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* [http://www.bdpharmacist.com Bangladeshi Pharmacist Association (BDPHARM)]
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* [http://www.rxpt.ca Canadian pharmacy technicians (rxpt.ca)]
* [http://www.rxpt.ca Canadian pharmacy technicians (rxpt.ca)]
* [http://www.whoguideline.blogspot.com Pharmaceutical Regulatory affairs (Guide for Pharmacy Professionals)]


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Revision as of 07:06, 8 November 2009

For the precursor profession, see Apothecary.
The mortar and pestle is an international symbol of pharmacists and pharmacies.

Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the science of pharmacy. In their traditional role, pharmacists typically take a request for medicines from a prescribing health care provider in the form of a medical prescription, evaluate the appropriateness of the prescription, dispense the medication to the patient and counsel them on the proper use and adverse effects of that medication. In this role pharmacists act as a learned intermediary between physicians and patients and thus ensure the safe and effective use of medications. Pharmacists also participate in disease-state management, where they optimize and monitor drug therapy or interpret medical laboratory results – in collaboration with physicians and/or other health professionals. Advances into prescribing medication and in providing public health advices and services are occurring in Britain as well as the United States. Pharmacists have many areas of expertise and are a critical source of medical knowledge in clinics, hospitals, medical laboratory and community pharmacies throughout the world. Pharmacists also hold positions in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in pharmaceutical education and research and development institutions.

In much of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth pharmacists are customarily sometimes referred to as chemist (or dispensing chemists),[1] a usage which can, especially without a context relating to the sale or supply of medicines, cause confusion with scientists in the field of chemistry. This term is a historical one, since some pharmacists passed an examination in Pharmaceutical Chemistry (PhC) set by the then Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1852 and these were known as "Pharmaceutical Chemists". This title is protected by the Medicines Act 1968 section 78.

The 1852 Pharmacy Act, June 30 established a Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists in Great Britain, restricted to those who had taken the Society’s exams. However, the Act did not restrict the practice of pharmacy to examined and registered people, nor provide a legal definition for the trade and practice of pharmacy. This was first done by the Pharmacy Act of 1868.[2]

In the near future it is proposed by the Draft Pharmacy Order 2009 that the title "pharmacist" be restricted to those who register with a new Regulatory body the General Pharmaceutical Council due to the established to take this role over from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of GB in 2010.

History

In ancient China, the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were respected. The place of pharmacists in society was settled in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.[3]

Nature of the work

Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists is to distribute drugs that have been prescribed by a medical doctor to patients. In more modern times pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. In some cases, pharmacists may practice compounding (mixing ingredients to form medications); however, most medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a primary care physician through an agreed upon protocol [citation needed].

Pharmacists are trained in pharmacology, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, microbiology, pharmacy practice (including drug interactions, medicine monitoring, medication management), pharmaceutics, pharmacy law, physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, nephrology, hepatology, and compounding medications. Additional curriculum covers diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient).

One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care[citation needed]. Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and the management of each in order to improve the outcome for each individual patient. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that include but are not limited to:

  • Decreased medication errors
  • Increased patient compliance in medication regimen
  • Better chronic disease state management
  • Strong pharmacist-patient relationship
  • Decreased long-term costs of medical care

Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. This means that pharmacists have large roles in the assessing medication management in patients, and in referring patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to:

  • clinical medication management
  • the assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the clinical medication management required.
  • specialized monitoring of disease states
  • reviewing medication regimens
  • monitoring of treatment regimens
  • delegating work
  • general health monitoring
  • compounding medicines
  • general health advice
  • providing specific education to patients about disease states and medications
  • oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription
  • provision of non-prescription medicines
  • counseling and advice on optimal use of medicines
  • advice and treatment of common ailments
  • referrals to other health professionals if necessary
  • dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure
  • pharmacokinetic evaluation
  • education of physicians and other health care providers on medications and their proper use
  • limited prescribing of medications only in collaboration with other health care professionals
  • providing pharmaceutical information
  • promoting public health by administering immunizations

The job of pharmacist is considered a profession and professional registration or possession of a license to practice pharmacy is universally required. Pharmacists are sometimes (often, in numerous countries in Europe) small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Their specialized knowledge as skilled professionals makes them a vital part of any health care team. They act as a learned intermediary between patients and other health care providers to ensure that proper medical therapy is chosen and implemented in the best way possible.

In the United States, as of 2006, there were 243,000 persons employed as pharmacists. Of these, 62 percent worked in community pharmacies, either as salaried employees or self-employed owners; 23 percent worked in hospitals; the rest worked for mail-order pharmacies, pharmaceutical wholesalers, offices of physicians, or government agencies[4].

In the US the mean wage of pharmacists in 2008 was $104,260 according to the US Bureau of Labor Stats*[1]. This is mostly due to a shortage, that is predicted to turn into a surplus in 2015. Pharmacist salaries will then decrease to be more inline with Physical therapist, Optometrist and Occupational therapist.[citation needed]

Qualifications and registration

Main article: Pharmacy school

The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing and graduate continuing education vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, prospective pharmacists study pharmacy at a pharmacy school or related institution. Upon graduation, they are licensed either nationally or by region to dispense medication of various types in the settings for which they have been trained.

In the United States, a Pharmacist must complete 4 years of graduate level training at a pharmacy school, usually after receiving a bachelors degree from another undergraduate institution, although some pharmacy schools only require two years of undergraduate education and the completion of a list of prerequisites. Pharmacists receive a PharmD (Doctor of Pharmacy) upon graduation, and licensure after passing the NAPLEX and MPJE.

Most of the states in the US issue Pharmacist License titled as Registered Pharmacist (RPh), while the State of Oklahoma issues Pharmacist License titled as Doctor of Pharmacy (DPh), the State of Arkansas issues Pharmacist License titled as Doctor of Pharmacy (PD) and the State of Tennesse issues Pharmacist License titled as Doctor of Pharmacy (DPH).

Foreign Pharmacy Graduates can get the Pharmacist License in the United States provided they have passed a five year Pharmacy degree program and pass the FPGEE, complete the required internship and pass the NAPLEX and MPJE.

Specialties

Practice specialization

Specialties include:

Specialty practice accreditation

Australia

In Australia, accreditation exists only for certain specialties and is provided by professional bodies for the following:

France

Portugal

In Portugal a pharmacist can become certified in recognized professional specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by the Order of Pharmacists. The Order of Pharmacists certifies pharmacists in five specialties:

Spain

In Spain a pharmacist can become certified in recognized professional specialty practice areas by passing an examination in addition to spent two to four years of residency period in accredited hospital services and/or academic departments. The Minister of Health certifies pharmacists in eight specialties:

United States

In the United States, a pharmacist can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards.

India

In India,During the last 50 years since Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Pharmacy Act 1948 were enacted, pharmacy profession of India is subjected to many reforms and developments. The number of qualified pharmacists has gone up considerably during this period, though it is yet to match the actual requirement. The minimum qualification needed for a practicing pharmacist has been upgraded from that of a certificate course compounder to a diploma in pharmacy.

Over the years, statutory bodies like Pharmacy Council of India and All India Council for Technical Education have come in place to ensure educational and professional discipline among pharmacists. Drug regulatory authorities have also developed the system of registration of chemist outlets at state level. There has been a significant growth of qualified pharmacists, drug stores and pharmacy educationalists during this period. However, figures show a deficit for qualified personnel in every field of pharmaceutical activity. For instance, for 7,00,000 licensed chemist shops, there are only 5,00,000 pharmacists, among which only 4,00,000 are registered with the statutory authority in the country. Likewise, the number of pharmacy teachers (5,000) at present is also much less when compared to the actual requirement (8,000).

Pakistan

During the last decades, profession of Pharmacy has taken a giant leap by introduction of Clinical Pharmacy education and implementation of Doctor of Pharmacy -- the only Pharmacy Professional degree to be awarded in Pakistan.

The Pharmacy Council of Pakistan is ensuring the standards of Pharmacy Practice by regulating the education of Pharmacy, approval of Pharmacy Schools, Colleges and Faculties, and ensuring uniformity of sylabus.

The Provincial Pharmacy Councils of provinces of Balochistan, NWFP, Punjab and Sindh issue the license to Practice Pharmacy (RPh) and the Pharmacy Technician licenses.

References

  1. ^ Definition of chemist on Dictionary.com retrieved 2008 December 28.
  2. ^ "The History of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society" (PDF). Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Retrieved June 23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 434.
  4. ^ Pharmacists. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  5. ^ Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
  6. ^ ABAT Certification Examination Credentialing Information

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

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