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|death_place = [[Pakaraka]], [[Bay of Islands]], [[New Zealand]]
|death_place = [[Pakaraka]], [[Bay of Islands]], [[New Zealand]]
|other_names = ''Te Wiremu Karuwha''
|other_names = ''Te Wiremu Karuwha''
|spouse = Marianne (Née Coldham)
|spouse = Marianne (née Coldham)
|known_for =
|known_for =
|occupation = Missionary
|occupation = Missionary

Revision as of 20:16, 25 February 2009

For other uses, see Henry Williams.
Henry Williams
Born(1792-02-11)February 11, 1792
Nottingham, England
DiedError: Death date (first date) must be later in time than the birth date (second date)
Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand
NationalityBritish
Other namesTe Wiremu Karuwha
OccupationMissionary
SpouseMarianne (née Coldham)

Henry Williams (Nottingham, England 11 February 1792 – Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand 16 July 1867) was one of the first missionaries who went to Aotearoa, New Zealand in the first half of the 19th century. He was named “the sea-warrior” [1]. He entered the navy at the age of fourteen and served in the Napoleonic Wars. He went to New Zealand in 1823 as a missionary. His Māori name was Te Wiremu Karuwha (Williams Four-eyes. Henry wore spectacles). His younger brother William Williams was also a missionary in New Zealand. William was “the scholar-surgeon”[1]. Although Henry Williams was not the first missionary in New Zealand – Thomas Kendall, John Gare Butler, John King and William Hall having come before him – he was “the first to make the mission a success, partly because the others had opened up the way, but largely because he was the only man brave enough, stubborn enough, and strong enough to keep going, no matter what the dangers, and no matter what enemies he made”[2].

Henry Williams translated the Treaty of Waitangi into the Māori language, with some help from his son Edward (1840).

In 1844 he was installed as Archdeacon of Waimate[3].

Parents, brothers and sisters

Henry was the son of Thomas Williams (Gosport, England, 27 May 1753 – 6 January 1804) and Mary Marsh (10 April 1756 – 7 November 1831). They married 17 April 1783[4].

Thomas Williams was a supplier of uniforms to the Royal Navy, in Gosport. In 1796 Thomas and Mary and their six children moved to Nottingham, then the thriving centre of the East Midlands industrial revolution[5]. Thomas invested in a lace-making machine. The family prospered. In 1802-03 Thomas was one of the city's two chamberlains and in 1803-04 he was one of the two sheriffs. In 1804 he died of typhus at the age of 50, leaving Mary with five sons and three daughters to look after[6].

Thomas and Mary Williams had 9 children, who were all born in Gosport (except Henry and William)[7]:

  • Mary (2 March 1784 – Gosport, England, 19 April 1786)
  • Thomas Sydney (11 February 1786 – Altona, Germany, 12 February 1869)
  • Lydia (17 January 1788 – 13 December 1859), who married on 7 July 1813 to Edward Garrard Marsh (8 February 1783 – 20 September 1862)[4]
  • John (22 March 1789 – New Zealand, 9 March 1855)
  • Henry
  • Joseph William (27 October 1793 – Gosport, England, August 1799)
  • Mary Rebecca (3 June 1795 – Bethlehem, Palestine 17 December 1858)
  • Catherine (28 July 1797 – Southwell, England, 11 July 1881)
  • William (Nottingham, England, 18 July 1800 – Napier, New Zealand, 9 February 1878)

Thomas Williams died when Henry was 11 years old. William was only three years old then.

1806 – 1815: Navy years

In 1806, when he was 14, Henry entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman. He served on different ships and under different commanders. In 1807 he took part in the action at Copenhagen when the Danish fleet was seized. In the "Galatea," he took part in the engagement off Tamateve, 1811, between three English frigates, under the command of Captain Schomberg, and three French vessels of superior force. He was wounded, from the effects of which he never entirely recovered. For this service a war medal was given.

Among other subsequent engagements he fought on board the Endymion in her action against the American warship President. When the latter was forced to surrender, Williams was a member of the small prize crew which sailed the badly damaged vessel to port, after riding out a storm and quelling a mutiny of the American prisoners[8].

When peace came, in 1815, he retired on half pay[9].At the age of 23 he had been "in the North Sea and the Baltic, around the French and Spanish coasts, southwards to the Cape, up to the eastern shores of Madagascar, across the Indian Ocean to Mauritius, and northward to the coast of India. After service at Madras and Calcutta, it was on into the cold American winter and that epic last naval engagement in which he took part, on the Endymion."[10].

Marriage and children

Henry married on 20 January 1818 to Marianne Coldham (Yorkshire, England, 12 December 1793 – Pakaraka, New Zealand, 16 December 1879). They had eleven children[11]:

  • Edward Marsh (2 November 1818 – 11 October 1909)
  • Marianne (28 April 1820 – 25 November 1919)
  • Samuel (17 January 1822 – 14 March 1907)
  • Henry (10 November 1823 – 6 December 1907)
  • Thomas Coldham (18 July 1825 – 19 May 1912)
  • John William (6 April 1827 – 27 April 1904)
  • Sarah (26 February 1829 – 5 April 1866)
  • Catherine (Kate) (24 February 1831 – 8 January 1902)
  • Caroline Elizabeth (13 November 1832 – 20 January 1916)
  • Lydia Jane (2 December 1834 – 28 November 1891)
  • Joseph Marsden (5 March 1837 – 30 March 1892)

Samuel married Mary Williams (daughter of William and Jane Williams). Henry married Jane Elizabeth Williams (also a daughter of William and Jane).

Missionary

Edward Garrard Marsh, being the husband of his sister Lydia, would play an important role in Henry's life. Marsh was a member of the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Henry received a copy of "The Missionary Register" from him about the work of missionaries in distant lands. Henry took a special interest in New Zealand and its native Māori people. It was not until 1819, that Henry offered his services as a missionary to the CMS. He was initially accepted as a lay settler, but was ordained later[12].

He studied surgery and medicine, and learned about boat-building. He studied for Holy Orders for two years[10] and was ordained Deacon of the (Anglican) Church of England, on 2 June 1822, by the Bishop of London; and Priest, 16 June 1822, by the Bishop of Lincoln[13].

On 17 September Henry and Marianne and three children sailed for Sydney, Australia on the Lord Sidmouth, a convict ship. In February 1823, at Hobarton, Henry met Samuel Marsden for the first time. At Sydney he met Marsden again. In July 1823 they set sail for New Zealand, accompanying Marsden on his (fourth) visit to New Zealand on board the Brampton[14].

Paihia

In 1823 he arrived in the Bay of Islands and settled at Paihia. Paihia was close to Kororareka (nowadays Russell), then named "the hell-hole of the South Pacific", a settlement with a very bad reputation, visited by many whalers in that part of the Pacific.

The missionary team, placed there by the Rev. Samuel Marsden, had quite diverse members:

  • John King, placed there in 1814. Shoemaker by trade, employed as a catechist, teaching the Māori at nearby Rangihoua.
  • James Shepherd, placed at Rangihoua 1820. A skilled gardener, who taught the Maoris how to plant vegetables, fruit and trees. He was generally employed itinerating among the different tribes, instructing them in the Christian religion, as he understood the Maori language better than any of the other missionaries at that time.
  • James Kemp, arrived August 12, 1819. Blacksmith, taught the natives at Kerikeri.
  • George Clarke, arrived April 1824. Another blacksmith at Kerikeri.
  • William Puckley, carpenter, who had come in 1819.
  • William Fairburn also a carpenter.
  • Charles David also a carpenter.
  • Richard Davis, a farmer, landed in May 1824. Taught the natives at Kawakawa.
  • James Hamlin, who arrived in 1826 with William and Jane, was a flax dresser and weaver.
  • William Spikeman was a herdsman[15].
Watercolour painting by Henry Williams of the CMS mission house at Paihia

Henry soon became the leader of the missionary team. He had a different approach to the missionary work than Marsden. Marsden's policy had been to teach useful skills as a preparation for evangelism. This approach had little success. Also, in order to obtain essential food, they had yielded to the pressure to trade in muskets, the item of barter in which Māori showed the greatest interest. Henry concentrated on the salvation of souls[12]. Williams stopped the trade in muskets. The result was that the mission could not trade for food, and that the Māori became resentful of those who denied the muskets. But soon the mission began to grow sufficient food for itself. The Māori came to see that the ban on muskets was the only way to bring an end to the tribal wars[2], but that took some time. At first there were several conflicts and confrontations with the natives. One of the most severe was the confrontation with Tohitapu in February 1824 [16].

In 1826 the 55 ton schooner Herald was constructed on the beach at Paihia [12]. This ship enabled Henry the better to provision the mission stations and to more easily visit the more remote areas of New Zealand. (She was wrecked in 1828 near the Hokianga Heads)[17]. One of the first trips of the Herald brought Henry to Port Jackson, Australia. Here he joined his younger brother William and his wife Jane. William, who had studied as a surgeon, had decided to become a missionary in New Zealand like his brother. They sailed to Paihia on board the Sir George Osborne, the same ship that brought William, and his wife Jane, from England[18]. William had a talent for learning the Māori language, and soon started translating the Bible into Māori.

Henry Williams had a forceful personality, that contributed to his growing mana among the Maori. “Although his capacity to comprehend the indigenous culture was severely constrained by his evangelical Christianity, his obduracy was in some ways an advantage in dealings with the Maori. From the time of his arrival he refused to be intimidated by the threats and boisterous actions of utu and muru plundering parties”[19].

In 1827 there were new battles between Māori tribes. Hongi Hika, a Ngā Puhi chief, was largely involved. He was hurt and died many months later. Henry was active in promoting a peaceful solution in what threatened to be a bloody war. Apart from that, on the morning of 5 January a brig had arrived, the Wellington, a convict ship, from Sydney, bound for Norfolk Island. The convicts had risen, making prisoners of the captain, crew, guard and passengers. Henry convinced the captains of two whalers in the harbour to retake the Wellington. Forty convicts escaped[20].

In 1827 six chapters of first Maori Bible were issued [21].

In 1830 there was a battle, in Kororareka, sometimes called the Girls War[22] which led to the death of the Ngā Puhi leader Hengi. Henry tried to bring peace. Tohitapu then cooperated. When the highly respected Rev. Samuel Marsden arrived, it looked like peace. But Hengi's sons Mango and Kahaka were not satisfied with the situation. In March 1831 and March 1832 new raids took place. Henry tried to bring peace again, but the majority of Ngā Puhi maintained the offensive. When Henry sailed back to Paihia he was caught in a raging sea. Henry took command out of the hands of the captain and saved the ship[23].

On 7 February 1830 Rawiri Taiwhanga (1818 - 1874), a Ngā Puhi leader, was baptised[24]. He was the first high-ranking Maori to be converted to Christianity [25]. This gave the missionary work of the CMS a great impetus, as it influenced many others to do the same.

In 1833 Henry was involved in negotiations to free a number of slaves, taken by Ngā Puhi, most of them Ngāti Porou, from the East Coast.

“From 1830 to 1840 Henry Williams ruled the mission with a kind but firm hand.(...) And when the first settlers of the New Zealand Company landed at Wellington in 1839, Williams did his best to repel them, because he felt they would overrun the country, taking the land and teaching the Māori godless customs”[2].

Expansion over the North Island

Williams played a leading role in the southward extension of the missionary activities. “He made several trips to other parts of the North Island to explore the possibilities for expansion, and directed the establishment of new missions. He sent missionaries to begin work at several places in the Waikato during the 1830s, his brother William moved to Turanga, in Poverty Bay, at the end of the decade, and stations were founded as far south as Otaki”[19].

Treaty of Waitangi

Henry Williams played an important role in the coming about of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840). Together with his son he translated the English draft of the Treaty into Māori.

In his translation he used a dialect known as "Missionary Māori", which was not traditional Māori, but had been made up by the missionaries. The Māori were thus confused by some of the wording. An example of this in the Treaty is kawanatanga, a cognate word which Williams is believed to have transplanted from English. It appeared in the Māori language for the first time in the Treaty and hence, some argue, was an inappropriate choice.

Henry Williams was also involved in explaining the Treaty to Māori leaders, firstly at the meetings with William Hobson at Waitangi, but later also when he travelled to many places to persuade Māori (leaders) to sign the Treaty.

His involvement in these debates brought him “into the increasingly uncomfortable role of mediating between two races”[19].

Dismissed from service; rehabilitation

In 1844 the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand, George Augustus Selwyn, made Williams Archdeacon of Waimate.

1845 brings George Grey to New Zealand as Governor. He faced serious revolts in the North. During the 1830s Henry Williams had purchased extensive areas of land, to provide some security for his growing family. Grey now accused him of being a “land-jobber” and (falsely) stated that the cause of much difficulties in the North were the landholdings of CMS missionaries. Bishop Selwyn took the side of Grey, and in 1849 the CMS decided to dismiss Henry from service[26].

Henry moved to Pakaraka. Here his children were farming the land that was the source of his troubles. He continued to minister and preach. In 1854 he was reinstated to the CMS[19].

  • Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka
    Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka
  • Interior of the Holy Trinity
    Interior of the Holy Trinity
  • A plaque in the church
    A plaque in the church

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Gillies 1998, p. XI
  2. ^ a b c Mitcalfe 1963, p. 34
  3. ^ Evans 1992, p. 21
  4. ^ a b Evans 1992, p. 15
  5. ^ Gillies 1998, p....; Evans 1992 (p. 15) says: Thomas moved to Nottingham in 1794
  6. ^ Gillies 1998, p. 18; Evans 1992 (p. 15) says he was made a Burgess in 1796
  7. ^ genealogy of Thomas Williams. But see discussion page for questions on this
  8. ^ Carleton 1874, p. 13,14
  9. ^ Henry Williams in Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
  10. ^ a b Gillies 1998, p. 8
  11. ^ Evans 1992, p. 19
  12. ^ a b c Henry Williams at the website of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa
  13. ^ Carleton 1874, p. 18
  14. ^ Carleton 1874, p. 91-23
  15. ^ Gillies 1998 , p. 27/8
  16. ^ see: this source and Gillies 1998, p. 9f
  17. ^ Evans 1992, p. 21. The schooner is depicted on the 5 cent New Zealand stamp of 1975
  18. ^ Gillies 1995, p. 24
  19. ^ a b c d Fisher 2007
  20. ^ Gillies 1995, p. 29-34
  21. ^ Gillies 1995, p. 48
  22. ^ Smith, S. Percy – Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century. Christchurch 1910. online at NZETC
  23. ^ Gillies 1995, p. 35 – 44 and see also Williams 1867, p. 109 - 111
  24. ^ Orange, Claudia & Ormond Wilson. 'Taiwhanga, Rawiri fl. 1818 – 1874'. in: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 22 June 2007
  25. ^ Missionary Impact > 'A high profile conversion' by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
  26. ^ Mitcalfe 1963, p. 35

Literature and sources

  • Carleton, Hugh – The life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate. Auckland 1874. online available here from ENZB.
  • Evans, Rex D. (compiler) – Faith and farming Te huarahi ki te ora; The Legacy of Henry Williams and William Williams. Published by Evagean Publishing, 266 Shaw Road, Titirangi, Auckland NZ, 1992. ISBN 0908951167 (soft cover). ISBN 0908951175 (hard cover). ISBN 0908951183 (leather bound)
  • Gillies, Iain and John – East Coast Pioneers. A Williams Family Portrait; A Legacy of Land, Love and Partnership. Published by The Gisborne Herald Co. Ltd, Gladstone Road, Gisborne NZ 1998. ISBN 0473051184
  • Mitcalfe, Barry – Nine New Zealanders. Christchurch 1963. The chapter “Angry peacemaker: Henry Williams – A missionary's courage wins Maori converts (p. 32 - 36)
  • Fisher, Robin – Williams, Henry 1792 - 1867 in Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography (DNZB), updated 22 June 2007
  • Williams, William - Christianity among the New Zealanders. London 1867. Online available here from ENZB.
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