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In 19th century scholarship, it was argued that the Macedonians possibly had an [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] or [[Thracians|Thracian]] rather than a Greek origin. Professor [[William Mitchell Ramsay]] considered the Macedonians as a tribe of [[Thrace]], the land north-east of Greece, akin to the [[Thracians]]. [[George Rawlinson]], stated that the Macedonians were a mixed race, not [[Paionia]]ns, Illyrians or Thracians, but of the three, closest with the Illyrians. Various "mixed" scenarios (e.g. Greco-Illyrian) have also been proposed.<ref>Dunstan, William E. ''Ancient Greece''. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 2000, ISBN 0155073834.</ref><ref>Green, Peter. ''Alexander of Macedon 356-323 BC: A Historical Biography''. University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0520071662.</ref>
In 19th century scholarship, it was argued that the Macedonians possibly had an [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] or [[Thracians|Thracian]] rather than a Greek origin. Professor [[William Mitchell Ramsay]] considered the Macedonians as a tribe of [[Thrace]], the land north-east of Greece, akin to the [[Thracians]]. [[George Rawlinson]], stated that the Macedonians were a mixed race, not [[Paionia]]ns, Illyrians or Thracians, but of the three, closest with the Illyrians. Various "mixed" scenarios (e.g. Greco-Illyrian) have also been proposed.<ref>Dunstan, William E. ''Ancient Greece''. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 2000, ISBN 0155073834.</ref><ref>Green, Peter. ''Alexander of Macedon 356-323 BC: A Historical Biography''. University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0520071662.</ref>


Following the archaeological discoveries of the 20th century, numerous modern scholars now advocate the opinion that the ancient Macedonians were of Greek origin which to this day remains the most common concensus.<ref name=GreekOrigin /> Systematic excavations at [[Aiani]] since 1983 have brought to light finds that attest the existence of an organised city from the [[2nd millennium BC]] to 100 BC. The excavations have unearthed the oldest pieces of black-and-white pottery, characteristic of the tribes of northwest Greece, discovered so far.<ref name=BritannicaMac>{{cite web
Following the archaeological discoveries of the 20th century, numerous modern scholars now advocate the opinion that the ancient Macedonians were not of Greek origin which to this day remains the most common concensus.<ref name=GreekOrigin /> Systematic excavations at [[Aiani]] since 1983 have brought to light finds that attest the existence of an organised city from the [[2nd millennium BC]] to 100 BC. The excavations have unearthed the oldest pieces of black-and-white pottery, characteristic of the tribes of northwest Greece, discovered so far.<ref name=BritannicaMac>{{cite web
| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/260307/84137/Ancient-artifacts-that-have-been-discovered-in-Aiani-prove-that#default
| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/260307/84137/Ancient-artifacts-that-have-been-discovered-in-Aiani-prove-that#default
| title = Encyclopedia Britannica - Hellenism in Macedonia}}</ref><ref name=AegeoBalkanHistory>Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia. "[http://www.aegeobalkanprehistory.net/article.php?id_art=6 The Late Bronze Age in Aiani]". 16 March 2007. ''Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory''.</ref> Found with [[Mycenaean Greece|Μycenaean]] [[sherd]]s, they can be dated with certainty to the [[14th century BC]].<ref name=BritannicaMac /><ref name=AegeoBalkanHistory /> The findings also include some of the oldest samples of writing in Macedonia, among them inscriptions bearing Greek names like ''Θέμιδα'' (Themida). The inscriptions demonstrate that the society of [[Upper Macedonia]] spoke and wrote Greek before the [[5th century BC]].<ref name=BritannicaMac />
| title = Encyclopedia Britannica - Hellenism in Macedonia}}</ref><ref name=AegeoBalkanHistory>Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia. "[http://www.aegeobalkanprehistory.net/article.php?id_art=6 The Late Bronze Age in Aiani]". 16 March 2007. ''Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory''.</ref> Found with [[Mycenaean Greece|Μycenaean]] [[sherd]]s, they can be dated with certainty to the [[14th century BC]].<ref name=BritannicaMac /><ref name=AegeoBalkanHistory /> The findings also include some of the oldest samples of writing in Macedonia, among them inscriptions bearing Greek names like ''Θέμιδα'' (Themida). The inscriptions demonstrate that the society of [[Upper Macedonia]] spoke and wrote Greek before the [[5th century BC]].<ref name=BritannicaMac />

Revision as of 05:25, 15 April 2009

This article is about the people of ancient Greece; for the unrelated modern Slavic ethnic group see Macedonians (ethnic group).
File:Macedon2.JPG
The expansion of the ancient Macedonians in 4th century BC.

The Macedonians (Template:Lang-el, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axius, north of Mount Olympus in Greece. Historians generally agree that the ancient Macedonians, whether they originally spoke a Greek dialect or a distinct language, came to belong to the Koine Greek-speaking population in the Hellenistic period[1]. Whether they were of ultimately Greek origin themselves or were later Hellenized continues to be debated by some scholars, but most of them advocate that the ancient Macedonians were of Greek origin.[2] The Macedonian royal family, known as the Argead dynasty, claimed Greek descent from Argos in the Peloponnese[3][4][5][6] (thus the name Argead) and Macedonians competed in the ancient Olympic Games, an athletic event in which only men of Greek origin were allowed to participate.[7][8]

Origins

Modern discussions

Some modern writers, such as Eugene N. Borza, argue that the ancient Macedonians underwent ethnogenesis synthesizing Greek as well as Thraco-Illyrian cultural elements. Other scholars, such as Nicholas Hammond, argue that the language of the ancient Macedonians was a pure but specific form of Greek until 4th century BC when it was eventually amalgamated with common Greek.[9]

Regarding the Macedonians' geographic origins, one theory suggests that they occupied the mountainous area of Orestis, near present-day Kastoria, and the valley of the Haliacmon river, in the first millennium BC.[10] From 8th century BC or early 7th century BC, Macedonians, in their struggle to found a kingdom migrated eastward whereby they subjugated and expelled the earlier Illyrian, Thracian and Paeonian inhabitants and other Greek tribes, or mingled with them.[11][12]

In 19th century scholarship, it was argued that the Macedonians possibly had an Illyrian or Thracian rather than a Greek origin. Professor William Mitchell Ramsay considered the Macedonians as a tribe of Thrace, the land north-east of Greece, akin to the Thracians. George Rawlinson, stated that the Macedonians were a mixed race, not Paionians, Illyrians or Thracians, but of the three, closest with the Illyrians. Various "mixed" scenarios (e.g. Greco-Illyrian) have also been proposed.[13][14]

Following the archaeological discoveries of the 20th century, numerous modern scholars now advocate the opinion that the ancient Macedonians were not of Greek origin which to this day remains the most common concensus.[2] Systematic excavations at Aiani since 1983 have brought to light finds that attest the existence of an organised city from the 2nd millennium BC to 100 BC. The excavations have unearthed the oldest pieces of black-and-white pottery, characteristic of the tribes of northwest Greece, discovered so far.[15][16] Found with Μycenaean sherds, they can be dated with certainty to the 14th century BC.[15][16] The findings also include some of the oldest samples of writing in Macedonia, among them inscriptions bearing Greek names like Θέμιδα (Themida). The inscriptions demonstrate that the society of Upper Macedonia spoke and wrote Greek before the 5th century BC.[15]

Ancient sources

The pseudo-Hesiodic Catalogue of Women lists the mythical progenitor and eponymous ancestor of the Macedonians, Makednos, as a descendant of Deucalion's daughter Thyia and Zeus, thus excluding him from direct descent via Hellen. On the other hand, Hellanicus of Lesbos' later genealogy lists Makednos as the son of Aeolus and thus a grandson of Hellen.[17]

Herodotus provides the chief traditions on the origins of the Macedonians, from whom he claims originate the Dorians, when he describes the history of the Lacedaemonians. He writes in the first book of his Histories that the Macedonians were a Greek tribe left behind during the great Dorian invasion:[18]

...for during the reign of Deucalion, Phthia was the country in which the Hellenes dwelt, but under Dorus, the son of Hellen, they moved to the tract at the base of Ossa and Olympus, which is called Histiaeotis; forced to retire from that region by the Cadmeians, they settled, under the name of Macedonians, in the chain of Pindus. Hence they once more removed and came to Dryopis; and from Dryopia having entered the Peloponnese in this way, they became known as Dorians.

On the origins of the Macedonian Royalty, Herodotus holds a record about the youngest of three brothers from Argos, and how he, through his skill in accepting omens, tricked an oppressive monarch out of his kingdom. The story apparently describes the genealogical connection between the Macedonian royal house (or Macedonians in general) and legendary Greek heroes. This theory was fully accepted among the scholars of antiquity.[19] Herodotus mentions in other points of his work the Greek origin of the Macedonians, paralleling them with the Dorians:[20]

...from the Peloponnese, the Lacedaemonians... the Corinthians... the Sicyonians... the Epidaurians... the Troezenians... the Hermioneans. All these, except the people of Hermione, were of Dorian and Macedonian stock and had last come from Erineus and Pindus and the Dryopian region.

Pausanias, in his work Description of Greece states that the Macedonians took part in the Amphictyonic League, which was an association of ancient Greek tribes formed to protect a specific temple or sacred place. In 356 BC when Phocians captured and sacked Delphi and a sacred war was declared against them, they were expelled from the league, and their two votes were given to Macedonians who had helped to defeat them. [21]

They say that Amphictyon himself summoned to the common assembly the following tribes of the Greek people: Ionians, Dolopes, Thessalians, Aenianians, Magnesians, Malians, Phthiotians, Dorians, Phocians, Locrians who border on Phocis, living at the bottom of Mount Cnemis. But when the Phocians seized the sanctuary, and the war came to an end nine years afterwards, there came a change in the Amphictyonic League. The Macedonians managed to enter it, while the Phocian nation and a section of the Dorians, namely the Lacedaemonians, lost their membership, the Phocians because of their rash crime, the Lacedaemonians as a penalty for allying themselves with the Phocians [...] The Amphictyons today number thirty. Nicopolis, Macedonia and Thessaly each send six deputies.

Polybius, in his work The Histories, describes the treaty made between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedon, implying that Macedonians shared the same religion with the rest of Greeks:[22]

This is a sworn treaty made between Hannibal... on the one part; and Xenophanes, son of Cleomachus of Athens, sent to us by King Philip... The oath is taken in the presence... of all the gods who rule Macedonia and the rest of Greece

Polybius relates the racial kinship between Aetolians, Achaeans and Macedonians in the speech of Lyciscus the Acarnanian addressing Cleonicus and Chlaeneas, the Aetolian envoys, at the assembly of Sparta:[23]

Then you were contending for glory and supremacy with Achaeans and Macedonians, men of kindred blood with yourselves, and with Philip their leader.

During antiquity, the Greekness of the Macedonians was famously disputed by Demosthenes, the leader of the anti-Macedonian party in Athens and sworn enemy of Philip II. His words, often perceived as an effort to slander Philip, seem to be in disagreement with Herodotus' theories regarding the kinship between the Dorians and the Makednoi. However, modern historians such as Eugene N. Borza, revealed the Demosthenean corpus as simply a form of political rhetoric designed to formulate public policy[24] or as just an insulting speech, according to Nicholas Hammond.[25]

Titus Livius in his work The History of Rome says that Macedonians spoke the same language as that of Aetolians and Acarnanians, undoubtedly Greek tribes:[26]

Trifling causes occasionally unite and disunite the Aetolians, Acarnanians, and Macedonians, men speaking the same language. With foreigners, with barbarians, all Greeks have, and ever will have, eternal war: because they are enemies by nature, which is always the same, and not from causes which change with the times.

Atticisation in the 5th to 4th centuries

Macedon was heavily Atticised from the time of Alexander the Great. Moreover, there are indications that there were pan-Hellenic influences in the Macedonian kingdom as early as the 5th century BC. King Archelaus established the new capital at Pella, a festival in honor of Zeus at Dion, a city right next to Mt. Olympus, and welcomed southern Greek intellectuals into the kingdom. Athenian playwriters such as Euripides and Agathon and the famous painter Zeuxis all were influential in the early kingdom. Euripides wrote his last two tragedies at Archelaus' court. [27]

Participation in Pan-Hellenic events

A passage in book five of Herodotus' Histories concerns the exclusion of Macedonians from panhellenic events such as the Ancient Olympic Games.[28] In 504 or 500 BC, the Macedonian king Alexander I attempted to participate in the Olympic Games, and met with resistance by competitors, who regarded him as a non-Hellene. According to Herodotus, Alexander argued that his family was of ultimately Greek (Argive) descent, and the Elean Hellanodikai determined that it is so. Other kings of Macedon such as Archelaus I and Philip II also took part in the Games.

The following is a list of recorded Macedonian victors at the Olympics:[29]

Year (BC) Name Home town Event
504 or 500 Alexander I - Stadion
408 Archelaus I - Tethrippon
356 Philip II - Kelis
352 Philip II - Synoris
348 Philip II - Tethrippon
328 Kliton - Stadion
320 Damasias Amphipolis Stadion
304 Lampos Philippi Tethrippon
292 Antigonus - Stadion
288 Antigonus - Stadion
268 Seleucus - Stadion
268 Belistiche - Tethrippon
264 Belistiche - Synoris

Other Macedonian victors recorded are Ptolemy I, Ptolemy II, Arsinoe, Berenike I, Berenike II, Etearchus, Molykos, Trygaius, Plaggon.[29]

Additionally, a 5th century BC inscription found in royal tomb at Vergina shows evidence that Macedonian kings competed in Argive Heraean games.[30] Amyntas III in 371 BC took also part in a Panhellenic congress, concerning Amphipolis. From the age of Perdiccas III 365 BC onwards, who served as Theorodokos, participation of Macedonian athletes in Panhellenic Games and festivals became common.

Language

Main article: Ancient Macedonian language

Due to the fragmentary attestation various interpretations are possible. The tongue of the area's inhabitants prior to the 5th century BC is attested in some hundred words from various glosses, mainly those of Hesychius of Alexandria, 5th century, as well as placenames (toponyms), personal names (anthroponyms) and local inscriptions. The Koine Greek dialect was standardised as the language of formal discourse and official communication by the 4th century BC.[31]

However, all inscriptions found within the boundaries of the kingdom of Macedon or the Empires of the Diadochi that can be ascribed to Macedonians prior to Roman conquest, are written in Attic, the Koine Greek and much more rarely in the Doric Greek dialect (see also Pella curse tablet).

References

  1. ^ Sociolinguistic Variation and Change By Peter Trudgill ISBN 0748615156, 9780748615155 Page 125
  2. ^ a b A. R. Burn, Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire, Macmillan, 1948; George Cawkwell, Philip of Macedon, Faber & Faber, London, 1978; Francois Chamoux, Hellenistic Civilization, Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2002; Victor Ehrenberg, The Greek State, Methuen, (July 2000); Malcolm Errington, A History of Macedonia, University of California Press, February 1993; Alan Fildes and Joann Fletcher, Alexander the Great: Son of the Gods, Getty Trust Publications, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004; John V.A. Fine, The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History, Harvard University Press, 1983; Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great; Jonathan M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 1998; N G L Hammond, A History of Greece to 323 BC, Cambridge University, 1986; Archer Jones, The Art of War in Western World (University of Illinois Press, 2000); Robin Osborne, Greek History, Routledge, 2004; Jacques Pirenne, The Tides of History Vol. 1, E. P. Dutton, 1962; Michael M. Sage, Warfare in Ancient Greece, Routledge; Chester G. Starr, A History of the Ancient World, Oxford University Press, 1991; Hilding Thylander, Den Grekiska världen, (Svenska humanistiska förbundet, 1985); Arnold J. Toynbee, The Greeks and Their Heritages, Oxford University Press, 1981; Ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great; Ian Worthington, Alexander the Great, Routledge, 2002.
  3. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 5.20.4, 5.22.1, 9.45.
  4. ^ Arrian. Anabasis Alexandri. Book II, 14, 4.
  5. ^ Quintus Curtius Rufus, "Historiae Alexandri Magni", 6.3.11.
  6. ^ Polybius. The Histories, 7.9.4, 18.4.8.
  7. ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece, 5.8.11.
  8. ^ Pan-Macedonian Association USA, Inc - List of Macedonian Olympic winners (in Greek)
  9. ^ Hammond, Nicholas. A History of Macedonia: Volume II: 550-336 B.C. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198148143.
  10. ^ Dunstan, William E. Ancient Greece. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 2000, ISBN 0155073834.
  11. ^ Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Harvard University Press, 1983, ISBN 0674033116.
  12. ^ Hammond, Nicholas. A History of Greece to 323 BC. Cambridge University, 1986.
  13. ^ Dunstan, William E. Ancient Greece. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 2000, ISBN 0155073834.
  14. ^ Green, Peter. Alexander of Macedon 356-323 BC: A Historical Biography. University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0520071662.
  15. ^ a b c "Encyclopedia Britannica - Hellenism in Macedonia".
  16. ^ a b Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia. "The Late Bronze Age in Aiani". 16 March 2007. Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory.
  17. ^ M. Hall, Jonathan (2002). Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. The University of Chicago Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-226-31330-1.
  18. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 1.56.1.
  19. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.
  20. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 8.43.1.
  21. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10.8.2 - 10.8.4 [1]
  22. ^ Polybius. The Histories, 7.9.4.
  23. ^ Polybius. The Histories, 9.37.2.
  24. ^ Borza, Eugene N. In The Shadow of Olympus. Princeton University Press, 1992, ISBN 0691008809, pp. 5-6.
  25. ^ Hammond, Nicholas. The Miracle that was Macedonia. St. Martin's Press, 1991, ISBN 0283999101.
  26. ^ Livy. The History of Rome, Book XXXI, 29
  27. ^ The Iphigenia Cycle
  28. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 5.22
  29. ^ a b "Macedonians Olympic Winners" (in Greek). Pan-Macedonian Association USA. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  30. ^ Hornblower, Simon. Thucydides and Pindar: Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0199298289, p. 13.
  31. ^ Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus.

See also

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