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{{short description|Welsh royal title}}
{{short description|Welsh royal title}}
{{use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox former monarchy|royal_title=King|realm=Wales|border=<!-- Optional. Accepted values: provincial / federal / imperial -->|coatofarms=|coatofarmssize=<!-- Optional. Default: 120px -->|coatofarms_article=Welsh heraldry|image=Laws of Hywel Dda (f.1.v) King Hywel cropped.jpg|caption=[[Hywel Dda]], "King of Wales" titleholder|first_monarch=Wales: [[Cynan Dindaethwy]]
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox former monarchy|royal_title=King|realm=Wales|border=<!-- Optional. Accepted values: provincial / federal / imperial -->|coatofarms=|coatofarmssize=<!-- Optional. Default: 120px -->|coatofarms_article=Welsh heraldry|image=File:Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch).svg|caption=[[Welsh dragon]], Pendragon symbol|first_monarch=[[King Camber|Camber, King of Cambria]] (Wales)|last_monarch=King of Wales: [[Owain Gwynedd]]|style=<!-- Optional. -->|residence=<!-- Optional. -->|appointer=<!-- Optional. -->|began=c.1,000 BC |ended=1,171|native_name=Brenin Cymru}}

([[Cambria]]: [[King Camber]] son of [[Brutus of Troy|Brutus of Troy, King of Britons]])|last_monarch=King of Wales: [[Owain Gwynedd]]
'''King of Wales''' ({{lang-cy|Brenin Cymru}}) royal title has origins spanning 3,000 years. Originally established by [[King Camber]] ({{circa|1,000 BC}}) of [[Cambria]] (Wales) during the [[Iron Age Europe|European Iron Age]]. The title fell into abayance, only to be rekindled after the [[Roman occupation of Britain]] by the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]] (401 AD) and they're cadet branch, the [[House of Aberffraw]] and their descendants until the establishment of the [[Prince of Wales]] title after the [[Norman invasion of Wales]] ({{circa|1300 AD}}).
(Prince of Wales: [[Owain Glyndŵr]])|style=<!-- Optional. -->|residence=<!-- Optional. -->|appointer=<!-- Optional. -->|began=King of Wales: 798 AD|ended=|native_name=Brenin Cymru}}

⚫
'''King of Wales''' ({{lang-cy|Brenin Cymru}}) was a rarely used title, because [[Wales in the Middle Ages|Wales]], much like [[Gaelic Ireland|Ireland]], rarely achieved a degree of political unity like that of [[Kingdom of England|England]] or [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of "King of Wales", the country was only truly united under the rule of [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] as [[Prince of Wales]] from 1055 to 1063.<ref name="Maund1991">{{cite book|author=K. L. Maund|title=Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nja0RSLWq-AC&pg=PA216|year=1991|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-0-85115-533-3|pages=64–67}}</ref><ref>[https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/The-English-conquest-of-Wales/ History of Wales] at historic-uk. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</ref>
The Kingdom of Cambria ([[Wales]]) was a sub-kingdom of the [[List of legendary Kings of Britain|Kingdom of Britain]]. Cambria began with [[Celts|Celtic]] peoples who settled in Wales and the surrounding British Isles during the late [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]]. The first wave of migration to [[pre-Celtic Europe]] began {{circa|1,000 BC}} which was followed by more between {{circa|500 BC - 200 BC}}. The [[Celtic Britons]] established Wales, England, and Scotland as the countries of [[Great Britain]] and were split further into regional Kingdoms based on the [[tribal]] territories of pre-[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] Wales.<ref name=Rex/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://houseofaberffraw.org|website=houseofaberffraw.org|title=House of Aberffraw|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=prehistoric/><ref name=woodbury/><ref name=lynch/>

Eventually, Wales was ruled by the royal family of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. The Kingdom was established in [[North West Wales]] during the year 401 by [[Cunedda Wledig]]. The Kings of Gwynedd would establish a dynasty as descendants of the final Kings of Britain from [[Cadwaladr]] ({{circa|660s}}) and would use [[Aberffraw]], [[Anglesey]] as a base to live at for centuries to come, they later established a dynasty named the village it was located, the ''[[House of Aberffraw]]''.{{sfn|Lloyd|1911|pages=230-231}}<ref>{{cite DWB| id=s-RHOD-MAW-0877 | title=Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth| first=Thomas Jones | last=Pierce| year= 1959}}</ref><ref>{{Cite wikisource |title=Six Old English Chronicles/Geoffrey's British History/Book 12|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|authorlink=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor1-first=J.A. |editor1-last=Giles |year=1848|pages=277-288 <!--|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Six_Old_English_Chronicles/Geoffrey%27s_British_History/Book_12-->}} Chap. 1-2</ref><ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-CADW-APC-0615|title=CADWALADR (died 664), prince}}</ref><ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-CUNE-WLE-0380|title=Cunedda Wledig (fl. 450?), British prince}}</ref>

⚫
King of Wales was a rarely used title, because [[Wales in the Middle Ages|Wales]], much like [[Gaelic Ireland|Ireland]], rarely achieved a degree of political unity like that of [[Kingdom of England|England]] or [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of "King of Wales", the country was only truly united under the rule of [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] as [[Prince of Wales]] from 1055 to 1063.<ref name="Maund1991">{{cite book|author=K. L. Maund|title=Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nja0RSLWq-AC&pg=PA216|year=1991|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-0-85115-533-3|pages=64–67}}</ref><ref>[https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/The-English-conquest-of-Wales/ History of Wales] at historic-uk. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</ref>


Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales. The native use of the title Prince of Wales appeared more frequent by the eleventh century.
Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales. The native use of the title Prince of Wales appeared more frequent by the eleventh century.
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===Welsh Celtic origins===
===Welsh Celtic origins===
During the late [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]] or early [[Iron Age]] in [[Celtic Britain]] ({{circa|800 BC}}) is when [[Cambria]], (Wales) was split into 4 regional [[tribes]]. They were, the [[Ordovices]] (Mid to [[North Wales]] & [[Anglesey]]), the [[Deceangli]] ([[North East Wales]]), the [[Silures]] ([[South East Wales]]) and the [[Demetae]] ([[South West Wales]]).<ref name=prehistoric>{{cite web|url=https://cadw.gov.wales/learn/sites-through-centuries/prehistoric-wales|website=cadw.gov.wales|title=Prehistoric Wales|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=lynch>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Frances |title=Prehistoric Wales |date=2000 |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud, England|isbn=0-7509-2165-X|page=184}}</ref> A second wave ({{circa|500 BC- 200 BC}}) of migration of [[List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes|Celtic tribes]] from [[Eastern Europe]] emerged in Britain and established stone [[hut]] circle [[Roundhouse (dwelling)#United Kingdom|roundhouse]] settlements within or near the previously inhabited [[List of hillforts in Wales|hillfort]] enclosures. Hut circles were used as dwellings until after the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]]. During the Roman occupation, another Celtic tribe in Cambria (Wales) was identified as the [[Gangani]] ([[Llŷn Peninsula]], [[North West Wales]]), they were a tribe with connections to [[Ireland]] ([[Éire]]).<ref name=inventory/><ref name=prehistoric/><ref name=woodbury>{{cite web|url=https://www.sarahwoodbury.com/the-celts-in-wales/|title=The Celts in Wales|website=sarahwoodbury.com|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Barry|last =Cunliffe|author-link =Barry Cunliffe| title=Iron Age Communities in Britain|publisher= Routledge|date=2005|page=206}}</ref>
During the late [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]] or early [[Iron Age]] in [[Celtic Britain]] ({{circa|800 BC}}) is when [[Cambria]], (Wales) was split into 4 regional [[tribes]]. They were, the [[Ordovices]] (Mid to [[North Wales]] & [[Anglesey]]), the [[Deceangli]] ([[North East Wales]]), the [[Silures]] ([[South East Wales]]) and the [[Demetae]] ([[South West Wales]]).<ref name=prehistoric>{{cite web|url=https://cadw.gov.wales/learn/sites-through-centuries/prehistoric-wales|website=cadw.gov.wales|title=Prehistoric Wales|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=lynch>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Frances |title=Prehistoric Wales |date=2000 |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud, England|isbn=0-7509-2165-X|page=184}}</ref> A second wave ({{circa|500 BC- 200 BC}}) of migration of [[List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes|Celtic tribes]] from [[Eastern Europe]] emerged in Britain and established stone [[hut]] circle [[Roundhouse (dwelling)#United Kingdom|roundhouse]] settlements within or near the previously inhabited [[List of hillforts in Wales|hillfort]] enclosures. Hut circles were used as dwellings until after the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]]. During the Roman occupation, another Celtic tribe in Cambria (Wales) was identified as the [[Gangani]] ([[Llŷn Peninsula]], [[North West Wales]]), they were a tribe with connections to [[Ireland]] ([[Éire]]).<ref>{{google book|title=RCAHMW, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Anglesey |id=d0nwILR1UQEC&num|page=XL-XLI,XXIX|volume=2|publisher=[[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales]]}}</ref><ref name=prehistoric/><ref name=woodbury>{{cite web|url=https://www.sarahwoodbury.com/the-celts-in-wales/|title=The Celts in Wales|website=sarahwoodbury.com|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Barry|last =Cunliffe|author-link =Barry Cunliffe| title=Iron Age Communities in Britain|publisher= Routledge|date=2005|page=206}}</ref>


====Welsh manuscripts====
====Welsh manuscripts====

Revision as of 05:29, 3 September 2023

King of Wales
Brenin Cymru
Welsh dragon, Pendragon symbol
Details
First monarchCamber, King of Cambria (Wales)
Last monarchKing of Wales: Owain Gwynedd
Formationc.1,000 BC
Abolition1,171

King of Wales (Welsh: Brenin Cymru) royal title has origins spanning 3,000 years. Originally established by King Camber (c. 1,000 BC) of Cambria (Wales) during the European Iron Age. The title fell into abayance, only to be rekindled after the Roman occupation of Britain by the Kingdom of Gwynedd (401 AD) and they're cadet branch, the House of Aberffraw and their descendants until the establishment of the Prince of Wales title after the Norman invasion of Wales (c. 1300 AD).

The Kingdom of Cambria (Wales) was a sub-kingdom of the Kingdom of Britain. Cambria began with Celtic peoples who settled in Wales and the surrounding British Isles during the late Bronze Age. The first wave of migration to pre-Celtic Europe began c. 1,000 BC which was followed by more between c. 500 BC - 200 BC. The Celtic Britons established Wales, England, and Scotland as the countries of Great Britain and were split further into regional Kingdoms based on the tribal territories of pre-Roman Wales.[1][2][3][4][5]

Eventually, Wales was ruled by the royal family of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. The Kingdom was established in North West Wales during the year 401 by Cunedda Wledig. The Kings of Gwynedd would establish a dynasty as descendants of the final Kings of Britain from Cadwaladr (c. 660s) and would use Aberffraw, Anglesey as a base to live at for centuries to come, they later established a dynasty named the village it was located, the House of Aberffraw.[6][7][8][9][10]

King of Wales was a rarely used title, because Wales, much like Ireland, rarely achieved a degree of political unity like that of England or Scotland during the Middle Ages. While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of "King of Wales", the country was only truly united under the rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn as Prince of Wales from 1055 to 1063.[11][12]

Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales. The native use of the title Prince of Wales appeared more frequent by the eleventh century.

History of the Kingdom of Wales

See also: Prehistoric Wales, List of legendary kings of Britain, and Celts
Map of Celtic tribes of Wales (40 AD).[4]

The Welsh Kingdoms established from the post-Roman Kingdoms (c. 400s) have Celtic origins.The original Celtic settlement of the British Isles is from c. 1,000 BC.[13][4] As a new culture of pre-Celtic Europe began, the mythological title (Welsh mythology), the first King of Britain (Welsh: Brenin y Brythoniaid, Latin: Rex Britannorum), Brutus of Troy was a Trojan who was born generations after the Trojan war (c. 1,100 BC) and had left Troy (present-day Turkey) to settle Great Britain. His Troy ancestor was Prince Aeneas (descendant of Zeus, one of the Olympians). Brutus fled the Greek Kingdom and sailed to the town of Totnes, England where a landmark stone still commemorates his arrival. He defeated Gogmagog the Giant in Britain (Albion) and founded New Troy, today the city of London. The Kingdoms of Great Britain was subsequently divided by Brutus in 3 regions. His sons were each given tribes to rule over. Locrinus is given Loegria (Lloegyr/England), Camber (Kamber) becomes King of Wales (Cambria) and Albanactus, Albania (Scotland).[ab 1][15][16][17][18] After the founding of the ancient Celtic Kingdom of Wales by the King of Britain, Brutus' descendants would thrive in Britain and Gaul for over a millennium until the Roman foundations of Britain. An example was Leir of Britain (the name given to Leicester, England), he had 3 daughters. Leir was the final direct patrilineal male descendant of Brutus of Troy to be King. Leir's life is dated to the founding of Rome c. 753 BC. Leir's grandson, Cunedagius next unified the Kingdoms of Britain (after Maddan) as King of Kambria, Lloegyr and Alba (Wales, England and Scotland) and ruled for 33 years. Generations later, Prince Dyfnwal Moelmud (Dunwallo Molmutius) wrote the Molmutine Laws for the Kingdom to abide by. When he died, he was buried in Trinovantum (original name of London). The line of British Celtic Kings continued for centuries later into the 2nd century AD when Geta, son of the Roman Emperor Septimus Severus (also a descendant of Brutus of Troy) was given the title, King of Britain.[ab 2][21][18][22]

Welsh Celtic origins

During the late Bronze Age or early Iron Age in Celtic Britain (c. 800 BC) is when Cambria, (Wales) was split into 4 regional tribes. They were, the Ordovices (Mid to North Wales & Anglesey), the Deceangli (North East Wales), the Silures (South East Wales) and the Demetae (South West Wales).[3][5] A second wave (c. 500 BC- 200 BC) of migration of Celtic tribes from Eastern Europe emerged in Britain and established stone hut circle roundhouse settlements within or near the previously inhabited hillfort enclosures. Hut circles were used as dwellings until after the end of Roman rule in Britain. During the Roman occupation, another Celtic tribe in Cambria (Wales) was identified as the Gangani (Llŷn Peninsula, North West Wales), they were a tribe with connections to Ireland (Éire).[23][3][4][24]

Welsh manuscripts

See also: King of the Britons

Prior to the Prince of Wales title, the title King of the Britons was used to describe the King of the Celtic Britons, ancestors of the Welsh.[25][failed verification] The Brut y Tywysogion, Gwentian Chronicles of Caradoc of Llancarvan version, which was written no earlier than the mid-16th century lists multiple Kings of the Britons as a "King of Wales".[26][27]

Pendragon

The Celtic Kings of the Britain (Latin: Rex Britannorum) were given the title Pendragon which was similar to the Roman Emperor's title of Caesar.[1]

Early use of the title

Map of territories ruled by Rhodri Mawr, "King of Wales"
  Kingdom of Rhodri Mawr

Following the departure of the Roman legions from Wales, the country had become fractured into divided territories, each with its own leaders. The first known person to actually call himself king was Rhodri Mawr (c. 820–878) and being from Wales he was by extension called the King of Wales, although he did not control all of the country. Nonetheless, he did unite much of the land under his power. Though he died in 878,[28][better source needed] the legacy of what he had accomplished was significant enough to act as motivation for future Welsh leaders to aspire to. This would eventually lead to the rule of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (c. 1010–1063), the first ruler of the whole of Wales.

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn rules all Wales

Map of the kingdom of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
  Wales

From the smaller kingdoms of Wales eventually emerged four major powers: Powys, Gwynedd, Dyfed/Deheubarth, and Morgannwg. With Wales now developing into a more consolidated entity, it ultimately set the stage for Gruffudd ap Llywelyn in the mid-11th century. Alliances with Anglo-Saxon dynasties and Vikings helped him unite the country, and even conquer land belonging to the English. "In 1055 he absorbed Deheubarth as well, thus becoming in effect King of Wales".[29] John Davies states that Gruffydd was "the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of and notably peaceful rule by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn.[11] For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor successor."[30] After his betrayal and death at the hands of his own men, Wales fell into civil war with other leaders seeking to fill the void of power and become king.[citation needed]

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was referred to as King of Wales or Rex Walensium by John of Worcester.[11] He was the last of a long line of paramount rulers among the insular Britons to have the title of King of the Britons bestowed upon him, and possibly the only one to truly rule over all the (independent) Britons. By this time, if not earlier, Wales was the only part of Britain remaining under Brittonic rule.[30]

Evolution into Prince of Wales

See also: Prince of Wales

The native use of the title "Prince of Wales" appeared more frequent by the eleventh century.

According to Dr Sean Davies, "in these straitened circumstances, and with outside observers ridiculing the status of Welsh kings, ambitious native nobles adopted the novel title of prince (Welsh: Tywysog, Latin: Princeps), in order to set them apart from their fellow "kings"."[31] However, the title King of Wales was later used by at least one other Welsh ruler, Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100–1170). "In his first two letters to Louis, Owain described himself as "king of Wales" and "king of the Welsh"."[32] His direct rule was, however, limited to Gwynedd. Owain was also the first Welsh ruler to be known as Prince of Wales. He ruled over much of Northern Wales, but a lack of success in military campaigns limited his ability to extend his control. After the death of Owain Gwynedd in 1170, the mantle of paramount Welsh ruler was taken up by Rhys ap Gruffydd (c. 1132–1197), who was called "Head of all Wales" by the Brut y Tywysogion on his death in 1197. His direct rule was limited to Deheubarth. For a list of Welsh rulers upon whom titles such as these were bestowed (leading ultimately to the title Prince of Wales), see King of the Britons.[citation needed]

Llylweyn's II

Llywelyn the Last, the last Prince of Wales, was ambushed and killed in 1282. The execution of his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd in 1283 on the orders of King Edward I of England effectively ended Welsh independence. The title of Prince of Wales was then used by the English monarchy as the heir to the English throne.[33]

Owain Glyndŵr

During the period 1400–1413, following a rebellion against English rule in Wales, there existed a native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr, and a Prince of Wales appointed by the English monarchy (who later became Henry V of England). Glyndwr a descendant of the final ruling houses from the Kingdom of Wales (and Llywelyn the Great Prince of Wales, via female line) would resort to guerrilla warfare against the English Crown and proclaim himself Prince of Wales from 1400 for over a decade. The native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr, led Welsh forces against the English Prince of Wales and English rule in Wales. He incited and led what was called the Glyndŵr rebellion and allied Wales with the Kingdom of France and the King of Scotland. In a correspondence to Scotland, he spoke about their royal ancestor, Brutus of Troy the King of Great Britain in relation to his enemy, the Saxons in England.[1][34][35][36] [37] The eventual defeat of Glyndwr's forces effectively ended Welsh independence. Since the death of Owain Glyndŵr in 1415, the Prince of Wales title has only been held by a non-native heir to the English (and later British) monarchy.[citation needed]

List of "Kings of Wales" claimants

The following is a list of those assigned or claiming the title of King or Prince of Wales, including "Sovereigns and Princes of Wales 844–1283".[38] Some sources suggest Rhodri Mawr as the first sovereign of Wales, as well as the first to unite most of Wales.[38][39] While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of "King of Wales" and ruled majorities of Wales, the modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn for eight years from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies.[40][38]

Depiction Name &

life details

Arms House, Kingdom Welsh Titles Reign Death & cause Source
Cynan Dindaethwy

(Cynan ap Rhodri)

Gwynedd (insecurely from 754)
  • "King of all Wales" (Welsh: "Brenin Cymry oll"
 798–816 Brut y Tywysogion[41]

Annals of Ulster Annales Cambriae

Rhodri the Great

(Rhodri ap Merfyn)

Gwynedd, from 855 also Powys, from 872 also Seisyllwg
  • "began to reign over the Welsh" (843 AD)
  • King of Wales[38][42]
 843 Brut y Tywysogion[41]

Annals of Ulster

Cadell ap Rhodri
  • "ruled over all Wales" (877 AD)
 877 Brut y Tywysogion[41]
Anarawd ap Rhodri
  • "ruled over all Wales" (900 AD)
 900 Brut y Tywysogion[41]
Hywel Dda(Hywel ap Cadell) Deheubarth (from 920), from 942 also Gwynedd and Powys
  • "King of all Wales" (Welsh: "Brenin Cymry oll"
 942–949/50 Brut y Tywysogion[41]

Annals of Ulster Annales Cambriae

Aeddan ap Blegywryd
  • "acquired all Wales from sea to sea" (1000 AD)
 1000 Brut y Tywysogion[41]
Llywelyn ap Seisyll Gwynedd and Powys; from 1022 also Deheubarth
  • "took the government upon himself...in his time the country of Wales was twelve years without war"
  • "sovereignty of Wales"
 1023 Brut y Tywysogion[41]

Annals of Ulster

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn

1010–1063

Gwynedd and Powys, from 1057 also the rest of Wales
  • Rex Walensium ("King of Wales")[43]
  • King of the Britons (in 1063; in 1058)
  • Had "gained all Wales prior to 1037"[41]
  • Ruled modern day Wales from 1055 to 1063.[44][45]
 The Ulster Chronicle states that he was killed by Cynan in 1064, whose father Iago had been put to death by Gruffydd in 1039.[46] John of Worcester[43]

Annals of Ulster

Brut y Tywysogion

Gruffudd ap Cynan

1055–1137

House of Aberffraw, Gwynedd (insecurely from 1081) 		House of Aberffraw, Gwynedd (insecurely from 1081)
  • "king and sovereign and prince and defender and pacifier of all the Welsh" (in 1136)[47]
 1137 Died in 1137, aged 81–82. Brut y Tywysogion
Owain Gwynedd

1100 – November 1170

Caernarfon

(Retroactively attributed with no evidence of use.)

Gwynedd
  • King of Wales
  • King of the Welsh
  • Prince of the Welsh
  • Prince over the British nation (in 1146)
 1146–1170 Died in 1170, aged 69–70. Brut y Tywysogion; contemporary charters.[48]
Following this period, the title Prince of Wales only was used

Other uses

Name &

life details

House, Kingdom Welsh Titles Reign Source
Geraint ?670–c. 710

Dumnonia

  • King of the Welsh (710) (Not mentioned in Brut y Tywysogion, so was likely only King of Welsh in Dumnonia)
 710 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[49][better source needed]
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See also

References

  1. ^ The story was recorded by the Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 12th century.[14]
  2. ^ Leir of Britain would be made famous by William Shakespeare who wrote tragedy drama in the medieval ages, titled King Lear. People would later assume that to be Llŷr from the Mabinogion, but incorrectly.[19][20]
  1. ^ a b c "Rex Britannorum". kingdomofwales.wales. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  2. ^ "House of Aberffraw". houseofaberffraw.org. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Prehistoric Wales". cadw.gov.wales. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d "The Celts in Wales". sarahwoodbury.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  5. ^ a b Lynch, Frances (2000). Prehistoric Wales. Stroud, England: Sutton. p. 184. ISBN 0-7509-2165-X.
  6. ^ Lloyd 1911, pp. 230–231.
  7. ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  8. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth (1848). Giles, J.A. (ed.). Six Old English Chronicles/Geoffrey's British History/Book 12 . pp. 277–288 – via Wikisource. Chap. 1-2
  9. ^ "CADWALADR (died 664), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  10. ^ "Cunedda Wledig (fl. 450?), British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  11. ^ a b c K. L. Maund (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3.
  12. ^ History of Wales at historic-uk. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  13. ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cunedda Wledig, flourished 450, British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  14. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth (1848). Giles, J.A. (ed.). Six Old English Chronicles/Geoffrey's British History . pp. 114, 137–141, 171 – via Wikisource.
  15. ^ Celtic Culture: A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 2052. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
  16. ^ Bernard Jones. "Britain's Trojan History". historic-uk.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  17. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth (1848). Giles, J.A. (ed.). Six Old English Chronicles/Geoffrey's British History/Book 2 . p. 109 – via Wikisource. Chap. 1
  18. ^ a b "BRUTUS, THE LEGENDARY EPONYM OF BRITAIN". ancientwalesstudies.org. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  19. ^ "Mabinogion". en.wikisource.org. 1913.
  20. ^ Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1995) [1953]. Language and History in Early Britain: A chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, first to twelfth century A.D. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-85182-140-2.
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