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==Tin mining== |
==Tin mining== |
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'Happy-Union', a stream work for [[tin]], was opened near Pentewan in 1780 and was worked down the valley towards the sea. A second working, 'Wheal Virgin', went up the valley. The tin streamers considered both to be places where "the old men had been", since they uncovered charcoal ashes, human remains, and bones of animals "of a different description from any now known in Britain".<ref>J.W. Colenso, A description of the Happy-Union tin stream work at Pentuan, ''Trans. Royal Geological Soc. Cornwall'' 3&4: 29-39 (1828)</ref> |
'Happy-Union', a stream work for [[tin]], was opened near Pentewan in 1780 and was worked down the valley towards the sea. A second working, 'Wheal Virgin', went up the valley. The tin streamers considered both to be places where "the old men had been", since they uncovered charcoal ashes, human remains, and bones of animals "of a different description from any now known in Britain".<ref>J.W. Colenso, A description of the Happy-Union tin stream work at Pentuan, ''Trans. Royal Geological Soc. Cornwall'' 3&4: 29-39 (1828)</ref> The Happy-Union closed in 1837, Wheal Virgin around 1874.<ref>http://www.historic-cornwall.org.uk/cisi/pentewan/CISI_pentewan_report%20.pdf</ref> |
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==The Domesday Book and the Manor of Pentewan== |
==The Domesday Book and the Manor of Pentewan== |
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Revision as of 23:12, 28 September 2009
Pentewan (Cornish: Bentewynn) is a small coastal village and former port in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. It lies at the mouth of the St Austell River in the civil parish of Pentewan Valley and the ecclesiastical parish of St Austell. The nearest town is St Austell three miles (4.5 km) to the north.
Village and harbour
The village and its harbour date back to medieval times, when Pentewan was mainly a fishing community, with some stone-quarrying, tin-streaming, and agriculture. Leland, writing in 1549, referred briefly to 'Pentowan' as "a sandy bay witherto fischer bootes repair for socour". Between 1818 and 1826, local land- and quarry owner Sir Christopher Hawkins substantially rebuilt the harbour, partly to improve the existing pilchard-fishery and partly to turn the village into a major china clay port. At its peak, Pentewan shipped a third of Cornwall's china clay, but continual problems with silting (caused by tin and clay mining) and the rise of the rival ports of Charlestown and Par meant that Pentewan's status as a port lasted for little more than a century. The last trading ship called at the port in 1940. After that, the harbour entrance gradually silted up, though it was still possible for small boats to enter the harbour in the 1960s. Now, although the water-filled basin remains, Pentewan harbour is entirely cut off from the sea.[1]
Tramway and railway
In 1829, Sir Christopher Hawkins made further improvements by linking the harbour to St Austell by means of a horse-drawn tramway that hauled china clay from the quarries on St Austell moor and tin from the Polgooth mines for shipment from Pentewan. Coal was shipped in and transported to the mines and (later) to the St Austell gasworks. In 1874, the engineer John Barraclough Fell replaced the tramway with a narrow gauge railway. This operated till 1918, when the rails and locomotives were requisitioned by the War Office.[2] The Pentewan Railway was almost entirely a mineral line, but did occasionally transport passengers on special excursions. A Sunday school outing was described by A.L. Rowse in his memories of a Cornish childhood. Part of the old railway line, from London Apprentice to Pentewan, is now a footpath and cycle path.[3]
Pentewan stone
Pentewan Quarry was the source of a fine building stone, a variety of elvan. A block of Pentewan stone with a Roman inscription is known at Tregony, so clearly the quarry has a long history. Many medieval churches in Cornwall, including those at Botusfleming, Duloe, Fowey, Golant, Gorran, Lostwithiel, Mevagissey, St Austell, and St Columb Major, were wholly or partly constructed out of the stone,[4] as were some later buildings such as the eighteenth century Antony House. In 1985 blocks of Pentewan stone were recovered from the beach near the quarry to restore St Austell church.[5]
Tin mining
'Happy-Union', a stream work for tin, was opened near Pentewan in 1780 and was worked down the valley towards the sea. A second working, 'Wheal Virgin', went up the valley. The tin streamers considered both to be places where "the old men had been", since they uncovered charcoal ashes, human remains, and bones of animals "of a different description from any now known in Britain".[6] The Happy-Union closed in 1837, Wheal Virgin around 1874.[7]
The Domesday Book and the Manor of Pentewan
Pentewan was originally known as 'Lower Pentewan', 'Higher Pentewan' being a separate and earlier settlement to the south-west of the village, centred on Barton Farm.[8] In 1086, Higher Pentewan was listed in the Domesday Book as the Manor of 'Bentewoin', one of many Cornish manors held by Robert, Count of Mortain. It was subsequently held by the families of Pentire, Roscarrock, Dart, and Robartes (the Earls of Radnor), then by Sir James la Roche, the MP for Bodmin, and (in 1792) by the Rev. Henry Hawkins Tremayne of nearby Heligan.[9]
The village today
Since 1945, Pentewan has been dominated by the large 'Pentewan Sands' caravan and camping site that covers much of the beach to the west. The village itself contains the Ship Inn (owned by the St Austell Brewery), a post office, and several shops. Session guitarist Tim Renwick is a Pentewan resident.
References
- ^ http://www.historic-cornwall.org.uk/cisi/pentewan/CISI_pentewan_report%20.pdf
- ^ http://www.aditnow.co.uk/mines/Pentewan-Railway-2/
- ^ http://www.claytrails.co.uk/TrailPentewan.html
- ^ J.C. Cox, The churches of Cornwall, p.10
- ^ J. Ashurst & F.G. Dimes, Conservation of building and decorative stone, Edn 2, p.53 (1998) ISBN 0750638982
- ^ J.W. Colenso, A description of the Happy-Union tin stream work at Pentuan, Trans. Royal Geological Soc. Cornwall 3&4: 29-39 (1828)
- ^ http://www.historic-cornwall.org.uk/cisi/pentewan/CISI_pentewan_report%20.pdf
- ^ http://www.historic-cornwall.org.uk/cisi/pentewan/CISI_pentewan_report%20.pdf
- ^ F. Hitchins, The history of Cornwall, p.474 (1824)
External links
- Map Sources for Pentewan at Grid Reference SX019472
- RunningClam at Curlie
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