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==Areas of specialty==
==Areas of specialty==
===Medical imaging===

[[File:Structural.gif|thumb|right|Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly.]]
* [[Diagnostic radiology]], including [[x-ray]]s, [[fluoroscopy]], [[mammography]], [[Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry]], [[angiography]] and [[Computed tomography]]
* [[Ultrasound]], including [[intravascular ultrasound]]
* [[Non-ionising radiation]] ([[Lasers]], [[Ultraviolet]] etc.)
* [[Nuclear medicine]], including [[SPECT]] and [[positron emission tomography]] (PET)
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), including [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI) and other methods for [[functional neuroimaging]] of the [[neuroimaging|brain]].
**For example, [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (often referred to as [[magnetic resonance imaging]] to avoid the common concerns about [[radiation]]), uses the phenomenon of nuclear [[resonance]] to image the human body.
* [[Magnetoencephalography]]
* [[Electrical impedance tomography]]
* [[Diffuse optical imaging]]
* [[Optical coherence tomography]]


===Treatment of disease===
===Treatment of disease===
Line 24: Line 35:
* [[Terahertz radiation]]
* [[Terahertz radiation]]


===Physiological measurement techniques===

[[File:ECG principle slow.gif|thumb|right|[[Electrocardiogram|ECG]] trace]]
Used to monitor and measure various physiological parameters. Many physiological measurement techniques are [[non-invasive]] and can be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, other [[Invasive (medical)|invasive]] methods.
* [[Electrocardiography]]
* [[Electromyography]]
* [[Electroencephalography]]
* [[Electronystagmography]]
* [[Endoscopy]]
* [[Medical ultrasonography]]
* [[Non-ionising radiation]] ([[Lasers]], [[Ultraviolet]] etc.)
* [[Near infrared spectroscopy]]
* [[Pulse oximetry]]
* [[Blood gas monitor]]
* [[Blood pressure]] measurement


===Radiation protection===
===Radiation protection===
Line 33: Line 57:
* [[Radiological Protection of Patients]]
* [[Radiological Protection of Patients]]


===Medical computing and mathematics===

[[File:Tomographic_fig1.png|thumb|CT image reconstruction]]
* [[Medical informatics]]
* [[Telemedicine]]
* [[Picture archiving and communication systems]] (PACS)
* [[DICOM]]
* [[Tomographic reconstruction]], an [[ill-posed problem|ill-posed]] [[inverse problem]]
* Advanced Digital Imaging Solutions Laboratory[ADISL]<ref>[http://home.iitk.ac.in/~rksr Prof. R.K.S. Rathore<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Education and training==
==Education and training==

Revision as of 17:48, 18 February 2009

File:Gamma knife.jpg
Gamma Knife technology used in radiotherapy.

Medical physics is the application of physics to medicine. It generally concerns physics as applied to medical imaging and radiotherapy, although a medical physicist may also work in many other areas of healthcare. A medical physics department may be based in either a hospital or a university and its work is likely to include research, technical development, and clinical healthcare.

Of the large body of medical physicists in academia and clinics, roughly 85% practice or specialize in various forms of therapy, 10% in diagnostic imaging, and 5% in nuclear medicine.[1] Areas of specialty in medical physics however are widely varied in scope and breadth.

Areas of specialty

Medical imaging

Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly.

Treatment of disease

Physiological measurement techniques

ECG trace

Used to monitor and measure various physiological parameters. Many physiological measurement techniques are non-invasive and can be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, other invasive methods.

Radiation protection

Medical computing and mathematics

CT image reconstruction

Education and training

The primary clinical responsibility of the Qualified Medical Physicist is to "assure the safe and effective delivery of radiation to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic result as prescribed in patient care (Medical Physics Scope of Practice)".[3] Various training programs exist to accommodate the demand for specialization in this field.

In North America

In North America, medical physics training is offered at a master's, doctorate, post-doctorate and/or residency levels. Several large and established universities offer these degrees in Canada and the United States. Some programs such as the University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Radiology offer dual medical residency and Ph.D. degrees in medical physics.[4] As of 2008, twelve universities in the United States, and five universities in Canada have graduate programs in Medical Physics that are accredited by The Commission on Accreditation of Medical Physics Education Programs (CAMPEP). Pursuant to a strong recommendation from the American Association of Physicists in Medicine[5], the American Board of Radiology has specified that graduation from a CAMPEP-accredited training program be considered a requirement to sit for the ABR certification exams beginning in 2012.[6][7][8] To ease the transition, which will be difficult owing to the relative shortage of accredited residency programs, the ABR will accept graduation from either a CAMPEP-accredited degree program or a CAMPEP-accredited residency program for those entering the certification process in 2012 or 2013. Graduation from a CAMPEP-accredited residency will be required beginning in 2014. As of 2008, the number of medical physics graduate programs that are not accredited significantly outnumber the CAMPEP accredited programs in North America [9][10]. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine has proposed mechanisms for quickly establishing the additional training slots.[11]

In the United States, the Consumer Assurance of Radiologic Excellence Act (H.R. 1426) also called the CARE Bill (under consideration by the U.S. congress in 2007) mandates that states which receive federal Medicaid funds must establish minimum qualifications for individuals to practice medical physics. ABR certification will likely play an increasingly important role in establishing qualification to practice.

In the United Kingdom

The person concerned must first gain a first or upper second-class honours degree in a physical or engineering science subject before they can start the Grade A medical physics training within the NHS.

Trainees can complete Grade A training in fifteen months provided they hold an MSc from an IPEM accredited center in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland (National University of Ireland, Galway). For these candidates, the grade A training consists of pure clinical experience. Trainees applying for grade A trainee holding only a degree in a physical or engineering science subject must undertake a combined study and clinical training programme. This programme consists of two years of clinical placement, during which the trainee will study for an MSc in Medical Physics which is approved by the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM). The MSc will be either at Swansea, Sheffield, Surrey, Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, Aberdeen, King's or Queen Mary's. Open University also offers a Master of Science in Medical Physics, but the prospective student should first check that this degree will satisfy the accreditation requirements or that is is accepted before embarking on it. Successful completion of the Grade A training programme leads to an IPEM Diploma. The trainee can then apply for a Grade B position, which will consists of the IPEM's Programme of Advanced Training (PAT) which takes a further two years and leads to Corporate Membership of the IPEM. At this stage the physicist is eligible for Senior Grade B positions.

Legislative and advisory bodies

See also

References

  1. ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.21
  2. ^ Prof. R.K.S. Rathore
  3. ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.4
  4. ^ HSC NEWS - The University of Texas Health Science Center - The Office of External Affairs
  5. ^ AAPM Policy on Graduation from an Accredited Clinical Residency Programs
  6. ^ Hendee, W.R., Accreditation, Certification and Maintenance of Certification in Medical Physics: The Need for Convergence. NCCAAPM meeting, Nov 19,, 2004.
  7. ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.6
  8. ^ AAPM presentation report p.8
  9. ^ Graduate Programs in Medical Physics, AAPM
  10. ^ CAMPEP Accredited Graduate Programs in Medical Physics
  11. ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.24
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