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{{Knights Templar}}
{{Knights Templar}}
[[Image:Armoiries Jacques de Molay.svg|150px|thumb|Coat of arms of Jacques de Molay]]
[[Image:Armoiries Jacques de Molay.svg|150px|thumb|Coat of arms of Jacques de Molay]]
'''Jacques de Molay''' (est. 1244–5/1249–50 – [[18 March]] [[1314]]<ref>Demurger, pp. 1-4</ref>) was the 23rd and officially last [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Templar]], leading the Order from approximately 1292 until the Order was dissolved by order of the Pope.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10433a.htm Jacques de Molai], [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]</ref> He is probably the best known Templar, along with the Order's founder and first Grand Master, [[Hugues de Payens]]. His goal as Grand Master was to reform the Order, and adjust it to the situation in the [[Holy Land]] during the waning days of the [[Crusades]]. With no [[crusader states]] remaining to protect, and with other problems surfacing, the right of the Order to exist had come into question. King [[Philip IV of France]], deeply in debt to the organization, had De Molay and many other French Templars arrested in 1307 and tortured into false confessions. When De Molay retracted his confession, Philip had him [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], an island in the [[Seine]] river in Paris on [[18 March]] [[1314]].
'''Jacques de Molay''' (est. 1244–5/1249–50 – [[18 March]] [[1314]]<ref>Demurger, pp. 1-4</ref>) was the 23rd and officially last [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Templar]], leading the Order from approximately 1292 until the Order was dissolved by order of the Pope in 1312.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10433a.htm Jacques de Molai], [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]</ref> He is probably the best known Templar, along with the Order's founder and first Grand Master, [[Hugues de Payens]] (1070-1136). His goal as Grand Master was to reform the Order, and adjust it to the situation in the [[Holy Land]] during the waning days of the [[Crusades]]. With no [[crusader states]] remaining to protect, and with other problems surfacing, the right of the Order to exist had come into question. King [[Philip IV of France]], deeply in debt to the organization, had De Molay and many other French Templars arrested in 1307 and tortured into false confessions. When De Molay later retracted his confession, Philip had him [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], an island in the [[Seine]] river in [[Paris]], on [[18 March]] [[1314]].


==Youth==
==Youth==
Jacques de Molay was born into, most likely, a family of [[nobility|minor nobility]], as most of the Templar knights were, at [[Molay]] ([[Haute-Saone|Haute-Saône]]) in the [[county of Burgundy]], at the time ruled by [[Otto III, Count Palatine of Burgundy|Otto III]].


⚫
He was received into the Order at [[Beaune]] by [[Humbert de Pairaud]], the [[Visitor of France and England]] in 1265. Independently of [[Guillaume de Beaujeu]], who was elected grand master in 1273, Jacques de Molay went to the East ([[Outremer]]) around 1270. He spent all his career as a Templar in the East.
His exact date of birth is in some doubt, but when interrogated by the judges in [[Paris]], [[24 October]] [[1307]], he stated that he entered the order forty-two years earlier, which would mean in 1265. The common imperial age for joining an order was minimum 20 years of age, and thus he most likely would have been born in 1244 or 1245. However, there exist several documents proving that men younger than 20-21 years were accepted into the order, hence the birth year confusion. When questioned about the same thing in August the following year by the [[Pope]]'s envoys at [[Chinon]], he again said he was received into the order forty-two years earlier, i.e. 1266. Jacques de Molay was born into, most likely, a family of [[nobility|minor nobility]], as most of the Templar knights were, at [[Molay]] ([[Haute-Saone|Haute-Saône]]) in the [[county of Burgundy]], at the time ruled by [[Otto III, Count Palatine of Burgundy|Otto III]].

⚫
He was received into the Order at [[Beaune]] by [[Humbert de Pairaud]], the [[Visitor of France and England]] in 1265. Independently of [[Guillaume de Beaujeu]], who was elected grand master in 1273, Jacques de Molay went to the East ([[Outremer]]) around 1270. He spent all his career as a Templar in the East, although he is mentioned to be in France in 1285. It is not known if he held any offices in either the West or the East, or if he was present when [[Akko|Acre]], the last [[crusade]]r city and capital of the Latin kingdom. fell in May 1291 to the Egyptian [[Mamluks]].


==Grand Master==
==Grand Master==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
After the fall of Acre, the Franks who were able retreated to [[Cyprus]], which became the headquarters of the dwindling [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Templars there included Jacques de Molay and [[Thibaud Gaudin]], the 22nd Grand Master. During a meeting assembled on the island in the autumn of 1291, J. de Molay spoke and pointed to himself as an alternative and reformer of the order. Before [[16 April]] [[1292]] Gaudin died, leaving the mastership open for Jacques de Molay, as there were no other serious contenders for the role at the time. The election took place before [[20 April]], as a document in the archives of the [[Crown of Aragon]] attests and recognizes Jacques de Molay as the Knights Templar's new grand master by then.
After the [[Fall of Acre]] in 1291, the Franks who were able to do so retreated to [[Cyprus]], which became the headquarters of the dwindling [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Templars there included Jacques de Molay and [[Thibaud Gaudin]], the 22nd Grand Master. During a meeting assembled on the island in the autumn of 1291, J. de Molay spoke and pointed to himself as an alternative and reformer of the order. Gaudin died around 1292, leaving the mastership open for Jacques de Molay, as there were no other serious contenders for the role at the time.


Once elected, the rapid establishment of the command of the order was meant to deal with the most serious matters first. Both Cyprus and the [[Cilician Kingdom of Armenia]] were under the threat of an attack from the Mamluks. In spring 1293, De Molay began a tour to the West to try and gain more support for a reconquest of the Holy Land. He sought to strengthen the defence of Cyprus, and rebuild the Templar forces. However, European support for the Crusades had dwindled, and there was talk of merging the Templars with one of the other military orders, the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospital]]. The Grand Masters of both orders opposed such a merger, but pressure increased from the Papacy.
Once elected, the rapid establishment of the command of the order was meant to deal with the most serious matters first. Both Cyprus and the [[Cilician Kingdom of Armenia]] were under the threat of an attack from the Mamluks. In spring 1293, De Molay began a tour of the West to try and gain more support for a reconquest of the Holy Land. His goal was to strengthen the defence of Cyprus, and rebuild the Templar forces. However, European support for the Crusades had dwindled, and there was talk of merging the Templars with one of the other military orders, the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospital]]. The Grand Masters of both orders opposed such a merger, but pressure increased from the Papacy.


De Molay held two general meetings of his order, at [[Montpellier]] in 1293 and at [[Arles]] in 1296, where he tried to make reforms. He also developed built relationships with European leaders such as [[Pope Boniface VIII]], [[Edward I of England]], [[James I of Aragon]] and [[Charles II of Naples]]. Nothing is known of his relationship with [[Philip IV of France]].
De Molay held two general meetings of his order, at [[Montpellier]] in 1293 and at [[Arles]] in 1296, where he tried to make reforms. He also developed relationships with European leaders such as [[Pope Boniface VIII]], [[Edward I of England]], [[James I of Aragon]] and [[Charles II of Naples]].


In the autumn of 1296 de Molay was back in Cyprus to defend his order against the interests of [[Henry II of Cyprus]], which conflict had its roots back in the days of [[Guillaume de Beaujeu]].
In the autumn of 1296 de Molay was back in Cyprus to defend his order against the interests of [[Henry II of Cyprus]], which conflict had its roots back in the days of [[Guillaume de Beaujeu]].


⚫
From 1299 to 1303 de Molay promoted [[Franco-Mongol alliance|cooperation with the Mongols]] against the Mamluks. The plan was to coordinate actions between the Christian military orders, the King of Cyprus, the aristocracy of Cyprus and [[Little Armenia]] and the Mongols of the khanate of [[Ilkhan]] (Persia).
===Mongol diplomacy===
{{seealso|Franco-Mongol alliance}}
⚫
From 1299 to 1303 de Molay promoted [[Franco-Mongol alliance|cooperation with the Mongols]] against the Mamluks. The plan was to coordinate actions between the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[military order]]s, the King of Cyprus, the [[aristocracy]] of Cyprus and [[Little Armenia]] and the Mongols of the [[khanate]] of [[Ilkhan]] ([[Iran|Persia]]).


In 1298 or 1299, Jacques de Molay halted a further Mamluk invasion with military force in Armenia possibly because of the loss of [[Roche-Guillaume]], the last Templar stronghold in Cilicia, to the Mamluks. However, when the Mongol [[Khan (title)|khan]] of Persia, [[Ghazan|Ghâzân]], defeated the Mamluks in the [[Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar]] in December 1299, the Christian forces were not ready to take an advantage of the situation.
In 1298 or 1299, Jacques de Molay halted a further Mamluk invasion with military force in Armenia. However, when the Mongol khan of Persia, [[Ghazan|Ghâzân]], defeated the Mamluks in the [[Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar]] in December 1299, the Christian forces were not ready to take full advantage of the situation.


In 1300, Jacques de Molay and other forces from Cyprus put together a fleet of 16 ships which committed raids along the [[Egypt]]ian and [[Syria]]n coasts. The force was commanded by [[King Henry II of Jerusalem]], the king of Cyprus, accompanied by his brother, [[Amalric, Lord of Tyre]] the heads of the military orders, and the ambassador of the Mongol leader [[Ghazan]]. The ships left [[Famagusta]] on July 20, 1300, to raid the coasts of Egypt and Syria: [[Rosette]],<ref name=demurger-147>Demurger, p. 147</ref> [[Alexandria]], [[Acre]], [[Tortosa]], and [[Maraclea]], before returning to Cyprus.<ref name=schein-811>Schein, 1979, p. 811</ref> The raids along the way were directed by Admiral [[Baudoin de Picquigny]], and when the raids took place at Alexandria, they were able to free Christian prisoners who had been captive since the Fall of Acre in 1291.<ref>Jean Richard, p.481</ref>
In 1300, Jacques de Molay and other forces from Cyprus put together a fleet of 16 ships which committed raids along the Egyptian and Syrian coasts. The force was commanded by [[King Henry II of Jerusalem]], the king of Cyprus, accompanied by his brother, [[Amalric, Lord of Tyre]] the heads of the military orders, and the ambassador of the Mongol leader [[Ghazan]]. The ships left [[Famagusta]] on July 20, 1300, to raid the coasts of Egypt and Syria: [[Rosette]],<ref name=demurger-147>Demurger, p. 147</ref> [[Alexandria]], [[Acre]], [[Tortosa]], and [[Maraclea]], before returning to Cyprus.<ref name=schein-811>Schein, 1979, p. 811</ref> The raids along the way were directed by Admiral [[Baudoin de Picquigny]], and when the raids took place at Alexandria, they were able to free Christian prisoners who had been captive since the Fall of Acre in 1291.<ref>Jean Richard, p.481</ref>


The ships then returned to Cyprus, and prepared for an attack on Tortosa in late 1300. The Cypriots sent a joint force to a staging area on the island of [[Ruad]], from which raids were launched on Tortosa, while awaiting the arrival of the Mongols. However, Ghazan's forces were delayed, and the Crusader forces ended up returning to Cyprus, leaving a garrison on Ruad. When Ghazan did arrive in February 1301, he was only able to engage in some minor raids before having to withdraw.
The ships then returned to Cyprus, and prepared for an attack on Tortosa in late 1300. De Molay and other Cypriots sent a joint force to a staging area on the island of [[Ruad]], from which raids were launched on Tortosa. The intent was to establish a bridgehead to await assistance from the Mongols, but the Mongols failed to appear in 1300. The same happened in 1301 and 1302. In September 1302 the Templars were driven out of Ruad by the attacking Mamluk forces from Egypt, and many were massacred when trapped on the island. Ruad was lost in the [[Siege of Ruad]] on September 26, 1302, and when Ghâzân died in 1304, Jacques de Molay's dream of a rapid reconquest of the Holy Land was destroyed.

[[Image:1301FrancoMongolOffensiveLevant.jpg|thumb|Combined offensives in 1300-1301.]]

Plans for combined operations were again made for the following winter offensive. A letter has been kept from Jacques de Molay to Edward I, and dated April 8, 1301, informing him of the troubles encountered by Ghazan, but announcing that Ghazan was supposed to come in Autumn:

{{quote|"And our convent, with all our galleys and 'tarides' [light galleys][lacuna] has been transported to the isle of Tortosa to await Ghazan's army and his Tartars."|Jacques de Molay, letter to Edward I, April 8, 1301<ref>Quoted in Demurger, p.154/French, pp. 105-106/English. [[Public Record Office|PRO]], Ancient Correspondence, Special Collections 1/55, f. 22; published in [[Sacrae Domus Militiae Templi]], p. 368. Full content of the letter:<br>
:"Excellentissimo et potentissimo Domino, domino Eabardo (sic) Dei gratia serenissimo regi Anglie et domino Hibernie et duci Aquitanie et (... Jacobus de Mol)lay Dei gratia humilis magister pauperis milicie Templi salutem et separatum mandatus regis( tota)liter obediri. Quia de (...) edimus quos dominatio regia cup(it or iat) informari ideo eaque ad presens novimus regie majestati per presentes (...) Hanc est quod Casanus Tartarorum rex pungnavit cum domino Portefferi qui esse dicitur suus germanus et Casanus (...) suo exercitu (...) bellavit et extitit deinde de hostibus triumphator. Intelliximus etiam quod in mense septembris pro servicio venturo (...) et trahit in insula Turtesie. Casani et surrum tartarorum adventum attendendo; et per Dei gratiam noster conventus taliter (...)ndo dampna Saracenis et Fragendo casalia eorumdem quod per actum ipsorum casum (...) et votis precipere (...) intendere si altissimus noster (...)tetur his diebus. Nos igitur (...)nam potentiam flexis genibus (...) quod sua pietate ita dignetur dirigere et flaci approbare quod certa negotia Terre Sancte Comoda vel (...) dominationem regiam humiliter deprecamur ut nos nostroque et nostra bona sub protectione regia (...) et noster conventus parati sumus dominationis vestre mandatis totaliter obedire. Data Nomocie IX aprilis."
:– Letter from Jacques de Molay to Edward I, London, Record Office, LV No22, transcripted in [[Laurent Dailliez]], "Jacques de Molay, dernier maitre du Temple, p.190, Note 65</ref>}}

And in a letter to the king of Aragon a few months later:

{{quote|"The king of Armenia had sent his messengers to the king of Cyprus to tell him . . . that Ghazan was now on the point of coming to the sultan's lands with a multitude of Tartars. Knowing this, we now intend to go to the isle of Tortosa, where our convent has remained all this year with horses and arms, causing much damage to the ''casaux'' along the coast and capturing many Saracens. We intend to go there and settle in to await the Tartars."|Jacques de Molay, letter to the king of Aragon, 1301<ref>Demurger, p.154-155/French, p. 107/English</ref>}}

In November that year, De Molay joined the occupation of the tiny fortress island of [[Arwad|Ruad]] (today called [[Arwad]]) which faced the Syrian town of [[Tartous|Tortosa]]. The intent was to establish a bridgehead to await assistance from the Mongols, but the Mongols failed to appear in 1300. The same happened in 1301 and 1302. In September 1302 the Templars were driven out of Ruad by the attacking Mamluk forces from Egypt, and many were massacred when trapped on the island. The island of Ruad was lost in the [[Siege of Ruad]] on September 26, 1302, and when Ghâzân died in 1304 Jacques de Molay's dream of a rapid reconquest of the Holy Land was destroyed.


===Travel to France===
===Travel to France===
In 1305, the newly elected pope [[Pope Clement V|Clement V]] asked the leaders of the military orders of their opinions on a new crusade and the merging of the orders. Jacques de Molay was asked by the Pope to write two [[memorandum|memoranda]], one on each of the issues, which he did during the summer of 1306. On [[6 June]], the leaders were officially asked to come to [[Poitiers]], where the Pope had his seat, to discuss these matters. The meeting at Poitiers was delayed due to the Pope's illness, unbeknownst to de Molay, who had already left Cyprus around [[15 October]]. De Molay arrived in France in late November or early December, but nothing is known of his activities during the first five months of 1307. In the second half of May he was in Poitiers attending the meeting with the Pope. The Grand Master came into conflict with Philippe IV because he rejected the idea of merging the two orders into one with Philippe as leader (''Rex Bellator'', or War King). This made more difficult the Pope's problem with the King, who wanted at all costs to condemn the memory of Boniface VIII. Also, it furthermore thwarted the attempts to get a new crusade on its way. These conflicts were weakening the Templar Order along with something that would turn out to be far more serious, something Jacques de Molay had discovered during his journey through France: scandalous and perverse rumours and whispers about the order had begun to surface. The king and his councillors, among them [[Guillaume de Nogaret]], knew to exploit this weakness.
In 1305, the newly elected pope [[Pope Clement V|Clement V]] asked the leaders of the military orders for their opinions concerning a new crusade and the merging of the orders. Jacques de Molay was asked by the Pope to write two memoranda, one on each of the issues, which he did during the summer of 1306. On 6 June, the leaders were officially asked to come to [[Poitiers]], where the Pope had his seat, to discuss these matters. The meeting at Poitiers was delayed due to the Pope's illness, unbeknownst to de Molay, who had already left Cyprus around 15 October. De Molay arrived in France in late November or early December, but nothing is known of his activities during the first five months of 1307. In the second half of May he was in Poitiers attending the meeting with the Pope. The Grand Master came into conflict with Philippe IV because he rejected the idea of merging the two orders into one with Philippe as leader (''Rex Bellator'', or War King). This made more difficult the Pope's problem with the King, who wanted at all costs to condemn the memory of [[Boniface VIII]]. Also, it furthermore thwarted the attempts to get a new crusade on its way. These conflicts were weakening the Templar Order along with something that would turn out to be far more serious, something Jacques de Molay had discovered during his journey through France: scandalous and perverse rumours and whispers about the order had begun to surface. The king and his councillors, among them [[Guillaume de Nogaret]], exploited this weakness.


==Downfall==
==Downfall==
Jacques de Molay spoke with the king in Paris on [[24 June]] [[1307]] about the accusations against his order and was partially reassured. Returning to Poitiers, he asked the pope to set up an inquiry to quickly clear the order of the rumours and accusations surrounding it. When the pope announced that an inquiry would be convened [[24 August]], the king acted decisively. On [[14 September]], in the deepest secrecy, he sent out his orders throughout all of France which resulted in the mass arrests of Templars and confiscation of their possessions in the whole country on Friday, [[13 October]] [[1307]]. Jacques de Molay was arrested in Paris, where he intended to be present at the funeral of Catherine of Valois.
Jacques de Molay spoke with the king in Paris on June 24, 1307 about the accusations against his order and was partially reassured. Returning to Poitiers, he asked the pope to set up an inquiry to quickly clear the order of the rumours and accusations surrounding it. When the pope announced that an inquiry would be convened 24 August, the king acted decisively. On 14 September, in the deepest secrecy, he sent out his orders throughout all of France which resulted in mass arrests of Templars and confiscation of their possessions on Friday, October 13, 1307. Jacques de Molay was arrested in Paris, while he was planning to attend the funeral of Catherine of Valois.


[[Image:InterrogationOfJacquesDeMolay.JPG|thumb|Interrogation of Jacques de Molay. 19th century print.]]
[[Image:InterrogationOfJacquesDeMolay.JPG|thumb|Interrogation of Jacques de Molay. 19th century print.]]
During an interrogation by royal agents on [[October 24]], Jacques confessed only to "denying Christ and trampling on the Cross" as a part of the initiation ritual. Jacques de Molay's possible intention was that this couldn't possibly be very harmful to the order, but when he was forced to repeat this statement in public the next day, the damage was devastating for the Templars. Making things even worse, he was made to write a letter where he expressed that every Templar should admit to these acts. Philippe IV was now in full command of the situation, and in order to regain his authority, Pope Clement V ordered the arrest of all the Templars throughout Christendom.
During forced interrogation by royal agents on October 24, Jacques confessed that the Templar initiation ritual included "denying Christ and trampling on the Cross". He was also forced to write a letter asking every Templar to admit to these acts. Under pressure from Philip IV, Pope Clement V ordered the arrest of all the Templars throughout Christendom.


[[Image:Templars Burning.jpg|thumb|left|''Jacques de Molay sentenced to the stake in 1314'', from the Chronicle of France or of St Denis (fourteenth century)]]
[[Image:Templars Burning.jpg|thumb|left|''Jacques de Molay sentenced to the stake in 1314'', from the Chronicle of France or of St Denis (fourteenth century)]]
The pope still wanted to hear Jacques de Molay, and dispatched two cardinals to Paris in December 1307. In front of them, Jacques retracted his confessions made to the agents of Philippe IV. By then, the affair had resulted in a power struggle between the king and the pope, which was settled in August 1308, when the king and the pope agreed to split the convictions. Through the [[Papal bull|Bull]] ''[[Fasciens misericordiam]]'' the procedure to prosecute the Templars was set out on a duality where the first commission would judge individuals of the order and the second commission would judge the order as an entity. In practice this meant that a council seated at [[Vienne]] was to decide the future of the Temple, while the Temple dignitaries, among them Jacques de Molay, were to be judged by the Pope. In the royal palace at [[Chinon]], Jacques de Molay was again questioned by the cardinals, but this time with royal agents present. He returned to his admissions made on [[24 October]] [[1307]], after which there was silence for a year. Slowly the commissions and inquisitions were put in place, and finally, in November 1309, the Papal Commission for the Kingdom of France began its hearings. On two instances, on 26 and [[28 November]], Jacques explicitly stated that he did not acknowledge the accusations brought against his order. By so doing, he thus turned to a strategy of silence before the Commission, counting on the power of the church to prevail over the will of the king
The pope still wanted to hear Jacques de Molay's side of the story, and dispatched two cardinals to Paris in December 1307. In front of the cardinals, de Molay retracted his earlier confessions. A power struggle ensued between the king and the pope, which was settled in August 1308, when the king and the pope agreed to split the convictions. Through the [[Papal bull|Bull]] ''[[Fasciens misericordiam]]'' the procedure to prosecute the Templars was set out on a duality where the first commission would judge individuals of the order and the second commission would judge the order as an entity. In practice this meant that a council seated at [[Vienne]] was to decide the future of the Temple, while the Temple dignitaries, among them Jacques de Molay, were to be judged by the Pope. In the royal palace at [[Chinon]], Jacques de Molay was again questioned by the cardinals, but this time with royal agents present. He returned to his admissions made in 1307. In November 1309, the Papal Commission for the Kingdom of France began its own hearings, during which de Molay again recanted, stating that he did not acknowledge the accusations brought against his order.


[[Image:JacquesDeMolayRestingPlace.jpg|right|thumb|Marker from the site of his execution in Paris. (translation: ''At this location, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, was burnt at the stake on March 18, 1314''), located by the stairs from the [[Pont-Neuf]] bridge, facing the trees at the tip of the island.]]
[[Image:JacquesDeMolayRestingPlace.jpg|right|thumb|Marker from the site of his execution in Paris. (translation: ''At this location, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, was burnt at the stake on March 18, 1314''), located by the stairs from the [[Pont-Neuf]] bridge, facing the trees at the tip of the island.]]
By remaining silent, Jaques de Molay deprived the Templars of leadership; thereafter, the order was able to offer little resistance to the threat it faced. Any further opposition was effectively broken when the [[archbishop of Sens]], [[Philippe de Marigny]], sentenced 54 Templars to be burnt at the stake on 10-[[12 May]] [[1310]]. At the [[Council of Vienne]] on [[22 March]] [[1312]], the order was abolished by papal decree. Almost two years later, on [[March 18]] [[1314]], three cardinals sent by the pope sentenced the Temple dignitaries Jacques de Molay, [[Hugues de Pairaud]], [[Geoffroy de Charney]] and [[Geoffroy de Gonneville]] to life imprisonment. Realizing that all was lost, Jacques de Molay rose up and recanted. Along with Geoffroy de Charney, he proclaimed his order's innocence, before challenging the king and pope to appear before God before the year was out. Furious, Philippe IV ordered them both [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]]. On the eve of [[18 March]] [[1314]], Jacques de Molay and Geoffroy de Charnay were taken to the Isle des Juifs, now incorporaed into the [[Île de la Cité]], where they were executed. Note the fourteenth century print show the execution on a small island separated from the Isle de la Cite'.)
Any further opposition by the Templars was effectively broken when the [[archbishop of Sens]], [[Philippe de Marigny]], sentenced 54 Templars to be burnt at the stake on 10-[[12 May]] [[1310]]. At the [[Council of Vienne]] on [[22 March]] [[1312]], the order was abolished by papal decree. Almost two years later, on [[March 18]] [[1314]], three cardinals sent by the pope sentenced the Temple dignitaries Jacques de Molay, [[Hugues de Pairaud]], [[Geoffroy de Charney]] and [[Geoffroy de Gonneville]] to life imprisonment. Realizing that all was lost, Jacques de Molay rose up and recanted. Along with Geoffroy de Charney, he proclaimed his order's innocence, before challenging the king and pope to appear before God before the year was out. Philip ordered both to be [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]]. On the eve of [[18 March]] [[1314]], Jacques de Molay and Geoffroy de Charnay were taken to the Isle des Juifs, now incorporaed into the [[Île de la Cité]], where they were executed.


In 2002, Dr. Barbara Frale found a copy of the [[Chinon Parchment]] in the [[Vatican Secret Archives]], a document which explicitly confirms that Pope Clement V secretly [[absolve]]d Jacques de Molay and other leaders of the Order in 1308. She published her findings in the [[List of history journals|Journal of Medieval History]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Barbara | last = Frale | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2004 | month = | title = '''The Chinon chart - Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay''' | journal = ''[[Journal of Medieval History]]'' | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–134 | id = | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC1-4CC314K-3&_user=1589142&_handle=V-WA-A-W-Z-MsSAYWW-UUA-U-AAVADBEZEV-AABEBWUVEV-ZBZVECBYZ-Z-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2004&_rdoc=2&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235941%232004%23999699997%23504102!&_cdi=5941&view=c&_acct=C000053912&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1589142&md5=cc8dc869d6bc4326929c25a42c118a60| doi = 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004 }}</ref>
In 2002, Dr. Barbara Frale found a copy of the [[Chinon Parchment]] in the [[Vatican Secret Archives]], a document which explicitly confirms that Pope Clement V absolved Jacques de Molay and other leaders of the Order in 1308. She published her findings in the [[List of history journals|Journal of Medieval History]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Barbara | last = Frale | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2004 | month = | title = '''The Chinon chart - Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay''' | journal = ''[[Journal of Medieval History]]'' | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–134 | id = | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC1-4CC314K-3&_user=1589142&_handle=V-WA-A-W-Z-MsSAYWW-UUA-U-AAVADBEZEV-AABEBWUVEV-ZBZVECBYZ-Z-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2004&_rdoc=2&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235941%232004%23999699997%23504102!&_cdi=5941&view=c&_acct=C000053912&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1589142&md5=cc8dc869d6bc4326929c25a42c118a60| doi = 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004 }}</ref>


==Legends==
==Legends==
===Presence in England===
Some Internet sources claim that Jacques de Molay was a commander in England and spent much time there. According to the most expansive biography of Jacques released yet, Alain Demurger's ''The Last Templar'', there is no evidence of such. Although Jacques visited England in 1293, it is not likely that he assumed the post of commander while himself being the grand master.


===Conquest of Jerusalem===
===Conquest of Jerusalem===
Line 97: Line 78:


<blockquote>A variation on this story was told by the contemporary chronicler Ferretto of Vicenza, who applied the idea to a Neopolitan Templar brought before Clement V, whom he denounced for his injustice. Some time later, as he was about to be executed, he appealed 'from this your heinous judgement to the living and true God, who is in Heaven', warning the pope that, within a year and a day, he and Philip IV would be obliged to answer for their crimes in God's presence. (Ferretto of Vicenza, 'Historia rerum in Italia gestarum ab anno 1250 as annum usque 1318', c. 1328).<ref>Malcolm Barber, ''The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993).</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>A variation on this story was told by the contemporary chronicler Ferretto of Vicenza, who applied the idea to a Neopolitan Templar brought before Clement V, whom he denounced for his injustice. Some time later, as he was about to be executed, he appealed 'from this your heinous judgement to the living and true God, who is in Heaven', warning the pope that, within a year and a day, he and Philip IV would be obliged to answer for their crimes in God's presence. (Ferretto of Vicenza, 'Historia rerum in Italia gestarum ab anno 1250 as annum usque 1318', c. 1328).<ref>Malcolm Barber, ''The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993).</ref></blockquote>

===''"Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged!"''===
Another legend connects the climax of the [[French Revolution]] with the events surrounding de Molay's death, and figures prominently in Templar/[[Freemason]]ic [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]]. According to ''[[Holy Blood, Holy Grail]]'':

{{cquote|When the king's head fell beneath the guillotine, an unknown man is reported to have leaped onto the scaffold. He dipped his hand in the monarch's blood, flung it out over the surrounding throng and cried, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged!"<ref>[[Holy Blood, Holy Grail]], by [[Michael Baigent]], [[Richard Leigh]] and [[Henry Lincoln]], 1983 [[Dell publishing]] ISBN 978-0440136484}}, pg. 80</ref>}}

''Holy Blood, Holy Grail'' is credited in nearly all contemporary works that make reference to the story, and the authors do not cite any credible historical source for it. <ref>An earlier and also unsourced reference is J. Tondriau & R. Villeneuve, ''A Dictionary of Devils And Demons'' (Bay Books Pty Ltd, 1972; originally published in Belgium in 1968).</ref> A decade earlier, reference was made several times to this scene in the [[Illuminatus! Trilogy|''Illuminatus!'' Trilogy]]. The authors of ''Illuminatus!'' also neglected to source the legend.

==Legacy==
There is a masonic youth group named the [[Order of DeMolay]]. While they use Jacques as an example of loyalty and fidelity, they claim no direct connection with him nor with the Knights Templar. {{Fact|date=March 2008}}

==Quotes==
*''"Quar nous navons volu ne volons le Temple mettre en aucune servitute se non tant come il hy affiert."'' (''"For we did not and do not wish the Temple to be placed in any servitude except that which is fitting."'') ''- Jacques de Molay in one of his memoranda to Pope Clement V from the summer of 1306''.


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Pope Boniface VIII]], Pope with whom J. de Molay had a close relationship.
*[[Geoffroy de Charney]], [[Commander of Normandy]].
*[[Guillaume de Nogaret]], councillor to Philippe IV.
*[[Franco-Mongol alliance]]
*[[Ghazan|Ghâzân]], [[Mongol]] warlord of the [[Ilkhan]] [[khanate]].
*[[Inquisition]]
*[[Outremer]], the [[Holy Land]].
*[[Arwad|Ruad]] (today called Arwad), tiny island which the Templars used in a plan to attack and retake the Holy Land.
*[[Akko|Acre]], the last Frankish city to be lost to the [[Mamluks]] on the mainland.
*[[Cyprus]], the kingdom which the Templars had their base in their last years.
*[[Chinon Parchment]]
*Some branches of Freemasonry use 1314, ''[[Anno Coadio]]'', as their epoch.


==References and further reading==
==References and further reading==

Revision as of 03:23, 17 November 2008

For the homonymous Mongol general, see Mulay.
Jacques de Molay
Born1244–5/1249–50
Died1314-03-18
Paris, France
NationalityBurgundian
Known forGrand Master of the Knights Templar
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Jacques de Molay (est. 1244–5/1249–50 – 18 March 1314[1]) was the 23rd and officially last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, leading the Order from approximately 1292 until the Order was dissolved by order of the Pope in 1312.[2] He is probably the best known Templar, along with the Order's founder and first Grand Master, Hugues de Payens (1070-1136). His goal as Grand Master was to reform the Order, and adjust it to the situation in the Holy Land during the waning days of the Crusades. With no crusader states remaining to protect, and with other problems surfacing, the right of the Order to exist had come into question. King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the organization, had De Molay and many other French Templars arrested in 1307 and tortured into false confessions. When De Molay later retracted his confession, Philip had him burned at the stake on the Île de la Cité, an island in the Seine river in Paris, on 18 March 1314.

Youth

Jacques de Molay was born into, most likely, a family of minor nobility, as most of the Templar knights were, at Molay (Haute-Saône) in the county of Burgundy, at the time ruled by Otto III.

He was received into the Order at Beaune by Humbert de Pairaud, the Visitor of France and England in 1265. Independently of Guillaume de Beaujeu, who was elected grand master in 1273, Jacques de Molay went to the East (Outremer) around 1270. He spent all his career as a Templar in the East.

Grand Master

After the Fall of Acre in 1291, the Franks who were able to do so retreated to Cyprus, which became the headquarters of the dwindling Kingdom of Jerusalem. Templars there included Jacques de Molay and Thibaud Gaudin, the 22nd Grand Master. During a meeting assembled on the island in the autumn of 1291, J. de Molay spoke and pointed to himself as an alternative and reformer of the order. Gaudin died around 1292, leaving the mastership open for Jacques de Molay, as there were no other serious contenders for the role at the time.

Once elected, the rapid establishment of the command of the order was meant to deal with the most serious matters first. Both Cyprus and the Cilician Kingdom of Armenia were under the threat of an attack from the Mamluks. In spring 1293, De Molay began a tour of the West to try and gain more support for a reconquest of the Holy Land. His goal was to strengthen the defence of Cyprus, and rebuild the Templar forces. However, European support for the Crusades had dwindled, and there was talk of merging the Templars with one of the other military orders, the Hospital. The Grand Masters of both orders opposed such a merger, but pressure increased from the Papacy.

De Molay held two general meetings of his order, at Montpellier in 1293 and at Arles in 1296, where he tried to make reforms. He also developed relationships with European leaders such as Pope Boniface VIII, Edward I of England, James I of Aragon and Charles II of Naples.

In the autumn of 1296 de Molay was back in Cyprus to defend his order against the interests of Henry II of Cyprus, which conflict had its roots back in the days of Guillaume de Beaujeu.

From 1299 to 1303 de Molay promoted cooperation with the Mongols against the Mamluks. The plan was to coordinate actions between the Christian military orders, the King of Cyprus, the aristocracy of Cyprus and Little Armenia and the Mongols of the khanate of Ilkhan (Persia).

In 1298 or 1299, Jacques de Molay halted a further Mamluk invasion with military force in Armenia. However, when the Mongol khan of Persia, Ghâzân, defeated the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in December 1299, the Christian forces were not ready to take full advantage of the situation.

In 1300, Jacques de Molay and other forces from Cyprus put together a fleet of 16 ships which committed raids along the Egyptian and Syrian coasts. The force was commanded by King Henry II of Jerusalem, the king of Cyprus, accompanied by his brother, Amalric, Lord of Tyre the heads of the military orders, and the ambassador of the Mongol leader Ghazan. The ships left Famagusta on July 20, 1300, to raid the coasts of Egypt and Syria: Rosette,[3] Alexandria, Acre, Tortosa, and Maraclea, before returning to Cyprus.[4] The raids along the way were directed by Admiral Baudoin de Picquigny, and when the raids took place at Alexandria, they were able to free Christian prisoners who had been captive since the Fall of Acre in 1291.[5]

The ships then returned to Cyprus, and prepared for an attack on Tortosa in late 1300. De Molay and other Cypriots sent a joint force to a staging area on the island of Ruad, from which raids were launched on Tortosa. The intent was to establish a bridgehead to await assistance from the Mongols, but the Mongols failed to appear in 1300. The same happened in 1301 and 1302. In September 1302 the Templars were driven out of Ruad by the attacking Mamluk forces from Egypt, and many were massacred when trapped on the island. Ruad was lost in the Siege of Ruad on September 26, 1302, and when Ghâzân died in 1304, Jacques de Molay's dream of a rapid reconquest of the Holy Land was destroyed.

Travel to France

In 1305, the newly elected pope Clement V asked the leaders of the military orders for their opinions concerning a new crusade and the merging of the orders. Jacques de Molay was asked by the Pope to write two memoranda, one on each of the issues, which he did during the summer of 1306. On 6 June, the leaders were officially asked to come to Poitiers, where the Pope had his seat, to discuss these matters. The meeting at Poitiers was delayed due to the Pope's illness, unbeknownst to de Molay, who had already left Cyprus around 15 October. De Molay arrived in France in late November or early December, but nothing is known of his activities during the first five months of 1307. In the second half of May he was in Poitiers attending the meeting with the Pope. The Grand Master came into conflict with Philippe IV because he rejected the idea of merging the two orders into one with Philippe as leader (Rex Bellator, or War King). This made more difficult the Pope's problem with the King, who wanted at all costs to condemn the memory of Boniface VIII. Also, it furthermore thwarted the attempts to get a new crusade on its way. These conflicts were weakening the Templar Order along with something that would turn out to be far more serious, something Jacques de Molay had discovered during his journey through France: scandalous and perverse rumours and whispers about the order had begun to surface. The king and his councillors, among them Guillaume de Nogaret, exploited this weakness.

Downfall

Jacques de Molay spoke with the king in Paris on June 24, 1307 about the accusations against his order and was partially reassured. Returning to Poitiers, he asked the pope to set up an inquiry to quickly clear the order of the rumours and accusations surrounding it. When the pope announced that an inquiry would be convened 24 August, the king acted decisively. On 14 September, in the deepest secrecy, he sent out his orders throughout all of France which resulted in mass arrests of Templars and confiscation of their possessions on Friday, October 13, 1307. Jacques de Molay was arrested in Paris, while he was planning to attend the funeral of Catherine of Valois.

Interrogation of Jacques de Molay. 19th century print.

During forced interrogation by royal agents on October 24, Jacques confessed that the Templar initiation ritual included "denying Christ and trampling on the Cross". He was also forced to write a letter asking every Templar to admit to these acts. Under pressure from Philip IV, Pope Clement V ordered the arrest of all the Templars throughout Christendom.

Jacques de Molay sentenced to the stake in 1314, from the Chronicle of France or of St Denis (fourteenth century)

The pope still wanted to hear Jacques de Molay's side of the story, and dispatched two cardinals to Paris in December 1307. In front of the cardinals, de Molay retracted his earlier confessions. A power struggle ensued between the king and the pope, which was settled in August 1308, when the king and the pope agreed to split the convictions. Through the Bull Fasciens misericordiam the procedure to prosecute the Templars was set out on a duality where the first commission would judge individuals of the order and the second commission would judge the order as an entity. In practice this meant that a council seated at Vienne was to decide the future of the Temple, while the Temple dignitaries, among them Jacques de Molay, were to be judged by the Pope. In the royal palace at Chinon, Jacques de Molay was again questioned by the cardinals, but this time with royal agents present. He returned to his admissions made in 1307. In November 1309, the Papal Commission for the Kingdom of France began its own hearings, during which de Molay again recanted, stating that he did not acknowledge the accusations brought against his order.

Marker from the site of his execution in Paris. (translation: At this location, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, was burnt at the stake on March 18, 1314), located by the stairs from the Pont-Neuf bridge, facing the trees at the tip of the island.

Any further opposition by the Templars was effectively broken when the archbishop of Sens, Philippe de Marigny, sentenced 54 Templars to be burnt at the stake on 10-12 May 1310. At the Council of Vienne on 22 March 1312, the order was abolished by papal decree. Almost two years later, on March 18 1314, three cardinals sent by the pope sentenced the Temple dignitaries Jacques de Molay, Hugues de Pairaud, Geoffroy de Charney and Geoffroy de Gonneville to life imprisonment. Realizing that all was lost, Jacques de Molay rose up and recanted. Along with Geoffroy de Charney, he proclaimed his order's innocence, before challenging the king and pope to appear before God before the year was out. Philip ordered both to be burned at the stake. On the eve of 18 March 1314, Jacques de Molay and Geoffroy de Charnay were taken to the Isle des Juifs, now incorporaed into the Île de la Cité, where they were executed.

In 2002, Dr. Barbara Frale found a copy of the Chinon Parchment in the Vatican Secret Archives, a document which explicitly confirms that Pope Clement V absolved Jacques de Molay and other leaders of the Order in 1308. She published her findings in the Journal of Medieval History in 2004.[6]

Legends

Conquest of Jerusalem

"The capture of Jerusalem by Jacques de Molay in 1299", by Claude Jacquand, Versailles, Musée National Chateau et Trianons. This depiction was commissioned in the 1800s, but is about an event in 1299 that did not actually occur. There was no battle, and De Molay was nowhere near Jerusalem at the time (Demurger, Last Templar) In reality, after the Christians lost control of Jerusalem in 1244, it was not under Christian control again until 1917, when the British took it from the Ottomans

In France in the 19th century, false stories circulated that De Molay had captured Jerusalem in 1300, and a painting was even commissioned for the Versailles, entitled "Jacques de Molay Takes Jerusalem, 1299." The exact origin of these rumors is not certain, although they may be related to the fact that a medieval historian, the Templar of Tyre, wrote about a Mongol general named "Mulay" who occupied Syria and Palestine for a few months in early 1300.

There are numerous ancient records of Mongol raids and occupations of Jerusalem (from either Western, Armenian or Arab sources), and the Mongols did achieve a victory in Syria which caused a Muslim retreat, and allowed the Mongols to launch raids into the Levant as far as Gaza for a period of a few months in early 1300. During this time, rumors flew through Europe that the Mongols had recaptured Jerusalem and were going to return the city to the Europeans. However, this may only be an urban legend, as the only activities that the Mongols had even engaged in were some minor raids through Palestine, which may or may not have even passed through Jerusalem, a city which at the time was considered a minor location of no strategic importance, as it was still in ruins from earlier battles.[7][8]

The Shroud of Turin

Two Masonic historians, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, have written a controversial book called The Second Messiah: Templars, the Turin Shroud, and the Great Secret of Freemasonry, which claims that the Turin Shroud is actually an image of Jacques de Molay, not of Jesus Christ as is common belief. They claim that when King Philip IV of France and Pope Clement V seized and dissolved the Order of the Knights Templar, that one of the French king's inquisitors, Guillame de Nogaret, tortured and crucified de Molay in a parody of the crucifixion of Jesus. He then put a cloth on de Molay's head, and de Molay's face was imprinted on the cloth. The authors claim that one of the reasons the Knights Templar were suppressed was because they knew a secret true history of Jesus which had been distorted by the Roman Catholic Church. According to Knight and Lomas, Jesus considered himself not God, but a Jewish revolutionary working to establish God's kingdom on Earth, and that the Templars' initiation ceremony involved a denial of Jesus as God.

Apart from Knight and Lomas' suggested scenario, there is a connection in the provenance of the Shroud of Turin and the Templars. Geoffroi de Charny's widow Jeanne de Vergy is the first reliably recorded owner of the Turin shroud; his uncle, Geoffrey de Charney, was Preceptor of Normandy for the Knights Templar. This uncle is the same Geoffrey de Charney who was initially sentenced to lifetime imprisonment with de Molay, and was burned with de Molay in 1314 after both proclaimed their innocence, recanting torture-induced confessions.

Curse

It is said that Jacques de Molay cursed Philippe le Bel and his descent from his execution pyre. And, indeed, the rapid succession of the last Direct Capetian kings of France between 1314 and 1328, the three sons of Philippe IV, led many to believe that the dynasty had been cursed – thus the name of "The Accursed Kings" (Les Rois Maudits). Also, de Molay apparently challenged the king and the pope to meet him before the judgment of God before the year was over, although this story is recorded in no contemporaneous accounts of de Molay's execution. Philip and Clement V in fact both died in 1314. The 300 year old House of Capet collapsed during the next 14 years. This series of events forms the basis of Les Rois Maudits (the Accursed Kings), a series of historical novels by Maurice Druon. King Louis XVI was a descendant of Philippe le Bel by his granddaughter Queen Joan II of Navarre.

Quoting Templar Historian Malcolm Barber:

A variation on this story was told by the contemporary chronicler Ferretto of Vicenza, who applied the idea to a Neopolitan Templar brought before Clement V, whom he denounced for his injustice. Some time later, as he was about to be executed, he appealed 'from this your heinous judgement to the living and true God, who is in Heaven', warning the pope that, within a year and a day, he and Philip IV would be obliged to answer for their crimes in God's presence. (Ferretto of Vicenza, 'Historia rerum in Italia gestarum ab anno 1250 as annum usque 1318', c. 1328).[9]

Notes

  1. ^ Demurger, pp. 1-4
  2. ^ Jacques de Molai, Catholic Encyclopedia
  3. ^ Demurger, p. 147
  4. ^ Schein, 1979, p. 811
  5. ^ Jean Richard, p.481
  6. ^ Frale, Barbara (2004). "The Chinon chart - Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay". Journal of Medieval History. 30 (2): 109–134. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Demurger, Last Templar
  8. ^ Schein, "Gesta Dei per Mongolos"
  9. ^ Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge University Press, 1993).

References and further reading

  • Alain Demurger, The Last Templar - The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay, Last Grand Master of the Temple (Translated into English by Antonia Nevill), Profile Books LTD, 2004, ISBN 1-86197-529-5 (First publication in France in 2002 as Jacques de Molay: le crépuscule des templiers by Éditions Payot & Rivages).

External links

Preceded by Grand Master of the Knights Templar
1292–1314 		Succeeded by
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