 18, 1987. Retrieved February 7, 2010</ref> In 2005, the ''Denver Post'' reported on fabrications in Churchill's service record. Department of Defense personnel files showed that Churchill was trained as a film projectionist and light truck driver, but they do not reflect paratrooper school or LRRP training.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /><ref name="DP_Feb_3_2005" /> |
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In [[1990]], Churchill joined the University of Colorado at Boulder as an assistant professor. |
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Churchill received his B.A. in technological communications in 1974 and his M.A. in [[Communication studies|communication theory]] in 1975, both from Sangamon State University (now the [[University of Illinois at Springfield]]).<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> |
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==Writing== |
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==Career== |
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As a scholar, Churchill has written extensively on Native-American history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he considers the genocide inflicted on the indigenous peoples of North American by European settlers, repression which he argues continues to this day. |
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===University of Colorado Boulder=== |
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In 1978, Churchill began working at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] as an [[affirmative action]] officer in the university administration. He also lectured on issues relating to [[Native Americans in the United States]] in the [[ethnic studies]] program. In 1990, the University of Colorado hired him as an [[associate professor]], although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position. The following year he was granted [[tenure]] in the Communication department, without the usual six-year probationary period, after having been declined by the [[Sociology]] and [[Political Science]] departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/ConferenceReport.pdf|title=Conference report}}</ref> |
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Churchill received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from [[Alfred University]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |title= Alfred University, Honorary Degrees, 1990–1999 |access-date= August 28, 2007 |archive-date= May 24, 2003 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030524095848/http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |url-status= dead }}</ref> |
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In ''Fantasies of the Master Race'' ([[1992]]), Churchill examined the portrayals of Native Americans and the use of Native American symbols in popular American culture. He examined such phenomena as the mystery novels of [[Tony Hillerman]], [[Carlos Castaneda]], the film ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'', and the [[New Age]] movement, frequently finding subtle and not so subtle issues of cultural imperialism at play as well as cultural exploitation. Carlos Casteneda he dismissed as the "greatest hoax since [[Piltdown Man]]". |
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In 1994, then CU-Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian, saying "it has always been university policy that a person's [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] or [[ethnicity]] is self-proving."<ref name="RMN 2005-02-17">{{cite news |title=Red-flagged career: Churchill's tenure at CU marked by warnings of trouble |first1=Charlie |last1=Brennan |first2=Stuart |last2=Steers |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=February 17, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/17/red-flagged-career/}}</ref> |
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Churchill's ''Indians 'R' Us'' (1993), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race'', further explores Indian issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie ''[[Black Robe]]'', the Pine Ridge killings, and the [[Leonard Peltier]], sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and [[blood quantum law]]s as tools of genocide. Churchill is particarly outspoken against New Age exploitations of shamanism and Native American sacred traditions, and what he scorns as the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. |
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In 1996, Churchill moved to the new Ethnic Studies Department of the University of Colorado. In 1997, he was promoted to [[full professor]]. He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=Churchill tenure questioned: Prof was granted job security without usual review process |first1=Berny |last1=Morson |first2=Charlie |last2=Brennan |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=February 16, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/16/churchill-tenure-questioned/}}</ref><ref name="personnel_file">{{cite news |first=Jefferson |last=Dodge |title=Churchill's personnel files released by CU-Boulder |work=Silver & Gold Record |date=February 24, 2005 |url= https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/4218.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060922112926/http://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/4218.html |archive-date=September 22, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Degrees, 1990–1999 |work=Special Collections & Archives |publisher=Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University |url= http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030524095848/http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2003}}</ref> Documents in Churchill's university personnel file show that Churchill was granted tenure in a "special opportunity position".<ref name="personnel_file" /> |
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''Struggle For The Land'' (reissued 2002) is a collctions of essays in which Churchill documents what he asserts is the US government's systematic exploitation of native land and elimination of the Native American peoples who once inhabited it. He details Indian efforts attempts in the 19th and 20th centuries to defend the land from defoliation, strip-mining, and other destructive practices. |
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In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9/11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year.<ref name="resigns_chair">[http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/44.html Ward Churchill Resigns Administrative Post] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924200253/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/44.html |date=September 24, 2006}}, University of Colorado Boulder, |
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Churchill's ''A Little Matter of Genocide'' ([[1998]]) is a historical survey of systematic [[ethnic cleansing]] from 1492 to the present. He compares the extermination of North American Indians to other genocides in history, such as the [[Cambodia]]n, the [[Armenia]]n, and that of Gypsies, Poles and Jews by the [[Nazi]]s. |
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January 31, 2005</ref> |
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In 2005, the University of Colorado's Research Misconduct Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity to "add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship".<ref name="preliminary_report" /> The committee concluded that the allegation was not "appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct".<ref>{{cite press release |title=Statement Regarding Decision Of Standing Committee On Research Misconduct |first=Pauline |last=Hale |publisher=CU-Boulder Office of News Services |date=September 9, 2005 |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/standingcommittee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071128124106/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/standingcommittee.html |archive-date=November 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university has said that it does not hire on the basis of ethnicity.<ref name="RMN 2005-02-17" /> |
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In ''Perversions of Justice'' ([[2002]]), Churchill explores how the US legal system was adapated to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the premises set forth therein not only spilled over onto non-Indians in the US, but were also adapted for application abroad. |
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On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for academic misconduct.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill" /> |
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Churchill has also written several books on state-organized oppression. ''Agents of Repression'' ([[1988]]), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, details what the authors describe as "the secret war" against the [[Black Panther Party]] and American Indian Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s, carried out by the [[FBI]] under the [[COINTELPRO]] program. ''The Cointelpro Papers'' (reissued 2002) (also with Jim Vander Wall) examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's secret, systematic, and sometimes violent sabotage of progressive political activity. Churchill and Vander Wall examine the treatment of the left from the 1950s Communist Party through the 1980s Central America solidarity movement. |
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====Research misconduct investigation==== |
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[[Image:On the Justice of Roosting Chickens.jpg|right|frame|Book cover]] |
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[[File:CVNTrialVideoSample.jpg|thumb|Churchill testifying in the civil trial of ''Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado''.]] |
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The quality of Churchill's research had been seriously questioned by legal scholar John LaVelle and historian [[Guenter Lewy]].<ref name="lavelle_review">{{Cite journal |title=Review of "Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America" |first1=John |last1=LaVelle |journal=The American Indian Quarterly |volume=20 |pages=109–118 |date=1999 |url=http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/american-indian-quarterly.pdf |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/1184946 |first2=Ward |jstor=1184946 |last2=Churchill |access-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208144926/http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/american-indian-quarterly.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes |first=John |last=LaVelle |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review |date=Spring 1999 |pages=251–302 |url=http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf |doi=10.2307/1409527 |volume=14 |issue=1 |jstor=1409527 |access-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208144451/http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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==9/11 essay controversy== |
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| title=Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide? |first=Guenter |last=Lewy |work=[[History News Network]] |date=November 22, 2004| url=http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html}}</ref> Additional critics were sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work; and historians R. G. Robertson and [[Russell Thornton]], who said that Churchill had misrepresented their work.<ref>{{cite news |title=A New Ward Churchill Controversy |first=Scott |last=Jaschik |work=Inside Higher Ed |date=February 9, 2005 |url= http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/02/09/churchill2_9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric |first=Thomas |last=Brown |journal=Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification |volume=1 |date=2006 |pages=1–30 |url= http://www.plagiary.org/smallpox-blankets.pdf |issue=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070712044609/http://www.plagiary.org/smallpox-blankets.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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In 2005, [[University of Colorado Boulder]] administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of [[research misconduct]] against Churchill.<ref name="preliminary_report">{{Cite book |title=Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill |first1=Philip |last1=DiStephano |first2=Todd |last2=Gleeson |first3=David |last3=Getches |date=March 24, 2005 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120629204440/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The allegations included three allegations of [[plagiarism]], allegations of fabrication or falsification regarding the history of the [[Dawes Act]] and the [[Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990]], and alleged claims that [[smallpox]] was intentionally spread to Native Americans by [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] in 1614 and by the United States Army at [[Fort Clark Trading Post State Historic Site#History|Fort Clark]] in [[1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic#Responsibility and intentional spread allegations|1837]]. |
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Churchill originally wrote his essay about 9/11 shortly after the event. The essay was later incorporated in a book, ''[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]''. ("roosting chickens" comes from [[Malcolm X]]'s comment apropos of the assassination of president [[John F. Kennedy|JFK]] that Kennedy "never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon"). In this volume, Churchill asserts that the [[United States]] is [[imperialist]]ic and that its misfortunes are consequence thereof, including the 9/11. In a controversial passage, Churchill asserts that some of the victims of the attack were not innocent: |
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On May 16, 2006, the university released its findings; the Investigative Committee unanimously concluded that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct", including falsification, fabrication, and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="misconduct_report" /> The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions.<ref name="misconduct_report" /> Following further deliberations by university bodies,<ref name="standing_ctte_report">{{Cite book |title=Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill |first1=Joseph |last1=Rosse |first2=Sanjai |last2=Bhagat |first3=Mark |last3=Bradburn |first4=Harold |last4=Bruff |first5=Judith |last5=Glyde |first6=Steven |last6=Guberman |first7=Bella |last7=Mody |first8=Linda |last8=Morris |first9=Uriel |last9=Nauenberg |first10=Cortlandt |last10=Pierpont |date=June 13, 2006 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/ChurchillStandingCmteReport.pdf}}</ref><ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill" /><ref name="sgr-regents-dismiss-churchill">{{cite news |title=Regents dismiss Ward Churchill |first=Jefferson |last=Dodge |work=Silver & Gold Record |date=July 26, 2007 |url= https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/5704.html |access-date=2008-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928080322/https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/5704.html |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> on July 24, 2007, the university regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct. The regents voted eight to one to fire Churchill.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill" /><ref name="sgr-regents-dismiss-churchill" /> |
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:As for those in the World Trade Center, well, really, let's get a grip here, shall we? True enough, they were civilians of a sort. But innocent? Gimme a break. They formed a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire – the "mighty engine of profit" to which the military dimension of U.S. policy has always been enslaved – and they did so both willingly and knowingly. |
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The next day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for his expression of politically unpopular views.<ref>{{cite web |title=First amended complaint & jury demand |work=Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado |url= http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/complaint.pdf |date=July 25, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210803/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/complaint.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The jury in Churchill's suit for reinstatement weighed the university's claims of academic misconduct per jury instructions it received in the case. On April 1, 2009, the jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired, and awarded $1 in damages.<ref name="wrongly" /> On July 7, 2009, Judge Larry Naves found that the university was entitled to [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial immunity]] as a matter of law, vacated the jury verdict, and determined that the university did not owe Churchill any financial compensation.<ref name="DP_July_7_2009">{{cite news |title=No job, no money for Ward Churchill |first=Tom |last=McGhee |work=Denver Post |date=July 7, 2009 |url= http://www.denverpost.com/ci_12769291 |access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |url= http://domainnameattorney.com/ward-churchill.pdf |litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado |opinion=Order Granting Defendants' Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law and Denying Plaintiff's Motion for Reinstatement of Employment |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701000000*/http://domainnameattorney.com/ward-churchill.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Churchill appealed, but Judge Naves's decision was upheld by a three-judge panel of the [[Colorado Court of Appeals]]<ref name="appeal">{{cite web |url= http://www.lawweekonline.com/2010/11/ward-churchill-wont-get-job-back-appeals-court-rules/ |title=Ward Churchill Won't Get Job Back, Appeals Court Rules|publisher= [[Law Week Colorado]] |date= November 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite court|litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder |vol=293|reporter=P.3d|opinion=16 |pinpoint= |court=Colo. App.|date=November 24, 2010 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1476399561735171689|access-date= January 10, 2023|quote= |postscript= }}</ref> and by the Colorado Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-september-idUSBRE9300AL20130401 |title=Supreme Court declines to hear controversial professor's appeal |publisher=Reuters |date=2013-01-04|access-date=2013-01-04}}</ref> |
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He also wrote: |
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<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder |vol=285 |reporter=P.3d |opinion=986 |pinpoint= |court=Colo. |date=September 10, 2012 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1164974651751151550 |
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|access-date= January 10, 2023|quote= |postscript= }}</ref> On April 1, 2013, the [[United States Supreme Court]] declined to hear Churchill's case.<ref name="2013_Supreme_Court_Appeal_Rejected">{{cite news |title=Ex-university professor Ward Churchill won't get Supreme Court appeal on firing |work=FoxNews.com |date=April 1, 2013 |url= http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/04/01/university-professor-ward-churchill-wont-get-supreme-court-appeal-on-firing/}}</ref><ref>{{cite court|litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder |vol=569|reporter=U.S.|opinion=904 |pinpoint= |court=|date=April 1, 2013 |url= |
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:If there was a better, more effective, or in fact any other way of visiting some penalty befitting their participation upon the little [[Adolf Eichmann|Eichmanns]] inhabiting the sterile sanctuary of the twin towers, I'd really be interested in hearing about it. [http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/s11/churchill.html] |
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11655396224721484042|access-date= January 10, 2023|quote= |postscript= }}</ref> |
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In [[January 2005]], attention was drawn to the essay after he was invited to speak at [[Hamilton College]] as a member of a panel titled "Limits of Dissent". The text was quoted on the [[January 28]], [[2005]] edition of the [[Fox News Channel]] program ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' initiated a campaign against Churchill imploring its viewers to [[e-mail]] the college. A flood of 6,000 e-mails resulted. In the ensuing uproar, the lecture was changed to a larger venue but then was utimately cancelled by president Joan Stewart due to "credible threats of violence". |
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In response to what he calls "grossly inaccurate media coverage concerning [his] analysis of the September 11, 2001 attacks", Churchill clarified his views: |
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A 2011 report by the Colorado Committee to Protect Faculty Rights of the Colorado Conference of the [[American Association of University Professors]] investigating academic freedom at the University of Colorado - Boulder determined that Churchill's termination was unjustified.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.westword.com/news/cus-treatment-of-ward-churchill-phil-mitchell-makes-it-questionable-employer-report-finds-5899889 |title=CU's treatment of Ward Churchill, Phil Mitchell makes it questionable employer, report finds |magazine=Westword |date=2011-11-09|access-date=2018-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=CCPFR Reports on the University of Colorado's Terminations of Phil Mitchell and Ward Churchill |publisher=Colorado Conference of the American Association of University Professorsdate=2011 |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/71999087/Mitchell-Churchill-Report?ad_group=725X1265248Xcd0a796752f362dd987b1e0e5000507e&campaign=SkimbitLtd&keyword=660149026&medium=affiliate&source=hp_affiliate}}</ref> |
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: I am not a "defender" of the September 11 attacks, but simply pointing out that if [[Foreign relations of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] results in massive death and destruction abroad, we cannot feign innocence when some of that destruction is returned. I have never said that people "should" engage in armed attacks on the United States, but that such attacks are a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful U.S. policy. As [[Martin Luther King]], quoting [[Robert F. Kennedy]], said, "Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable." |
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===Writing=== |
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Following the report on Fox, Churchill become the focus of national attention. A special meeting of the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado held on Thursday, [[February 3]], 2005, to discuss the case. [[Republican]] [[Bill Owens]], [[governor of Colorado]], called for his resignation. Churchill, however, has the support of members of his department and a portion of the student body who defend him on the grounds of [[academic freedom]] and [[freedom of speech]]. |
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According to the University of Colorado investigation, Churchill's academic publications "are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation, drawing upon studies by other scholars, not monographs describing new research based on primary sources." The investigation also noted that "he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics."<ref name="misconduct_report" /> Historian [[Gavriel Rosenfeld]] criticized Churchill for "numerous errors reflecting sloppy or hasty scholarship".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=G. D. |title=The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=1999 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=28–61 |doi=10.1093/hgs/13.1.28}}</ref> |
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In 1986, Churchill wrote the essay "Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis" criticizing [[Pacifism|pacifist]] politics within the U.S. left as being hypocritical, ''de facto'' [[Racism in the United States|racist]] and ineffectual.<ref>{{cite web |last=Churchill |first=Ward |title=Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on An American Pseudopraxis |url= http://zinelibrary.info/files/pap_imposed.pdf |work=Zine Library |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120914103542/http://zinelibrary.info/files/pap_imposed.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oaiJp3EoXWAC&q=%22Pacifism+as+Pathology%22&pg=PA35 |title=Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence |last=Orosco| first=José-Antonio |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=9780826343758 |pages=35–37}}</ref> In 1998, [[Arbeiter Ring Publishing]] published the essay in a book entitled ''Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America'', listing Ward Churchill as the author. The book included a preface by Ed Mead (of the [[George Jackson Brigade]]), a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Michael Ryan. The book sparked much debate in [[leftist]] circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the [[anti-globalization]] movement in the following few years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kauffman |first=L. A. |title=Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle? |url= http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=December 10, 1999 |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080304153844/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html |archive-date=March 4, 2008}}</ref> [[George Lakey]], a co-founder of the pacifist [[Movement for a New Society]], published a detailed response in 2001 titled "Nonviolent Action as the Sword that Heals: Challenging Ward Churchill's 'Pacifism As Pathology{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lakey |first=George |author-link=George Lakey |title=The Sword that Heals: Challenging Ward Churchill's 'Pacifism as Pathology' |date=2001 |publisher=Training for Change |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VVCLGwAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lakey |first=George |author-link=George Lakey |title=Nonviolent Action as the Sword that Heals |url= http://trainingforchange.org/nonviolent_action_sword_that_heals |work=TrainingForChange.org |publisher=Training for Change |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208223743/http://trainingforchange.org/nonviolent_action_sword_that_heals |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |date=March 1, 2001}}</ref> The 2007 edition published by [[AK Press]] includes a preface by [[Derrick Jensen]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America |isbn=978-1904859185 |last1=Churchill |first1=Ward |date=2007|publisher=AK Press }}</ref> A third edition was published in 2017 by [[PM Press]] with updates by Churchill and Ryan, and a foreword by Dylan Rodríguez.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rai |first=Milan |title=Ward Churchill & Michael Ryan, ''Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America'' |url= https://peacenews.info/node/8908/ward-churchill-michael-ryan-pacifism-pathology-reflections-role-armed-struggle-north-ameri |work=[[Peace News]] |issue=2612–2613 |date=December 2017 |access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref> |
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Churchill subsequently resigned his position as chairman of the Ethnic Studies Department. The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado, meeting in executive session at [[The Fitzsimons campus of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center]] on [[February 3]], [[2005]] adopted a resolution apologizing to the American people for Churchill's statements regarding the victims of 9/11 and ratifying interim chancellor Phil DiStefano's review of Ward Churchill's actions. He was directed to investigate whether Churchill overstepped his bounds as a faculty member, whether his actions are cause for dismissal, and whether his writings are protected by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]]. |
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Churchill's ''Indians Are Us?'' (1994), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race'', further explores Native American issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie ''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]]'', the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] killings, the prosecution of [[Leonard Peltier]], sports [[mascot]]s, the [[Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990]], and [[blood quantum laws]], calling them tools of [[genocide]]. Churchill is particularly outspoken about [[New Age]] exploitations of [[shamanism]] and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "[[do-it-yourself]] Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. John P. LaVelle of the [[University of New Mexico School of Law]] published a review of ''Indians Are Us?'' in ''The American Indian Quarterly''. Professor LaVelle, an enrolled member of the [[Lakota people|Santee Sioux Nation]], states that ''Indians Are Us?'' twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes.<ref name="lavelle_review" /> It was in this book that Churchill first made the assertion that the United States distributed "smallpox-infested blankets" to Indian tribes, an assertion which he repeated several times over the next decade. The assertion has been criticized as a falsification.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.5240451.0001.009|title=Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric|first=Thomas|last=Brown|date=August 3, 2006|journal=Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification|hdl=2027/spo.5240451.0001.009}}</ref> |
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In response to his speech being cancelled at Hamilton, Hawaiian Studies Professor and Hawaiian Sovereignty movement member [[Haunani-Kay Trask]] invited him to speak at the [[University of Hawaii]] on [[February 22]], [[2005]] where he responded to his critics, and argued for [[academic freedom]] and [[free speech]]. |
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Churchill argues that in the American continent the Indigenous populations were subjected to a systematic campaign of extermination by settler colonialism: "For Churchill, the greatest series of genocides ever perpetrated in history - in terms of magnitude and duration - occurred in the Americas...".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Curthoys |first1=Ann |last2=Docker |first2=John |date=2001 |title=Introduction: Genocide: definitions, questions, settler-colonies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45135468 |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=25 |pages=1–15 |issn=0314-8769 |jstor=45135468 |quote=Churchill argues that settler-colonies around the world established during European expansion post-1492 in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina, are not only potentially but inherently genocidal...In Churchill's view, settler-colonies involve genocide in their very being.}}</ref> He discusses American policies such as the [[Indian Removal Act]] and the forced assimilation of Indigenous children in [[American Indian boarding schools]] operating in the mid-1800s to early 1900s.<ref name="ChurchillLittle">[[Ward Churchill|Ward, Churchill]], ''A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present'' (San Francisco CA: [[City Lights Books]], 1998) pages 1-17. {{ISBN|978-0-87286-323-1}} (paperback); {{ISBN|978-0-87286-343-9}} (hardcover).</ref> He has called [[manifest destiny]] an ideology used to justify dispossession and genocide against Native Americans, and compared it to [[Lebensraum]] ideology of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&q=manifest+destiny+genocide&pg=PA437 |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87436-928-1 |editor-last=Charny |editor-first=Israel W. |page=437 |quote=The size of the aggregate native North American population in 1500 is currently estimated at about 15 million. By 1890 it had been reduced by some 97.5 percent, to less than a quarter-million. That year, it was announced that "aboriginal land-holdings" amounted to only 2.5 percent of US territory. Anglo-America's professed "manifest destiny" to acquire "living space" by liquidating the "inferior" peoples who owned it had been fulfilled.}}</ref> |
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In response to the attacks on Churchill, the Council of the American Indian Movment of Colorado has endorsed a petition in support of Churchill, stating that "the media-driven frenzy to purge Churchill possesses all the hallmarks of a new [[McCarthyism]], and represents a dangerous trend of intellectual intolerance across the nation and in the academy. [http://coloradoaim.org/wardpetition.htm petition drive.] |
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==== Blood quantum ==== |
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==Activism== |
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Churchill argues that the United States instituted [[blood quantum laws]] based upon rules of descendancy in order to further goals of personal enrichment and political expediency.<ref name="The charge: Mischaracterization">{{cite web|url= http://rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0%2C1299%2CDRMN_15_3838645%2C00.html |title=The charge: Mischaracterization |access-date=2017-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051225071656/http://rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0%2C1299%2CDRMN_15_3838645%2C00.html |archive-date=December 25, 2005}}, ''The Rocky Mountain News;'' June 7, 2005</ref> For decades in his writings, Churchill has argued that blood quantum laws have an inherent genocidal purpose. He says: "Set the blood quantum at one-quarter, hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians, let intermarriage proceed as it [has] and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence".<ref>Churchill, Ward, ''[[Kill the Indian, Save the Man]]'', San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books, 2004, p. 88</ref> |
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Churchill's assertions about the blood quantum were raised when research-misconduct allegations were brought against him in 2005 {{crossreference|printworthy=y|([[#Research misconduct investigation|see above]])}}. He has been accused of using his interpretation of the Dawes Act to attack tribal governments that would not recognize him as a member.<ref name="The charge: Mischaracterization" /> |
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He has been active in Colorado AIM since at least 1984. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders including [[Russell Means]], Glen Morris, Bob Robideau and David Hill broke with the national AIM leadership, especially [[Clyde Bellecourt|Clyde]] and [[Vernon Bellecourt]], claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. This schism continues, with the American Indian Movement claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government being used against Indians. He has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] against the [[Columbus Day]] holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver [[Italian-American]] community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and other protesters have been arrested several times in relation to acts of [[civil disobedience]], such as blocking the parade. |
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====September 11 essay==== |
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==Ethnicity== |
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Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled ''[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]''. In it, he argued that the [[September 11 attacks]] were provoked by U.S. foreign policy. He described the role of financial workers at the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as an "ongoing genocidal [[American imperialism]]" comparable to the role played by [[Adolf Eichmann]] in organizing the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. In 2005, this essay drew attention after [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] invited Churchill to speak.<ref name="college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm" /> This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of [[McCarthyism]] by Churchill and his supporters. Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] Phil DiStefano said, "While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9/11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public."<ref name="resigns_chair" /> |
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Ward Churchill's ethnicity has come under attack by his critics, who claim he fabricated his Native-American origins. [[Dennis Banks]], an [[Anishinabe]] Indian and a co-founder of the [[American Indian Movement]] "AIM" and the national leadership of AIM have issued press releases on a number of occasions over the years stating that Churchill does not represent the American Indian Movement and is not an Indian. [http://www.aimovement.org/moipr/churchill05.html] Churchill was hired by Colorado University partly because of his ethnic background. |
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==Art== |
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In an interview in ''The Rocky Mountain News'' Churchill himself stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if (the critics) are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned [[Sitting Bull]]."' [http://www.insidedenver.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3525487,00.html] At another moment, Churchill stated that he was less than one-quarter Indian [http://starbulletin.com/2005/02/23/news/index2.html], that he was an associate member of the Keetoowah tribe, not being qualified to be a full member, and that as such has had his genealogy vetted by the enrollment office. In an article in ''Socialism and Democracy'' magazine, he stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and [[Creek (people)|Creek]] descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians." [http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm][http://belmontclub.blogspot.com/2005/02/ward-churchill-story.html] The Denver Post reports that a review of Churchill matrilinal geneology shows no Native American ancestry going back to his great great grandparents. [http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/0213churchillg.gif] |
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Churchill's subjects are often [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] figures and other themes associated with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American Culture]]. He uses historical photographs as source material for works.<ref name="artnet">{{cite web |url= http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews2/artnetnews3-15-05.asp |title=Artnet News: Art Troubles for WTC "Little Eichmanns" Critic |work=[[Artnet]] |date=March 15, 2005 |access-date=2007-07-26}}</ref> In the early 1990s at [[Santa Fe Indian Market]], Churchill protested the passage of the [[1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act]]. It requires that, to identify and exhibit works as being by a Native American, artists and craftsmen must be enrolled in a Native American tribe or designated by a tribe as an artisan.<ref>Croteau 220–221</ref> |
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Churchill's 1981 [[serigraph]] ''Winter Attack'' was, according to Churchill and others, based on a 1972 drawing by the artist Thomas E. Mails.<ref name="CBS4">{{cite web |last=Chohan |first=Raj |title ='Original' Churchill Art Piece Creates Controversy |publisher=KCNC-TV (CBS Broadcasting) |date=February 24, 2005 |url =http://cbs4denver.com/local/ward.churchill.raj.2.541927.html |access-date =2008-01-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080906185147/http://cbs4denver.com/local/ward.churchill.raj.2.541927.html|archive-date=September 6, 2008}}</ref> Churchill printed 150 copies of ''Winter Attack'' and sold at least one of them. Other copies are available online for purchase. Churchill says that, when he produced ''Winter Attack'', he publicly acknowledged that it was based on Mails's work.<ref name="CBS4" /> The online journal ''[[Artnet]]'' mentions Churchill's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality.<ref name="artnet" /> |
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The Keetoowah Band, however, has stated publicly that Ward Churchill is not a member of their tribe. [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3519179,00.html] The Keetoowah Band does not recognize associate members as members of the Keetoowah band; their requirements read: "a person must be 1/4 degree of Cherokee Indian ancestry or above to be a member of the United Keetoowah Band," [http://www.uark.edu/depts/comminfo/UKB/structure.html], a qualification which Churchill does not meet. Ernestine Berry, who was "on the tribe's [Keetoowah Band] enrollment committee and served on the tribal council for four years," has stated, "He was trying to get recognized as an Indian. He could not prove he was an Indian (Cherokee) at all." [http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36%257E23827%257E2689334,00.html] |
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==Personal life== |
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Suzan Shown Harjo, a Hodulgee [[Muscogee]] [[Creek]]/[[Cheyenne]] Indian and well-known Indian activist who has known Churchill for fifteen years, said she has discussed with Churchill his claims of being a Creek Indian. She has indicated that Churchill could not name his family members that are enrolled in the Creek Tribe. [http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096410335] [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0%2C1299%2CDRMN_15_3554608%2C00.html] |
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In 1977, Churchill began living with Dora-Lee Larson. The relationship was later described in divorce documents as a common-law marriage. Larson filed for divorce in 1984 and asked to have her address kept secret because of “past violence and threats” from Churchill.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> |
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Churchill later married Marie Annette Jaimes, who also worked at the University of Colorado. Their marriage ended in 1995.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> |
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David Cornsilk, a Cherokee researcher, has searched the [[Cherokee Nation]] and Keetoowah tribal rolls and according to his research there is not a listing on any of these rolls of Churchill. |
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Churchill's third wife was Leah Kelly. On May 31, 2000, the 25-year-old Kelly was hit by a car and killed. Churchill has written that Kelly's death left a "crater" in his soul.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> |
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Creek-Cherokee historian Robert W. Trepp did not find Churchill's family members on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation rolls. [http://indian.senate.gov/2002hrgs/071702hrg/trepp.PDF] |
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As of 2005, Churchill was married to Natsu Saito, a professor of ethnic studies.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> |
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It is not unusual that Americans who have some Native American blood, but whose families live within the mainstream community, know their heritage from family tradition, but encounter difficulty proving it to the satisfaction of administrators of [[affirmative action]] programs [http://aad.english.ucsb.edu/docs/proof.html]. [http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm][http://belmontclub.blogspot.com/2005/02/ward-churchill-story.html] The Denver Post reports that a review of Churchill matrilineal geneology on Ancestry.com shows no evidence of Native American ancestry going back to his great great grandparents. Based on Census and Social Security records all matrilineal ancestors of Ward Churchill are listed as White or race unknown [http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/0213churchillg.gif]. Legal opinion is divided regarding whether Churchill might be terminated should he fail to prove his ethnicity, with his supporters arguing the problems Colorado University has with Ward Churchill are based on his political statements, not questions regarding his ethnicity while others argue that an assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might be a material misrepresentation and grounds for termination [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3540067,00.html]. |
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===Ancestry=== |
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==Other controversies== |
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In 2003, Churchill stated, "I am myself of [[Creek people|Muscogee]] and [[Creek people|Creek]] descent on my father's side, [[Cherokee]] on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]]."<ref name="american_holocaust">{{cite journal |first=Ward |last=Churchill |title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial|journal=Socialism and Democracy |date=2003 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=25–76 |url= http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm |doi=10.1080/08854300308428341|s2cid=143631746 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050206103859/http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2005 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="ethnicstudies">{{cite web|title=Ward Churchill |work=Ethnic Studies |publisher=University of Colorado |url= http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080107003916/http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> In 1992, Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America |title=The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance |last=Jaimes |first=M. Annette |editor-last=Jaimes |editor-first=M. Annette| publisher=[[South End Press]] |location=Boston |date=1992 |isbn=0-89608-424-8 |pages=123–138 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rgO3XR2MRSsC}} Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committee that he wrote this essay in its entirety.</ref> |
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In 1993, Churchill told the ''[[Colorado Daily]]'' that "he was one-sixteenth Creek and Cherokee."<ref>{{cite news |first=Jodi |last=Rave |title=Free Speech for Fake Indian |url= http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2005/02/12/news/opinion/opin338.txt |work=Rapid City Journal |date=February 12, 2005 |access-date=2008-07-27}}</ref> Churchill told the ''[[Denver Post]]'' in February 2005 that he is three-sixteenths Cherokee.<ref name="DP_Feb_3_2005">{{cite news |
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| title=CU prof affirms Indian heritage: Tribe says he's not full member |first=Howard |last=Pankratz |work=Denver Post |url= https://www.denverpost.com/2005/06/08/cu-prof-affirms-indian-heritage/ |date=February 3, 2005}}</ref> |
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In a statement dated May 9, 2005, and posted on its website, the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|United Keetoowah Band]] said: "The United Keetoowah Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill is ''not'' a member of the Keetoowah Band and was only given an honorary 'associate membership' in the early 1990s because he could not prove any Cherokee ancestry". The Band added that Churchill's claims of Keetoowah enrollment were deemed fraudulent by the United Keetoowah Band.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud |first=Charlie |last=Brennan |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=May 18, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3786590,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126175832/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3786590,00.html|archivedate=November 26, 2005|url-status=dead|accessdate=May 7, 2023}}</ref> |
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In an article "The Genocide That Wasn't: Ward Churchill's Research Fraud", [[sociology]] professor Thomas Brown accuses Ward of fabricating an incident in which the US Army purportedly deliberately infected [[Mandan]] Indians with [[smallpox]] in [[1837]]. |
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[[http://hal.lamar.edu/~browntf/Churchill1.htm] |
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Brown's article claims that the sources that Churchill cites do not support what Churchill claims in his article on the alleged genocide. It was Lord [[Jeffrey Amherst]], a British General, who suggested this plan in [[1763]], a decade before the United States government existed. |
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Two days later, the United Keetoowah Band replaced its earlier statement with the following: "Because Mr. Churchill had [[genealogy|genealogical]] information regarding his alleged ancestry", and because he was willing "to assist the UKB in promoting the tribe and its causes, he was awarded an 'Associate Membership' as an honor". The Band clarified that Churchill "was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a '[[Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood]] (CDIB)", and added that associate membership did not entitle an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe. The Band's spokesperson, Lisa Stopp, stated the tribe enrolls only members with certified one-quarter American Indian blood.<ref name="Charlie Brennan" /><ref name="Herdy" /> While the United Keetoowah Band voted to stop awarding associate memberships in 1994,<ref name="Charlie Brennan" /><ref name=areclaimsvalid>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Flynn |title=The Churchill files; Are Ward Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry valid? |url= http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/news/churchill/indexDay5.shtml |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=June 9, 2005 |access-date=2007-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015344/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/news/churchill/indexDay5.shtml |archive-date=October 1, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> the Band indicated in 2005 that Churchill still held an associate membership.<ref name="Clark-Keetoowah">{{cite news |title=Keetoowah Band says Churchill is honorary, Indian tribe states membership is not recognized |last=Clark |first=Elizabeth Mattern |publisher=Daily Camera.com |date=May 19, 2005 |url= http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2005/may/19/keetoowah-band-says-churchill-is-honorary |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090223203415/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2005/may/19/keetoowah-band-says-churchill-is-honorary/ |archive-date=February 23, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>The Tahlequah Daily Press, February 4, 2005</ref> |
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In an April 2004 interview with ''Satya'' magazine, Churchill said: |
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Churchill has never asked for CDIB certification, and has said that he finds the idea of being "vetted" by the US government offensive.<ref name="Charlie Brennan">{{cite news |title=Tribe clarifies stance on prof: Milder statement explains Churchill's 'associate' label |first=Charlie |last=Brennan |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=May 21, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/21/tribe-clarifies-stance-on-prof/}}</ref><ref name="Herdy">{{cite news |title=Tribe shifts stand, acknowledges Churchill's alleged Cherokee ancestry |first=Amy |last=Herdy |work=Denver Post |date=May 20, 2005 |url= http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_2746403 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050522003926/http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_2746403 |archive-date=May 22, 2005}}</ref> |
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:If I defined the state as being the problem, just what happens to the state? I've never fashioned myself to be a revolutionary, but it's part and parcel of what I'm talking about. You can create through consciousness a situation of flux, perhaps, in which something better can replace it. In instability there's potential. That's about as far as I go with revolutionary consciousness. I'm actually a de-evolutionary. I don't want other people in charge of the apparatus of the state as the outcome of a socially transformative process that replicates oppression. I want the state gone: transform the situation to U.S. out of North America. U.S. off the planet. Out of existence altogether. [http://www.satyamag.com/apr04/churchill.html] |
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In June 2005, the ''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'' published an article about Churchill's genealogy and family history. The newspaper's research "turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" among 142 direct ancestors [of Churchill's] identified from records.<ref name=areclaimsvalid/> The ''News'' reported that both Churchill's birth parents were listed as white on the 1930 census, as were all but two of his great-great-grandparents listed on previous census and other official documents.<ref name=areclaimsvalid/> The ''News'' found that some of Churchill's accounts of where his ancestors had lived did not agree with documented records. Nevertheless, numerous members of Churchill's extended family have longstanding family legends of Indian ancestry among ancestors.<ref name=areclaimsvalid /> |
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Colorado governor [[Bill Owens]] labeled these comments "treasonous" and futher said, "Churchill has clearly called for violence against the state, and no country is required to subsidize its own destruction. That's what we're doing with Ward Churchill." On [[February 6]], [[2005]], the ''Denver Post'' reported that these comments would be included in the review of Churchill's tenure. [http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36~53~2693730,00.html] |
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Some of Churchill's Native American critics, such as [[Vernon Bellecourt]] ([[White Earth Ojibwe]]) and [[Suzan Shown Harjo]] ([[Southern Cheyenne]]-[[Muscogee Creek]]), argue that without proof, his assertion of Native American ancestry might constitute misrepresentation.<ref name="RMN 2005-02-17" /> |
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In addition, there are allegations that 1981 serigraph signed by Ward Churchill, "Winter Attack", may be a [[copyright]] infringement of a 1972 drawing by [[Thomas E. Mails]]. [http://news4colorado.com/topstories/local_story_055200531.html News coverage, and a comparison of the works in question][http://michellemalkin.com/archives/001596.htm] |
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In a 2005 interview in ''The Rocky Mountain News'', Churchill said, "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if [the critics] are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned [[Sitting Bull]]."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/dec/24/year-in-quotes/ |work=Rocky Mountain News |title=Year in quotes |date=December 25, 2005}}</ref> |
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==Published works== |
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=== |
===Activism=== |
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Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the [[Columbus Day]] holiday and its associated parade.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/media/20050924-rm.htm|title=Rocky Mountain News: Columbus parade could see less strife|work=Transform Columbus Day}}</ref> |
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*1983 |
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**''Marxism and Native Americans / edited by Ward Churchill'', ISBN 0896081788 |
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* 1986 |
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** ''Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the role of armed struggle'', ISBN 1902593588. |
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* 1988 |
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** ''Agents of Repression: The FBI's secret wars against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement'' by Ward Churchill, James Vanderwall, ISBN 0896082938. |
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*1990 |
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** ''The COINTELPRO Papers : Documents from the FBI's secret wars against domestic dissent / by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall'', ISBN 0896083594 |
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* 1994 |
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** ' ' Indians Are Us? : Culture and Genocide in Native North America '', ISBN 1567510205 |
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* 1995 |
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** ' ' Since Predator Came : Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation '', 1883930030 |
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* 1996 |
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** ''From A Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995'', ISBN 0896085538. |
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* 1998 |
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** ''A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present'', hardcover ISBN 0872863433, paperback ISBN 0872863239. |
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** ' ' Fantasies of the Master Race : Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians' ' , ISBN 0872863484 |
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* 2002 |
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** ''Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide, and Colonization'', hardcover ISBN 0872864154, paperback ISBN 0872864146. |
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** ''Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader'', ISBN 0415931568. |
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* 2003 |
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** '' Perversions of Justice : Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law ' ' , ISBN 0872864111 |
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** ''On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality'', ISBN 1902593790. |
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** ''Life in Occupied America'', ISBN 1902593723. |
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* 2004 |
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** ''Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The genocidal impact of American Indian residential schools'', ISBN 0872864340. |
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== |
==Works== |
||
'''Books, as editor''' |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=1984 |
|||
|title=Marxism and Native Americans |
|||
|publisher=[[South End Press]] |
|||
|location=Boulder, Colorado |
|||
|isbn=978-0-89608-178-9 |
|||
|url-access=registration |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/marxismnativeame0000unse |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|editor=Sharon Venne |
|||
|date=1997 |
|||
|title=Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians |
|||
|publisher=[[South End Press]] |
|||
|location=Boulder, Colorado |
|||
|isbn=978-0-89608-568-8 |
|||
}} Re-released as {{cite book |
|||
|editor=Sharon Venne |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=2005 |
|||
|title=Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians |
|||
|publisher=[[South End Press]] |
|||
|location=Boulder, Colorado |
|||
|isbn=978-0-89608-738-5 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|editor=Natsu Saito |
|||
|date=2006 |
|||
|title=Confronting The Crime of Silence: Evidence of U.S. War Crimes in Indochina |
|||
|publisher=[[AK Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-904859-21-5 |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Books, as author and co-author''' |
|||
*''Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment'' |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
*''Life In Occupied America'' |
|||
|author=with Elisabeth Lloyd |
|||
*''In A Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America'' |
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|date=1984 |
|||
*''US Off The Planet!: An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning'' |
|||
|title=Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena |
|||
*''Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left'' |
|||
|publisher=[[Indigena Press]] |
|||
*[http://www.zmag.org/churchillaudio.html Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio] |
|||
}} |
|||
*[http://www.c-span.org Ward Churchill talking at the University of Colorado, 2/9/2005, search the C-Span website] |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|author=with Jim Vander Wall |
|||
|date=1988 |
|||
|title=Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement |
|||
|publisher=[[South End Press]] |
|||
|location=Boulder, Colorado |
|||
|isbn=978-0-89608-294-6 |
|||
|url-access=registration |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/agentso_chu_1988_00_5587 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|author=with Jim Vander Wall |
|||
|date=1990 |
|||
|title=The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent |
|||
|publisher=[[South End Press]] |
|||
|location=Boulder, Colorado |
|||
|isbn=978-0-89608-359-2 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=1992 |
|||
|title=Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/fantasiesofmaste00chur |
|||
|url-access=registration |
|||
|publisher=Common Courage Press |
|||
|isbn=978-0-87286-348-4 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|editor=Jennie and Jim Vander Wall |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=1992 |
|||
|title=Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America |
|||
|edition=Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4 |
|||
|publisher=[[Maisonneuve Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-0-944624-17-3 |
|||
}} Re-released as {{cite book |
|||
|editor-first=Jim |editor-last=Vander Wall |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=2004 |
|||
|title=Politics of Imprisonment in the United States |
|||
|publisher=[[AK Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-904859-12-3 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=1993 |
|||
|title=Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/struggleforlandi0000chur |
|||
|url-access=registration |
|||
|publisher=[[Common Courage Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-56751-001-0 |
|||
}} Revised and expanded edition: {{cite book |
|||
|date=2002 |
|||
|title=Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization |
|||
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]] |
|||
|location=San Francisco CA |
|||
|isbn=978-0-87286-415-3 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=1994 |
|||
|title=Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America |
|||
|publisher=Common Courage Press |
|||
|isbn=978-1-56751-021-8 |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/indiansareus00ward |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=1995 |
|||
|title=Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation |
|||
|publisher=[[Aigis Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-883930-03-5 |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/sincepredatorcam00chur |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=1996 |
|||
|title=From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985–1995 |
|||
|publisher=[[South End Press]] |
|||
|location=Boulder, Colorado |
|||
|isbn=978-0-89608-553-4 |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/fromnativeson00ward |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|author=with Mike Ryan (introduction by Ed Mead) |
|||
|date=1998 |
|||
|title=Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America |
|||
|publisher=Arbeiter Ring |
|||
|isbn=978-1-894037-07-5 |
|||
|title-link=Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=1998 |
|||
|title=A Little Matter of Genocide |
|||
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]] |
|||
|location=San Francisco CA |
|||
|isbn=978-0-87286-343-9 |
|||
| title-link=A Little Matter of Genocide |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2000 |
|||
|title=Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression |
|||
|publisher=Common Courage Press |
|||
|isbn=978-1-56751-059-1 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2002 |
|||
|title=Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader |
|||
|publisher=[[Routledge]] |
|||
|isbn=978-0-415-93156-4 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2002 |
|||
|title=Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law |
|||
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]] |
|||
|location=San Francisco CA |
|||
|isbn=978-0-87286-416-0 |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/perversionsofjus00chur |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2003 |
|||
|title=On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality |
|||
|publisher=[[AK Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-902593-79-1 |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/onjusticeofroost00chur |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2004 |
|||
|title=Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools |
|||
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]] |
|||
|location=San Francisco CA |
|||
|isbn=978-0-87286-434-4 |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/killindiansavema00chur |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2004 |
|||
|title=Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America |
|||
|publisher=[[AK Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-904859-04-8 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2005 |
|||
|title=To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party |
|||
|publisher=[[Routledge]] |
|||
|isbn=978-0-415-92957-8 |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
|||
|date=2017 |
|||
|title=Wielding Words like Weapons: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1995–2005 |
|||
|publisher=[[PM Press]] |
|||
|isbn=978-1-629-63101-1 |
|||
}} |
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'''Articles''' |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*{{cite journal|first=Ward |last=Churchill |date=July–September 1992 |title=I Am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World |journal=Z Papers |volume=1 |issue=3 |url= http://www.zmag.org/Chiapas1/wardindig.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010916092312/http://www.zmag.org/chiapas1/wardindig.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2001}} |
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*{{cite web |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=1994 |
|||
|title=Let's Spread the Fun Around |
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|publisher=American Indian Movement of Colorado, Denver/Boulder Chapter <!-- might be more of a "via" --> |
|||
|url= http://www.coloradoaim.org/Wardchurchillspreadthefunaround.htm |
|||
|url-status=dead |
|||
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070912073326/http://coloradoaim.org/Wardchurchillspreadthefunaround.htm |
|||
|archive-date=September 12, 2007 |
|||
|df=mdy-all |
|||
}} First published as "''Crimes Against Humanity''" in {{cite book |
|||
|first=Margaret |last=Anderson |editor-first=Patricia |editor-last=Hill |
|||
|title=Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology |
|||
|url= https://archive.org/details/raceclassgendera00ande |url-access=registration |date= 1994 |publisher=Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceclassgendera00ande/page/366 366]–73 |
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|isbn=9780534247683 }} Also published under the titles "''The Indian Chant and the Tomahawk Chop''" and "''Using Indian Names as Mascots Harms Native Americans''". |
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*{{cite journal |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=November 1998 |
|||
|title=Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema |
|||
|journal=[[LiP Magazine]] |
|||
|url= http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revichurchill_35.htm |
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}} |
|||
*{{cite journal |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=Winter–Spring 2003 |
|||
|title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial |
|||
|journal=Socialism and Democracy |
|||
|volume=17 |
|||
|issue=2 |
|||
|pages=25–76 |
|||
|url= http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm |
|||
|doi=10.1080/08854300308428341 |
|||
|s2cid=143631746 |
|||
|url-status=dead |
|||
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050206103859/http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm |
|||
|archive-date=February 6, 2005 |
|||
|df=mdy-all |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{cite journal|first=Ward |last=Churchill |date=Spring 2005 |title=The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens |journal=[[Alternative Press Review]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=45–56 |url= http://www.altpr.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=352&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061002092543/http://www.altpr.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=352&page=1 |archive-date=October 2, 2006}} |
|||
*{{cite journal |
|||
|first=Ward |
|||
|last=Churchill |
|||
|date=July–August 2007 |
|||
|journal=Left Turn |
|||
|volume=25 |
|||
|pages=25–29 |
|||
|title=The Fourth World: Struggles for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life |
|||
|url= http://www.leftturn.org/?q=node/695 |
|||
}} |
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'''Audio and video''' |
|||
*[http://orlandodirectaction.us/churchill.html Complete Text "Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens"] (Orlando Direct Action: Florida-based anarchist group) |
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*''Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment'', audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the [[University of Winnipeg]], September 2000 (AK Press, 2001, {{ISBN|978-1-902593-47-0}}) |
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*[http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/s11/churchill.html Complete Text "Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens"] (Kerspledeb.com: Canadian distributor of radical T-shirts and buttons) |
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*''Life in Occupied America'' (AK Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-902593-72-2}}) |
|||
* [http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/WC091201.html Incomplete Text ''Some People Push Back September 12, 2001 ''] |
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*''In a Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America'' (AK Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-902593-50-0}}) |
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* [http://www.nypress.com/18/9/news&columns/krassner.cfm Professor Stoolpigeon, ] |
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*''US Off the Planet!: An Evening In [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning'', VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002) |
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* [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1331000/posts Rush Limbaugh Transcript January 28, 2005] |
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*''[[Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left]]'', 2003 audio CD recorded at an AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio) |
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* [http://www.zmag.org/bios/homepage.cfm?authorID=62 Ward Churchill ZNet Homepage] |
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*[https://archive.today/20040829135321/http://www.zmag.org/churchillaudio.html Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio] August 10, 2003 and earlier |
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* [http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/w_churchill.html Faculty page at University of Colorado] |
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*[http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050209_news.html Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219133641/http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050209_news.html |date=February 19, 2005 }} – Free Speech Radio News February 9, 2005 |
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* [http://www.aimovement.org/ American Indian Movement Website] |
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*[http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050203_news.html Ward Churchill Under Fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315010641/http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050203_news.html |date=March 15, 2005 }} – Free Speech Radio News, February 3, 2005. |
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* [http://www.coloradoaim.org/ Colorado AIM homepage] |
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*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/18/157211 The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks] The [http://www.pacifica.org Pacifica] Network Show, [http://democracynow.org/ Democracy Now!] from February 18, 2005, features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill. |
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* [http://www.g7welcomingcommittee.com G7 Welcoming Committee Website] |
|||
*[http://www.makingthelinksradio.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=2 "A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples"], recorded in [[North Battleford, Saskatchewan]], on March 19, 2005 |
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* [http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36~61~2688100,00.html Text of Colorado State House resolution Ward Churchill By The Associated Press/Denver Post February 02, 2005] |
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*Debate with [[David Horowitz (conservative writer)|David Horowitz]] and Ward Churchill at [[George Washington University]] April 6, 2006 |
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* [http://hal.lamar.edu/~browntf/Churchill1.htm The Genocide That Wasn’t: Ward Churchill’s Research Fraud] - Thomas Brown's analysis-in-progress of Churchill's Mandan smallpox genocide theory |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
* [http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf 'The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes,' John P. LaVelle] (PDF file) |
|||
|title=Full two-hour audio of debate with David Horowitz |
|||
|work=rightalk.listenz.com |
|||
|url=http://rightalk.listenz.com/!ARCHIVES/ChurchillVSHorowitz2-64-44M.mp3 |
|||
|access-date=2006-07-02 |
|||
|archive-date=June 19, 2007 |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619192424/http://rightalk.listenz.com/!ARCHIVES/ChurchillVSHorowitz2-64-44M.mp3 |
|||
|url-status=dead |
|||
}} |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title=David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill — Round 1 |
|||
|work=Young Americans Foundation |
|||
|url= http://media.yaf.org/latest/03_21_06.cfm |
|||
|access-date=2006-07-02 |
|||
|url-status=dead |
|||
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060428033206/http://media.yaf.org/latest/03_21_06.cfm |
|||
|archive-date=April 28, 2006 |
|||
|df=mdy-all |
|||
}} Video and audio (excerpt) |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title =David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill |
|||
|work=insidehighered.com |
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|url= http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/04/07/debate |
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|access-date=2006-07-02 |
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}} |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of scientific misconduct incidents]] |
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* [[Pretendian]] |
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==References== |
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===Articles related to 9/11 controversy=== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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'''Further reading''' |
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* [http://rockymountainnews.com/drmn/education/article/0,1299,DRMN_957_3512084,00.html Churchill's answer to criticism of his 9/11 remarks] |
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*Brown, Thomas. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/plag/5240451.0001.009/--did-the-us-army-distribute-smallpox-blankets-to-indians?rgn=main;view=fulltext "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric"] University of Michigan, 2006. ([https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/did-the-us-army-distribute-smallpox-blankets-to-indians.pdf?c=plag;idno=5240451.0001.009;format=pdf PDF version] also available.) |
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* [http://www.akpress.com AK Press] |
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*Chapman, Roger. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&dq=Ward%20LeRoy%20Churchill%20(born%20October%202%2C%201947)&pg=PA93 ''Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1'']. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1761-3}}. |
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* [http://www.southendpress.org South End Press] |
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*Croteau, Susan Ann. [https://books.google.com/books?id=faz2AQzuJKoC&dq=Croteau%20Indian%20art&pg=PA65 ''"But it doesn't look Indian": Objects, archetypes and objectified others in Native American art, culture, and identity'']. University of California, Los Angeles, 2008. |
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* [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/education/article/0,1299,DRMN_957_3501617,00.html CU prof's essay sparks dispute: Ward Churchill says 9/11 victims were not innocent people] |
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* [http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/s11/churchill.html Full text of "Some People Push Back"] |
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* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/02/education/02hamilton.html? New York Times article Feb 2, 2005 registration and nominal payment required] |
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* [http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/31/professor.resigns.ap/ Professor resigns after 9/11 essay prompts protests Ethnic studies chair will retain teaching position Posted January 31, 2005] |
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* [http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1413,36%257E53%257E2686093,00.html Ward Churchill Press Statement to Deverpost February 01, 2005] |
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* [http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=456606&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 ABC News/Associated Press Colo. Regents Weigh Prof's 9/11 Comments January 30, 2005] |
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* [http://www.satyamag.com/apr04/churchill.html 2004 interview with Satya magazine] |
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* [http://starbulletin.com/2005/02/23/news/index2.html corrected remarks from University of Hawaii speech] |
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* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/08/national/08colorado.html University President Resigns at Colorado Amid Turmoil] |
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{{American Indian Movement}} |
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===''Colorado Daily''=== |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Churchill, Ward}} |
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* From the ''Colorado Daily'', a daily newspaper which serves the Boulder campus of Colorado University: |
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[[Category:1947 births]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/01/28/news/news04.txt "CU defends Churchill," ''Colorado Daily'', January 28, 2005] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/01/31/news/news01.txt "Churchill out as chair," ''Colorado Daily'', January 31, 2005] |
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[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/01/news/news05.txt "Department defends Churchill," ''Colorado Daily'', February 1, 2005] |
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[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/01/news/news01.txt "Students take sides," ''Colorado Daily'', February 1, 2005] |
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[[Category:Alternative Tentacles artists]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/03/news/news02.txt "Academic freedom under fire?," ''Colorado Daily'', February 3, 2005] |
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[[Category:Activists from Illinois]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/03/news/news01.txt "No clear verdict," ''Colorado Daily'', February 3, 2005] |
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[[Category:American male essayists]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/04/news/news01.txt "CU meeting uproar," ''Colorado Daily'', February 4, 2005] |
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[[Category:American non-fiction environmental writers]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/04/opinion/opinion01.txt Opinion, "The dilemma of Ward Churchill," ''Colorado Daily'', February 4, 2005] |
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[[Category:American political writers]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/04/opinion/opinion03.txt Letters to the editor, ''Colorado Daily'', February 4, 2005] |
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[[Category:G7 Welcoming Committee Records artists]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/06/news/news01.txt "'Take a step back'," ''Colorado Daily'', February 6, 2005] |
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[[Category:American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/06/opinion/opinion02.txt Opinion, "Remember: Ward Churchill is no Mr. Spock," ''Colorado Daily'', February 6, 2005] |
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[[Category:Members of the American Indian Movement]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/06/opinion/opinion03.txt Letters to the editor, ''Colorado Daily'', February 6, 2005] |
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[[Category:People from Elmwood, Illinois]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/09/news/news01.txt "Churchill's Side," ''Colorado Daily'', February 9, 2005] |
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[[Category:Scholars of Marxism]] |
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* [http://www.coloradodaily.com/articles/2005/02/10/opinion/opinion02.txt Opinion, "A Marine considers Churchill's legacy," ''Colorado Daily'', February 10, 2005] |
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[[Category:University of Colorado Boulder faculty]] |
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[[Category:University of Illinois at Springfield alumni]] |
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===Churchill's ethnicity=== |
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[[Category:Writers from Urbana, Illinois]] |
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*[http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096410293 Indian Country Today Editorial, February 3, 2005] |
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[[Category:21st-century American male writers]] |
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*[http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3519179,00.html Keetoowah Band's Statement that Churchill is Not a Member of their Tribe] |
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[[Category:American people who self-identify as being of Muscogee descent]] |
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* [http://www.aimovement.org/moipr/churchill05.html Dennis Banks, the Founder of the American Indian Movement, claims that Ward Churchill is not truly Indian] |
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[[Category:Academic scandals]] |
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* [http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096410335 Suzan Shown Harjo on "Why Native identity matters: A cautionary tale"] |
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[[Category:Racial impostors]] |
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* [http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096410338 Indian Country Today editorial on Churchill's claimed identity, February 10, 2005] |
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* [http://www.insidedenver.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3525487,00.html Rocky Mountain News article on Churchill's White Heritage, February 5, 2005] |
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* [http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2005/02/12/news/opinion/opin338.txt Jodi Rave article in Rapid City Journal, Free Speech for Fake Indian] |
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* [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/cda/article_print/0%2C1983%2CDRMN_86_3530404_ARTICLE-DETAIL-PRINT%2C00.html Paul Campos, Rocky Mountain News: Truth Tricky for Churchill] |
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* [http://rockymountainnews.com/drmn/cda/article_print/0%2C1983%2CDRMN_15_3522240_ARTICLE-DETAIL-PRINT%2C00.html UKB: Churchill was Honorary Member] |
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* [http://www.indiancountry.com/pix/1096410294_large.jpg Marty Two Bulls: Churchill's Indian Kit] |
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* [http://www.indiancountry.com/pix/1096410339_large.jpg Marty Two Bulls: Leave us Indians Out of It] |
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* [http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/0213churchillg.gif Denver Post: Research by Post Finds no Indian Background to Churchill] |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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[[Category:1948 births|Churchill, Ward]] |
Latest revision as of 07:13, 12 May 2024
Ward Churchill | |
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![]() Churchill speaking at the Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair in May 2005. | |
Born | Ward LeRoy Churchill October 2, 1947[1] Urbana, Illinois, United States |
Alma mater | Sangamon State University (BA, MA) |
Occupation | Author |
Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947)[1] is an American activist and author. He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1990 until 2007.[2] Much of Churchill's work focuses on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government, and he expresses controversial views in a direct, often confrontational style.[3] While Churchill has claimed Native American ancestry, genealogical research has failed to unearth such ancestry and he is not a member of a tribe.
In January 2005, Churchill's 2001 essay "On the Justice of Roosting Chickens" gained attention. In the work, he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful U.S. foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century; the essay is known for Churchill's use of the phrase "little Eichmanns" to describe the "technocratic corps" working in the World Trade Center.[4]
In March 2005, the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct.[5] Churchill was fired on July 24, 2007.[6] Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment. In April 2009, a Denver jury found that Churchill was unjustly fired, awarding him $1 in damages.[7][8] In July 2009, however, a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill's request to order his reinstatement, holding that the university had "quasi-judicial immunity". Churchill's appeals of this decision were unsuccessful.
Early life and education
[edit]Churchill was born in Urbana, Illinois, to Jack LeRoy Churchill and Maralyn Lucretia Allen. His parents divorced before he turned two. He grew up in Elmwood, Illinois, where he attended local schools.[9]
In 1966, Churchill was drafted into the United States Army. On his 1980 resume, he claimed to have served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases."[9] In a 1987 profile in the Denver Post, Churchill claimed to have attended paratrooper school and to have volunteered for a 10-month stint on Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol in Vietnam. Churchill also claimed to have spent time at the Chicago office of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), and provided firearms and explosives training to members of the Weather Underground.[10] In 2005, the Denver Post reported on fabrications in Churchill's service record. Department of Defense personnel files showed that Churchill was trained as a film projectionist and light truck driver, but they do not reflect paratrooper school or LRRP training.[9][11]
Churchill received his B.A. in technological communications in 1974 and his M.A. in communication theory in 1975, both from Sangamon State University (now the University of Illinois at Springfield).[9]
Career
[edit]University of Colorado Boulder
[edit]In 1978, Churchill began working at the University of Colorado Boulder as an affirmative action officer in the university administration. He also lectured on issues relating to Native Americans in the United States in the ethnic studies program. In 1990, the University of Colorado hired him as an associate professor, although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position. The following year he was granted tenure in the Communication department, without the usual six-year probationary period, after having been declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments.[12]
Churchill received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Alfred University in 1992.[13]
In 1994, then CU-Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian, saying "it has always been university policy that a person's race or ethnicity is self-proving."[14]
In 1996, Churchill moved to the new Ethnic Studies Department of the University of Colorado. In 1997, he was promoted to full professor. He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002.[15][16][17] Documents in Churchill's university personnel file show that Churchill was granted tenure in a "special opportunity position".[16]
In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9/11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year.[18]
In 2005, the University of Colorado's Research Misconduct Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity to "add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship".[19] The committee concluded that the allegation was not "appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct".[20] The university has said that it does not hire on the basis of ethnicity.[14]
On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for academic misconduct.[6]
Research misconduct investigation
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CVNTrialVideoSample.jpg/220px-CVNTrialVideoSample.jpg)
The quality of Churchill's research had been seriously questioned by legal scholar John LaVelle and historian Guenter Lewy.[21][22][23] Additional critics were sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work; and historians R. G. Robertson and Russell Thornton, who said that Churchill had misrepresented their work.[24][25]
In 2005, University of Colorado Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of research misconduct against Churchill.[19] The allegations included three allegations of plagiarism, allegations of fabrication or falsification regarding the history of the Dawes Act and the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and alleged claims that smallpox was intentionally spread to Native Americans by John Smith in 1614 and by the United States Army at Fort Clark in 1837.
On May 16, 2006, the university released its findings; the Investigative Committee unanimously concluded that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct", including falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism.[5] The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions.[5] Following further deliberations by university bodies,[26][6][27] on July 24, 2007, the university regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct. The regents voted eight to one to fire Churchill.[6][27]
The next day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for his expression of politically unpopular views.[28] The jury in Churchill's suit for reinstatement weighed the university's claims of academic misconduct per jury instructions it received in the case. On April 1, 2009, the jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired, and awarded $1 in damages.[7] On July 7, 2009, Judge Larry Naves found that the university was entitled to quasi-judicial immunity as a matter of law, vacated the jury verdict, and determined that the university did not owe Churchill any financial compensation.[29][30] Churchill appealed, but Judge Naves's decision was upheld by a three-judge panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals[31][32] and by the Colorado Supreme Court.[33] [34] On April 1, 2013, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear Churchill's case.[35][36]
A 2011 report by the Colorado Committee to Protect Faculty Rights of the Colorado Conference of the American Association of University Professors investigating academic freedom at the University of Colorado - Boulder determined that Churchill's termination was unjustified.[37][38]
Writing
[edit]According to the University of Colorado investigation, Churchill's academic publications "are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation, drawing upon studies by other scholars, not monographs describing new research based on primary sources." The investigation also noted that "he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics."[5] Historian Gavriel Rosenfeld criticized Churchill for "numerous errors reflecting sloppy or hasty scholarship".[39]
In 1986, Churchill wrote the essay "Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis" criticizing pacifist politics within the U.S. left as being hypocritical, de facto racist and ineffectual.[40][41] In 1998, Arbeiter Ring Publishing published the essay in a book entitled Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America, listing Ward Churchill as the author. The book included a preface by Ed Mead (of the George Jackson Brigade), a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Michael Ryan. The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the anti-globalization movement in the following few years.[42] George Lakey, a co-founder of the pacifist Movement for a New Society, published a detailed response in 2001 titled "Nonviolent Action as the Sword that Heals: Challenging Ward Churchill's 'Pacifism As Pathology'".[43][44] The 2007 edition published by AK Press includes a preface by Derrick Jensen.[45] A third edition was published in 2017 by PM Press with updates by Churchill and Ryan, and a foreword by Dylan Rodríguez.[46]
Churchill's Indians Are Us? (1994), a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race, further explores Native American issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie Black Robe, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings, the prosecution of Leonard Peltier, sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age exploitations of shamanism and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. John P. LaVelle of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of Indians Are Us? in The American Indian Quarterly. Professor LaVelle, an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux Nation, states that Indians Are Us? twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes.[21] It was in this book that Churchill first made the assertion that the United States distributed "smallpox-infested blankets" to Indian tribes, an assertion which he repeated several times over the next decade. The assertion has been criticized as a falsification.[47]
Churchill argues that in the American continent the Indigenous populations were subjected to a systematic campaign of extermination by settler colonialism: "For Churchill, the greatest series of genocides ever perpetrated in history - in terms of magnitude and duration - occurred in the Americas...".[48] He discusses American policies such as the Indian Removal Act and the forced assimilation of Indigenous children in American Indian boarding schools operating in the mid-1800s to early 1900s.[49] He has called manifest destiny an ideology used to justify dispossession and genocide against Native Americans, and compared it to Lebensraum ideology of Nazi Germany.[50]
Blood quantum
[edit]Churchill argues that the United States instituted blood quantum laws based upon rules of descendancy in order to further goals of personal enrichment and political expediency.[51] For decades in his writings, Churchill has argued that blood quantum laws have an inherent genocidal purpose. He says: "Set the blood quantum at one-quarter, hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians, let intermarriage proceed as it [has] and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence".[52]
Churchill's assertions about the blood quantum were raised when research-misconduct allegations were brought against him in 2005 [51]
. He has been accused of using his interpretation of the Dawes Act to attack tribal governments that would not recognize him as a member.September 11 essay
[edit]Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of Roosting Chickens. In it, he argued that the September 11 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy. He described the role of financial workers at the World Trade Center as an "ongoing genocidal American imperialism" comparable to the role played by Adolf Eichmann in organizing the Holocaust. In 2005, this essay drew attention after Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak.[4] This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of McCarthyism by Churchill and his supporters. Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano said, "While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9/11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public."[18]
Art
[edit]Churchill's subjects are often American Indian figures and other themes associated with Native American Culture. He uses historical photographs as source material for works.[53] In the early 1990s at Santa Fe Indian Market, Churchill protested the passage of the 1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act. It requires that, to identify and exhibit works as being by a Native American, artists and craftsmen must be enrolled in a Native American tribe or designated by a tribe as an artisan.[54]
Churchill's 1981 serigraph Winter Attack was, according to Churchill and others, based on a 1972 drawing by the artist Thomas E. Mails.[55] Churchill printed 150 copies of Winter Attack and sold at least one of them. Other copies are available online for purchase. Churchill says that, when he produced Winter Attack, he publicly acknowledged that it was based on Mails's work.[55] The online journal Artnet mentions Churchill's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality.[53]
Personal life
[edit]In 1977, Churchill began living with Dora-Lee Larson. The relationship was later described in divorce documents as a common-law marriage. Larson filed for divorce in 1984 and asked to have her address kept secret because of “past violence and threats” from Churchill.[9]
Churchill later married Marie Annette Jaimes, who also worked at the University of Colorado. Their marriage ended in 1995.[9]
Churchill's third wife was Leah Kelly. On May 31, 2000, the 25-year-old Kelly was hit by a car and killed. Churchill has written that Kelly's death left a "crater" in his soul.[9]
As of 2005, Churchill was married to Natsu Saito, a professor of ethnic studies.[9]
Ancestry
[edit]In 2003, Churchill stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians."[56][57] In 1992, Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee.[58] In 1993, Churchill told the Colorado Daily that "he was one-sixteenth Creek and Cherokee."[59] Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three-sixteenths Cherokee.[11]
In a statement dated May 9, 2005, and posted on its website, the United Keetoowah Band said: "The United Keetoowah Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill is not a member of the Keetoowah Band and was only given an honorary 'associate membership' in the early 1990s because he could not prove any Cherokee ancestry". The Band added that Churchill's claims of Keetoowah enrollment were deemed fraudulent by the United Keetoowah Band.[60]
Two days later, the United Keetoowah Band replaced its earlier statement with the following: "Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry", and because he was willing "to assist the UKB in promoting the tribe and its causes, he was awarded an 'Associate Membership' as an honor". The Band clarified that Churchill "was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a 'Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB)", and added that associate membership did not entitle an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe. The Band's spokesperson, Lisa Stopp, stated the tribe enrolls only members with certified one-quarter American Indian blood.[61][62] While the United Keetoowah Band voted to stop awarding associate memberships in 1994,[61][63] the Band indicated in 2005 that Churchill still held an associate membership.[64][65]
Churchill has never asked for CDIB certification, and has said that he finds the idea of being "vetted" by the US government offensive.[61][62]
In June 2005, the Rocky Mountain News published an article about Churchill's genealogy and family history. The newspaper's research "turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" among 142 direct ancestors [of Churchill's] identified from records.[63] The News reported that both Churchill's birth parents were listed as white on the 1930 census, as were all but two of his great-great-grandparents listed on previous census and other official documents.[63] The News found that some of Churchill's accounts of where his ancestors had lived did not agree with documented records. Nevertheless, numerous members of Churchill's extended family have longstanding family legends of Indian ancestry among ancestors.[63]
Some of Churchill's Native American critics, such as Vernon Bellecourt (White Earth Ojibwe) and Suzan Shown Harjo (Southern Cheyenne-Muscogee Creek), argue that without proof, his assertion of Native American ancestry might constitute misrepresentation.[14]
In a 2005 interview in The Rocky Mountain News, Churchill said, "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if [the critics] are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull."[66]
Activism
[edit]Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade.[67]
Works
[edit]Books, as editor
- Marxism and Native Americans. Boulder, Colorado: South End Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-89608-178-9.
- Sharon Venne, ed. (1997). Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Boulder, Colorado: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-568-8. Re-released as Churchill, Ward (2005). Sharon Venne (ed.). Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Boulder, Colorado: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-738-5.
- Natsu Saito, ed. (2006). Confronting The Crime of Silence: Evidence of U.S. War Crimes in Indochina. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-21-5.
Books, as author and co-author
- with Elisabeth Lloyd (1984). Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena. Indigena Press.
- with Jim Vander Wall (1988). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. Boulder, Colorado: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-294-6.
- with Jim Vander Wall (1990). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent. Boulder, Colorado: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-359-2.
- Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians. Common Courage Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-87286-348-4.
- Churchill, Ward (1992). Jennie and Jim Vander Wall (ed.). Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America (Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4 ed.). Maisonneuve Press. ISBN 978-0-944624-17-3. Re-released as Churchill, Ward (2004). Vander Wall, Jim (ed.). Politics of Imprisonment in the United States. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-12-3.
- Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America. Common Courage Press. 1993. ISBN 978-1-56751-001-0. Revised and expanded edition: Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. 2002. ISBN 978-0-87286-415-3.
- Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America. Common Courage Press. 1994. ISBN 978-1-56751-021-8.
- Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation. Aigis Press. 1995. ISBN 978-1-883930-03-5.
- Churchill, Ward (1996). From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985–1995. Boulder, Colorado: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-553-4.
- with Mike Ryan (introduction by Ed Mead) (1998). Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America. Arbeiter Ring. ISBN 978-1-894037-07-5.
- A Little Matter of Genocide. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. 1998. ISBN 978-0-87286-343-9.
- Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression. Common Courage Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-56751-059-1.
- Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-93156-4.
- Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. 2002. ISBN 978-0-87286-416-0.
- On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality. AK Press. 2003. ISBN 978-1-902593-79-1.
- Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0-87286-434-4.
- Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America. AK Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-904859-04-8.
- To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-0-415-92957-8.
- Wielding Words like Weapons: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1995–2005. PM Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-629-63101-1.
Articles
- Churchill, Ward (July–September 1992). "I Am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World". Z Papers. 1 (3). Archived from the original on September 16, 2001.
- Churchill, Ward (1994). "Let's Spread the Fun Around". American Indian Movement of Colorado, Denver/Boulder Chapter. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. First published as "Crimes Against Humanity" in Anderson, Margaret (1994). Hill, Patricia (ed.). Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. pp. 366–73. ISBN 9780534247683. Also published under the titles "The Indian Chant and the Tomahawk Chop" and "Using Indian Names as Mascots Harms Native Americans".
- Churchill, Ward (November 1998). "Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema". LiP Magazine.
- Churchill, Ward (Winter–Spring 2003). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial". Socialism and Democracy. 17 (2): 25–76. doi:10.1080/08854300308428341. S2CID 143631746. Archived from the original on February 6, 2005.
- Churchill, Ward (Spring 2005). "The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens". Alternative Press Review. 9 (1): 45–56. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.
- Churchill, Ward (July–August 2007). "The Fourth World: Struggles for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life". Left Turn. 25: 25–29.
Audio and video
- Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment, audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg, September 2000 (AK Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-902593-47-0)
- Life in Occupied America (AK Press, 2003, ISBN 978-1-902593-72-2)
- In a Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-902593-50-0)
- US Off the Planet!: An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning, VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002)
- Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left, 2003 audio CD recorded at an AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio)
- Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio August 10, 2003 and earlier
- Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom Archived February 19, 2005, at the Wayback Machine – Free Speech Radio News February 9, 2005
- Ward Churchill Under Fire Archived March 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine – Free Speech Radio News, February 3, 2005.
- The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks The Pacifica Network Show, Democracy Now! from February 18, 2005, features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill.
- "A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples", recorded in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, on March 19, 2005
- Debate with David Horowitz and Ward Churchill at George Washington University April 6, 2006
- "Full two-hour audio of debate with David Horowitz". rightalk.listenz.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2006.
- "David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill — Round 1". Young Americans Foundation. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2006. Video and audio (excerpt)
- "David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill". insidehighered.com. Retrieved July 2, 2006.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Curriculum vitae of Ward L. Churchill" (PDF). wardchurchill.net. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ Jury Says Professor Was Wrongly Fired; New York Times; Kirk Johnson and Katherine Q. Seelye; April 2, 2009
- ^ Chapman Page 92–93
- ^ a b Brennan, Charlie (February 3, 2005). "College journalist touched off firestorm". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Wesson, Marianne; Clinton, Robert; Limón, José; McIntosh, Marjorie; Radelet, Michael (May 9, 2006). Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill (PDF). University of Colorado Boulder. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2006.
- ^ a b c d Morson, Berny (July 25, 2007). "CU regents fire Ward Churchill". Rocky Mountain News.
- ^ a b Johnson, Kirk; Seelye, Katharine Q. (April 3, 2009). "Jury Says Professor Wrongly Fired". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
- ^ John, Aguilar (April 2, 2009). "Churchill wins his case, awarded $1 in damages – Reinstatement at CU to be decided at future hearing". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on April 5, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Curtin, Dave; Pankratz, Howard; Kane, Arthur (June 9, 2005). "Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past". Denver Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ photostat of Denver Post article, Claire Martin and (name illegible), Denver Post Archived June 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, January 18, 1987. Retrieved February 7, 2010
- ^ a b Pankratz, Howard (February 3, 2005). "CU prof affirms Indian heritage: Tribe says he's not full member". Denver Post.
- ^ "Conference report" (PDF).
- ^ "Alfred University, Honorary Degrees, 1990–1999". Archived from the original on May 24, 2003. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
- ^ a b c Brennan, Charlie; Steers, Stuart (February 17, 2005). "Red-flagged career: Churchill's tenure at CU marked by warnings of trouble". Rocky Mountain News.
- ^ Morson, Berny; Brennan, Charlie (February 16, 2005). "Churchill tenure questioned: Prof was granted job security without usual review process". Rocky Mountain News.
- ^ a b Dodge, Jefferson (February 24, 2005). "Churchill's personnel files released by CU-Boulder". Silver & Gold Record. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees, 1990–1999". Special Collections & Archives. Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University. Archived from the original on May 24, 2003.
- ^ a b Ward Churchill Resigns Administrative Post Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, University of Colorado Boulder, January 31, 2005
- ^ a b DiStephano, Philip; Gleeson, Todd; Getches, David (March 24, 2005). Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill. University of Colorado Boulder. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012.
- ^ Hale, Pauline (September 9, 2005). "Statement Regarding Decision Of Standing Committee On Research Misconduct" (Press release). CU-Boulder Office of News Services. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007.
- ^ a b LaVelle, John; Churchill, Ward (1999). "Review of "Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America"" (PDF). The American Indian Quarterly. 20 (1): 109–118. doi:10.2307/1184946. JSTOR 1184946. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ LaVelle, John (Spring 1999). "The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes" (PDF). Wíčazo Ša Review. 14 (1): 251–302. doi:10.2307/1409527. JSTOR 1409527. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ Lewy, Guenter (November 22, 2004). "Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?". History News Network.
- ^ Jaschik, Scott (February 9, 2005). "A New Ward Churchill Controversy". Inside Higher Ed.
- ^ Brown, Thomas (2006). "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric" (PDF). Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification. 1 (9): 1–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2007.
- ^ Rosse, Joseph; Bhagat, Sanjai; Bradburn, Mark; Bruff, Harold; Glyde, Judith; Guberman, Steven; Mody, Bella; Morris, Linda; Nauenberg, Uriel; Pierpont, Cortlandt (June 13, 2006). Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill (PDF). University of Colorado Boulder.
- ^ a b Dodge, Jefferson (July 26, 2007). "Regents dismiss Ward Churchill". Silver & Gold Record. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ "First amended complaint & jury demand" (PDF). Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado. July 25, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007.
- ^ McGhee, Tom (July 7, 2009). "No job, no money for Ward Churchill". Denver Post. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Churchill v. University of Colorado, Order Granting Defendants' Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law and Denying Plaintiff's Motion for Reinstatement of Employment (2009), archived from the original on 1 July 2011.
- ^ "Ward Churchill Won't Get Job Back, Appeals Court Rules". Law Week Colorado. November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder, 293 P.3d 16 (Colo. App. November 24, 2010).
- ^ "Supreme Court declines to hear controversial professor's appeal". Reuters. January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- ^ Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder, 285 P.3d 986 (Colo. September 10, 2012).
- ^ "Ex-university professor Ward Churchill won't get Supreme Court appeal on firing". FoxNews.com. April 1, 2013.
- ^ Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder, 569 U.S. 904 (April 1, 2013).
- ^ "CU's treatment of Ward Churchill, Phil Mitchell makes it questionable employer, report finds". Westword. November 9, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
- ^ CCPFR Reports on the University of Colorado's Terminations of Phil Mitchell and Ward Churchill (Report). Colorado Conference of the American Association of University Professorsdate=2011.
- ^ Rosenfeld, G. D. (1999). "The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 13 (1): 28–61. doi:10.1093/hgs/13.1.28.
- ^ Churchill, Ward. "Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on An American Pseudopraxis" (PDF). Zine Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Orosco, José-Antonio (January 1, 2008). Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence. UNM Press. pp. 35–37. ISBN 9780826343758.
- ^ Kauffman, L. A. (December 10, 1999). "Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle?". Salon.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Lakey, George (2001). The Sword that Heals: Challenging Ward Churchill's 'Pacifism as Pathology'. Training for Change.
- ^ Lakey, George (March 1, 2001). "Nonviolent Action as the Sword that Heals". TrainingForChange.org. Training for Change. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Churchill, Ward (2007). Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America. AK Press. ISBN 978-1904859185.
- ^ Rai, Milan (December 2017). "Ward Churchill & Michael Ryan, Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America". Peace News. No. 2612–2613. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Brown, Thomas (August 3, 2006). "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric". Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification. hdl:2027/spo.5240451.0001.009.
- ^ Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John (2001). "Introduction: Genocide: definitions, questions, settler-colonies". Aboriginal History. 25: 1–15. ISSN 0314-8769. JSTOR 45135468.
Churchill argues that settler-colonies around the world established during European expansion post-1492 in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina, are not only potentially but inherently genocidal...In Churchill's view, settler-colonies involve genocide in their very being.
- ^ Ward, Churchill, A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present (San Francisco CA: City Lights Books, 1998) pages 1-17. ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1 (paperback); ISBN 978-0-87286-343-9 (hardcover).
- ^ Churchill, Ward (2000). Charny, Israel W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1.
The size of the aggregate native North American population in 1500 is currently estimated at about 15 million. By 1890 it had been reduced by some 97.5 percent, to less than a quarter-million. That year, it was announced that "aboriginal land-holdings" amounted to only 2.5 percent of US territory. Anglo-America's professed "manifest destiny" to acquire "living space" by liquidating the "inferior" peoples who owned it had been fulfilled.
- ^ a b "The charge: Mischaracterization". Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2017., The Rocky Mountain News; June 7, 2005
- ^ Churchill, Ward, Kill the Indian, Save the Man, San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books, 2004, p. 88
- ^ a b "Artnet News: Art Troubles for WTC "Little Eichmanns" Critic". Artnet. March 15, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
- ^ Croteau 220–221
- ^ a b Chohan, Raj (February 24, 2005). "'Original' Churchill Art Piece Creates Controversy". KCNC-TV (CBS Broadcasting). Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
- ^ Churchill, Ward (2003). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial". Socialism and Democracy. 17 (2): 25–76. doi:10.1080/08854300308428341. S2CID 143631746. Archived from the original on February 6, 2005.
- ^ "Ward Churchill". Ethnic Studies. University of Colorado. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ Jaimes, M. Annette (1992). "Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America". In Jaimes, M. Annette (ed.). The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance. Boston: South End Press. pp. 123–138. ISBN 0-89608-424-8. Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committee that he wrote this essay in its entirety.
- ^ Rave, Jodi (February 12, 2005). "Free Speech for Fake Indian". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ Brennan, Charlie (May 18, 2005). "Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on November 26, 2005. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ a b c Brennan, Charlie (May 21, 2005). "Tribe clarifies stance on prof: Milder statement explains Churchill's 'associate' label". Rocky Mountain News.
- ^ a b Herdy, Amy (May 20, 2005). "Tribe shifts stand, acknowledges Churchill's alleged Cherokee ancestry". Denver Post. Archived from the original on May 22, 2005.
- ^ a b c d Flynn, Kevin (June 9, 2005). "The Churchill files; Are Ward Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry valid?". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ^ Clark, Elizabeth Mattern (May 19, 2005). "Keetoowah Band says Churchill is honorary, Indian tribe states membership is not recognized". Daily Camera.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009.
- ^ The Tahlequah Daily Press, February 4, 2005
- ^ "Year in quotes". Rocky Mountain News. December 25, 2005.
- ^ "Rocky Mountain News: Columbus parade could see less strife". Transform Columbus Day.
Further reading
- Brown, Thomas. "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric" University of Michigan, 2006. (PDF version also available.)
- Chapman, Roger. Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3.
- Croteau, Susan Ann. "But it doesn't look Indian": Objects, archetypes and objectified others in Native American art, culture, and identity. University of California, Los Angeles, 2008.
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