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Pakistan was also not contemplating giving Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks, access to the FBI for investigation.<ref name="HinduPakDenials" />
Pakistan was also not contemplating giving Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks, access to the FBI for investigation.<ref name="HinduPakDenials" />

===Military preparations===

On December 7, US Senator John McCain relayed a message from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to a group of Pakistanis at a lunch in Lahore that if Pakistan did not arrest those involved with the attacks, India would begin aerial attacks against Pakistan.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/07/stories/2008120757500100.htm</ref>

Pakistan claims that on December 13, Indian warplanes violated its airspace in two areas, Kashmir and near Lahore. They were intercepted by Pakistani fighters and turned back.<ref>http://www.daily.pk/pakistan/pakistannews/8607-airspace-violation-by-india.html</ref> Pakistan Information Minister Sherry Rehman said that ''Our air force is on alert and ready to face any eventuality.''<ref>http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLD30917820081213</ref> Ali Abbas Rizvi quoted a source as saying ''They [India] may have wanted to know whether the PAF was on five-minute alert or cockpit alert and thereby find out the reaction time.''<ref>http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=18961</ref> After the incursions, several PAF airbases went on alert.<ref>http://www.daily.pk/pakistan/pakistannews/8607-airspace-violation-by-india.html</ref>

On December 18, India put its Border Security Force on high alert.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=agKl44c4m8yg&refer=india</ref>

On December 19, the Indian air force conducted bombing drills near Jamnagar.<ref>http://deshgujarat.com/2008/12/20/massive-practice-by-indian-air-force-planes-in-jamnagar/</ref>

On December 20, US private intelligence agency Stratfor issued a report stating that ''Indian military operations against targets in Pakistan have in fact been prepared and await the signal to go forward.''<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=agKl44c4m8yg&refer=india</ref>

On December 22, Pakistan began combat air patrol (CAP) over several cities, including Islamabad, Lahore, and Rawalpindi, which began a panic among Pakistani civilians.<ref>http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/india-has-attacked-pakistan_100134007.html</ref><ref>http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080077459</ref> Many Pakistani civilians ''started making frantic phone calls to media house[s] to enquire about whether a war has been declared.''<ref>http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/panic-in-islamabad-lahore-over-low-flying-fighter_100134102.html</ref> Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said ''Pakistan defence forces and armed forces are ready to face any challenge as Pak has the full right to defend itself.'' Pakistani PM Yousuf Raza Gilani said ''Pakistan remains united and is ready to fight anyone to defend itself.''<ref>http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-12-22/493105news.html</ref> Pakistani Defense Minister Ahmad Mukhtar Chaudhry said ''If India tried to thrust war, then the armed forces of Pakistan have all the potential and right to defend [Pakistan].''<ref>http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14823581</ref> Indian began deploying troops and radars along its border with Pakistan in the Rajasthan sector and increased security in and around India air force airstrips.<ref>http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=85&id=23314&Itemid=1&sectionid=4</ref>

On December 23, Kamal Hyder, Al Jazeera's correspondent in Pakistan, wrote that the Pakistani ''the navy, air force and army were on red alert'' and that ''the chiefs of Pakistan's three armed forces were holding what had been described as an emergency meeting at general headquarters in Rawalpindi.'' He also wrote that ''The Pakistani air force have been seen visibly in a number of locations flying close to the Pakistani-India border in what is being described as an aggressive patrolling mode, following reports that India is planning pre-emptive strikes against locations in Pakistan.'' A Pakistani airforce spokesperson said ''In view of the current environment, the PAF has enhanced its vigilance.''<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/12/20081222102547699277.html</ref> Pakistani army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani said that Pakistan would mount an equal response ''within minutes'' to any Indian attack.<ref>http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/0D76D46E36B67EC565257528001D342E?OpenDocument</ref>


==Impact on the United States==
==Impact on the United States==

Revision as of 06:59, 23 December 2008

Office-workers at Ballard Estate reacting to rumors of shooting at Victoria Terminus, three minutes away from the Estate

The November 2008 Mumbai attacks had multiple, far-ranging effects. Besides the immediate impact on the victims and their families, the attacks caused widespread anger among the Indian public and condemnations throughout the world.

The immediate impact was felt on Mumbai and Maharashtra state, and throughout urban India. There were also after-effects on the Indian government, center-state relations within India, India-Pakistan relations, domestic impact within Pakistan, on the United States's relationships with both countries, the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan, and on the Global War on Terror.

Immediate impact

Impact on the attack sites

The Leopold Cafe opened its doors to customers just four days after the attacks. The owners want to repair the damaged parts of the cafe while retaining some of the damaged pieces as a tribute to those who lost their lives in the attacks.[1]

Security forces handed back control of the Taj Mahal Hotel to the Taj group on 1 December 2008 and work on its repairs begun the very same day.[2] Celebrated artist M.F. Hussain, whose art was destroyed in the attacks, has agreed to replace the paintings with a series that will condemn the attack. Hussain plans this series as a tribute to the staff of the hotel who laid down their lives to save other people.[3]

Control of the Trident has already been handed back to the management and the hotel will resume operations in 10 days while the Oberoi, still in control of security forces will take 3-4 months to resume operations.[4]

Nariman House will also reopen soon. but it is not known exactly when. Several young Chabad couples from all over the world have stepped forward to move to Mumbai and continue the movement's work.[5]

Impact on Mumbai

In the aftermath of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, all schools and colleges, and most offices were closed. The Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange remained closed on 27 November 2008.[6] Shooting of Bollywood films and TV series has also been halted in the city.[7] Many international airlines temporarily discontinued operations to Mumbai in the interest of passenger and crew safety.[8]

The two remaining one-day internationals of the seven match series between the visiting England cricket team and India were cancelled. The visiting team flew home, but will return to continue the test series.[9] However, the venue of the second India-England test match, scheduled on December 19-23, was shifted from Mumbai to Chennai.[10] The inaugural Twenty20 Champions League scheduled from 3 to 10 December, Mumbai being one of the host cities, was postponed.[11] The attacks have brought into significance the issue of 379 Indian boats and 336 fishermen apprehended by the Pakistan marine agency for entering their waters. Nearly 200 of the boats have reportedly been auctioned, now recognized as a national security issue for India. On 28 November, Pakistan released 99 fishermen who were apprehended, as part of confidence building measures with India.[12] There were threats to blow up ITC Fortune Hotel in Navi Mumbai after Mumbai police received a bomb threat from terrorists.[13] Rumours about further shootings at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus were doing the rounds in Mumbai on 28 November and were widely reported by the news channels. The Railway Police denied these rumours but stopped trains approaching CST.[14]

Maharashtra state government

After seeing the disparity between the quality of helmets and bulletproof vests used by NSG commandos and the police, the Police Commissioner of Pune, Satyapal Singh, said his police officers need the same quality equipment as used by the NSG to reduce deaths and improve performance.[15]

Maharashtra government has planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It will also created a Anti-Terror force known as the Force One and it will upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai Police currently have.

The CST railway station was upgraded with metal detectors, but reports say that these are ineffective because the attendants cannot hear their beeps in the crowd. Civilians have tested these using their own licensed weapons.[16]

Maharashtra's new Home Minister Jayant Patil was forced to defend the performance of the police in the legislative assembly, against demands from the opposition parties for resignations from the police chief and other officials.[17]

After-effects

Government of India

A Cabinet Committee on Security meeting was held on Tuesday 2nd December to discuss expanding the National Security Guards (NSG) to cities outside Delhi.[18] The aim is to have permanent presence of NSG anti-terrorist squads in cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata, to avoid wasting precious time traveling from Delhi.

All NSG commandos will now undergo a new module of training to learn how to deal with future anti-siege operations[19] because the Taj terrorists were in a gun battle for 59 hours continuously.[20]

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on an all party conference declared that legal framework will be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon to co-ordinate actions against terrorism.[21] On December 17th, the Lok Sabha approved two new anti-terror bills, which are expected to pass the upper house (Rajya Sabha) on the 19th. One sets up a National Investigation Agency, similar to the FBI, with sweeping powers of investigation. The second strengthens existing anti-terror laws to allow suspects to be detained without bail for up to six months on the orders of a judge.[22]

Center-State relations

The National Investigation Agency Bill, 2008, sets up a central agency for investigating terrorism related crimes. However, law and order is a state subject in the Constitution of India, which had made such a law difficult to pass in the past.

Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram assured parliament that the National Investigation Agency (NIA) did not usurp the States’ right in any manner. The central government would make use of its power only under "extraordinary" circumstances and depending on the gravity of the situation, he said. "The agency will also have the powers to return the investigations to the State, if it so thinks. We have struck a balance between the right of the States and duties of the Centre to investigate."[23]

India-Pakistan relations

See also: India-Pakistan relations

The attacks have damaged India's already strained relationship with Pakistan. India handed over two demarches to Pakistan—one was submitted at the Foreign Office in Islamabad by Indian High Commissioner Satyabrata Pal. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs also summoned Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik on 1 December 2008 to lodge a formal protest over Pakistan's failure to curb terrorism emanating from its soil.[24] According to the Indian External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, India in the demarches to Pakistan, asked for the arrest and handover of those 20 persons including gangster, Dawood Ibrahim, the founder of Jaish-e-Mohammad, terrorist leader Maulana Masood Azhar and Lashkar-e-Taiba chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed who are settled in Pakistan and who are fugitives of Indian law. The external affairs minister has also stated that India will await Pakistan’s response.[25] He has not ruled out the option of military strikes against terrorist camps in Pakistan.[26][27]

On November 28, a hoax caller pretending to be the Indian Foreign Minister threatened Pakistan President Zardari with war, leading to the Pakistan military being put in high alert. Military aircraft with live ammunition were scrambled to patrol above Islamabad and Rawalpindi.[28].

Requests for Pakistan's cooperation

At the request of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the head of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Ahmad Shuja Pasha, was reported to be coming to India to share intelligence and help the investigation,[29] but later on it was decided by Pakistani authorities that instead of Director General of the ISI, his representative will visit India to help Indian government in the investigations.[30]

India handed over two demarches to Pakistan—one was submitted at the Foreign Office in Islamabad by Indian High Commissioner Satyabrata Pal. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs also summoned Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik on 1 December 2008 to lodge a formal protest against Pakistan's inaction against terrorist groups operating within the country.[31]

The Indian foreign ministry released a statement describing the actions it expects Islamabad to take. "It was conveyed to the Pakistan high commissioner that Pakistan's actions needed to match the sentiments expressed by its leadership that it wishes to have a qualitatively new relationship with India," the statement said. "He was informed that the recent terrorist attack on Mumbai was carried out by elements from Pakistan. Government expects that strong action would be taken against those elements, whosoever they may be, responsible for this outrage," it said.[32]

The CNN-IBN reported that India has asked Pakistan to hand over Mumbai Underworld Don Dawood Ibrahim, Lashkar-e-Toiba chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Jaish-e-Mohammed leader Maulana Masood Azhar for their suspected involvement in the Mumbai terror attack.

Dawood, India’s most wanted criminal, is suspected to have helped the LeT terrorists who attacked Mumbai on November 26. Azhar, founder of the terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammad, is on India's most wanted list of people it accuses of terrorism. India freed Azhar from prison in exchange for passengers on a hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999.[33]

Times of India, quoting Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee reported: “Now, we have in our demarche asked (for) the arrest and handover of those persons who are settled in Pakistan and who are fugitives of Indian law"

"...there are lists of about 20 persons. (These) lists are sometimes altered and this exercise is going on and we have renewed it in our demarche," Mukherjee said adding India "will await" Pakistan's response in Indian-Arab forum.[25]

In an interview with NDTV Pranab Mukherjee has not ruled out the option of military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan. Mukherjee said that every country has the right to protect its territorial integrity and take appropriate action when necessary. He also said that it has become difficult to continue the peace process with Pakistan in this.[34]

Denials from Pakistan

Pakistan claimed[35] that it had not received any letter from Mohammad Ajmal Amir, the lone terrorist arrested for the Mumbai attacks, seeking legal aid. It also repeated its denial on his Pakistani nationality, saying it needed "incontrovertible" evidence.[35]

The Mumbai police had said that the captured terrorist Ajmal Amir had written a letter to the Pakistan High Commission in India asking for help, and that the letter had been given to India's central government. But the Pakistan High Commissioner to India Shahid Malik told Karan Thapar in the "India Tonight" program of CNBC TV-18 that no such letter had been received.[35]

According to Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, Ajmal's father in Pakistan had admitted that the man seen in photographs at the CST train station was indeed his son. But the High Commissioner said they needed "something which is incontrovertible which cannot be challenged in a court of law".[35]

Pakistan was also not contemplating giving Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks, access to the FBI for investigation.[35]

Military preparations

On December 7, US Senator John McCain relayed a message from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to a group of Pakistanis at a lunch in Lahore that if Pakistan did not arrest those involved with the attacks, India would begin aerial attacks against Pakistan.[36]

Pakistan claims that on December 13, Indian warplanes violated its airspace in two areas, Kashmir and near Lahore. They were intercepted by Pakistani fighters and turned back.[37] Pakistan Information Minister Sherry Rehman said that Our air force is on alert and ready to face any eventuality.[38] Ali Abbas Rizvi quoted a source as saying They [India] may have wanted to know whether the PAF was on five-minute alert or cockpit alert and thereby find out the reaction time.[39] After the incursions, several PAF airbases went on alert.[40]

On December 18, India put its Border Security Force on high alert.[41]

On December 19, the Indian air force conducted bombing drills near Jamnagar.[42]

On December 20, US private intelligence agency Stratfor issued a report stating that Indian military operations against targets in Pakistan have in fact been prepared and await the signal to go forward.[43]

On December 22, Pakistan began combat air patrol (CAP) over several cities, including Islamabad, Lahore, and Rawalpindi, which began a panic among Pakistani civilians.[44][45] Many Pakistani civilians started making frantic phone calls to media house[s] to enquire about whether a war has been declared.[46] Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said Pakistan defence forces and armed forces are ready to face any challenge as Pak has the full right to defend itself. Pakistani PM Yousuf Raza Gilani said Pakistan remains united and is ready to fight anyone to defend itself.[47] Pakistani Defense Minister Ahmad Mukhtar Chaudhry said If India tried to thrust war, then the armed forces of Pakistan have all the potential and right to defend [Pakistan].[48] Indian began deploying troops and radars along its border with Pakistan in the Rajasthan sector and increased security in and around India air force airstrips.[49]

On December 23, Kamal Hyder, Al Jazeera's correspondent in Pakistan, wrote that the Pakistani the navy, air force and army were on red alert and that the chiefs of Pakistan's three armed forces were holding what had been described as an emergency meeting at general headquarters in Rawalpindi. He also wrote that The Pakistani air force have been seen visibly in a number of locations flying close to the Pakistani-India border in what is being described as an aggressive patrolling mode, following reports that India is planning pre-emptive strikes against locations in Pakistan. A Pakistani airforce spokesperson said In view of the current environment, the PAF has enhanced its vigilance.[50] Pakistani army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani said that Pakistan would mount an equal response within minutes to any Indian attack.[51]

Impact on the United States

US officials fear that should the firm evidence emerge that the Mumbai terror attacks were planned and directed from within Pakistan, it would certainly escalate tension between the neighbouring countries and could also provoke an Indian military response, even strikes against terrorists, a media report said on Saturday.[52] U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on Monday urged Pakistan to give its "absolute, total" cooperation in finding those responsible for last week's attacks on Mumbai.[53] Rice travelled to India on 4 Dec 2008 at the request of President George W. Bush in the wake of the Mumbai attacks. She said that there is need for "direct and tough action" by Islamabad, even if the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks were "non-state actors".[54] "Secretary Rice's visit to India is a further demonstration of the United States' commitment to stand in solidarity with the people of India as we all work together to hold these extremists accountable," White House spokeswoman Dana Perino said in a statement.[55]

After visiting India, Condoleezza Rice travelled to Pakistan on 4 Dec 2008 to talk with the Pakistani government. She is quoted as saying, "We talked at length about the importance of Pakistan taking its responsibility to deal with those who may use Pakistan territory even if they are non-state actors."[56]

However, some of the most wanted names on the list continue to operate openly in Pakistan. As of Dec 07, no action has been taken against them by the government of Pakistan[57].


Pakistan Denial and Hidden Conspiracies

Pakistan government has denied any involvement in these attacks and has claimed that no evidence is provided by Indian government in this regards, but they banned LET and Jamat-ut-Dawa (two organisations which are declared terrorist organisations by UNO). As seeing the whole attacks there were some things which cannot be ignored such as killing of Hemant Karkare, the head of Mumbai's anti-terrorism squad. Karkare was shot three times by gunmen outside the Cama Hospital, one of nine sites the attackers targeted Wednesday night. He was one of at least 17 police officers who died in the attacks. Karkare was leading the investigations against on duty indian army officers and intelligence personals which exposed the terrorist links with Indian Army and R&A. Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Shrikant Purohit was arrested by ATS and some big names were suspected.Karkare was shot just when the attacks started, this makes a big question mark on the attacks and their motive.

In a picture, the lone terrorist survivor, Ajmal Amir wears a red band, which is mostly wore by Hindus, also, all the terrorists were well disguised and wore branded T-shirts and jeans to look normal in the Indian crowd. This might have been done by Lashkar - E - Toiba to disguise these men and hide their Pakistani identities, but, conspiracies still loom on these issues.


References==

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  15. ^ Need NSG-like equipment: cops
  16. ^ How India officials fumbled, McClatchy Newspapers, Padma Rao Sundarji, 03-Dec-2008
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  57. ^ Mumbai suspect lives freely in Pakistan, Kim Barker, Chicago Tribune, 07-Dec-2008
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