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Despite the Vatican’s intransigence regarding the acceptability of condoms for the purpose of preventing transmision of the HIV/AIDS virus, a number of episcopal conferences have suggested that condom use may be acceptable in some circumstances to prevent AIDS. One of the first episcopal conferences to take such a stance was the French Bishops Council which asserted in 1989 that, “The whole population and especially the young should be informed of the risks. Prophylactic measures exist.” In 1996, the Social Commission of the French Bishops' Conference said that condom use “can be understood in the case of people for whom sexual activity is an ingrained part of their lifestyle and for whom [that activity] represents a serious risk.”<ref>French Bishops Council, “AIDS: Society in Question,” 1996.</ref> In 1993, the German Bishops Conference noted: “In the final analysis, human conscience constitutes the decisive authority in personal ethics... consideration must be given...to the spread of AIDS. It is a moral duty to prevent such suffering, even if the underlying behavior cannot be condoned in many cases...The church...has to respect responsible decision-making by couples.”<ref>German Bishops Conference, “Bevölkerungs-wachstum und Entwicklungsforderung (Population Policy and Development),” 1993.</ref>
Despite the Vatican’s intransigence regarding the acceptability of condoms for the purpose of preventing transmision of the HIV/AIDS virus, a number of episcopal conferences have suggested that condom use may be acceptable in some circumstances to prevent AIDS. One of the first episcopal conferences to take such a stance was the French Bishops Council which asserted in 1989 that, “The whole population and especially the young should be informed of the risks. Prophylactic measures exist.” In 1996, the Social Commission of the French Bishops' Conference said that condom use “can be understood in the case of people for whom sexual activity is an ingrained part of their lifestyle and for whom [that activity] represents a serious risk.”<ref>French Bishops Council, “AIDS: Society in Question,” 1996.</ref> In 1993, the German Bishops Conference noted: “In the final analysis, human conscience constitutes the decisive authority in personal ethics... consideration must be given...to the spread of AIDS. It is a moral duty to prevent such suffering, even if the underlying behavior cannot be condoned in many cases...The church...has to respect responsible decision-making by couples.”<ref>German Bishops Conference, “Bevölkerungs-wachstum und Entwicklungsforderung (Population Policy and Development),” 1993.</ref>

==Dissent in the Church==
===Carlo Maria Martini===
In April 2006, in response to a very specific question from the bioethicist Ignazio Marino, Cardinal [[Carlo Maria Martini]] opined that in certain cases, the usage of [[condom]]s might be allowable stating, "The use of condoms can, in certain situations, be a lesser evil".<ref>Time Magazine, May 1, 2006.</ref> He stressed the particular case of married couples where one has [[HIV]] or [[AIDS]].<ref>BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4929962.stm Cardinal backs limited condom use] April 21, 2006</ref> But he quickly noted that it's one thing the principle of the lesser evil in such cases, and quite another the subject who has to convey those things publicly, thus it is not up to the Church authorities to support condom use publicly, because of "the risk of promoting an irresponsible attitude". The Church is more likely to support other morally sustainable means, such as [[abstinence]].<ref>L'Espresso. [http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=51790&eng=y When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies] May 20, 2006</ref>

===Godfried Danneels===
Cardinal Godfried Danneels is seen as one of the leaders of the "reformist party" within the Church. For instance, he has said that, although [[abstinence]] is preferable, [[condom]]s are acceptable as a means of preventing [[AIDS]]. In an interview with the Dutch Catholic broadcaster RKK, he said: "When someone is [[HIV]] positive and his partner says 'I want to have sexual relations with you', he doesn't have to do that, if you ask me. But, when he does, he has to use a condom, because otherwise he adds to a sin against the sixth commandment (thou shalt not commit adultery) a sin against the fifth (thou shalt not kill)." He added: "This comes down to protecting yourself in a preventive manner against a disease or death. It cannot be entirely morally judged in the same manner as a pure method of [[birth control]]."

===Jean-Marie Lustiger===
Although he fully endorsed John Paul II's views on [[bioethics]], Cardinal [[Jean-Marie Lustiger]] considered [[Christian views on contraception|contraception acceptable]] if one of the partners had [[HIV]].<ref>TERRAS, Christian. Revue Golias, online publication</ref> Indeed, he founded the NGO ''Tibériade'' which accompanied [[AIDS]] patients.

===Kevin Dowling===
[[Kevin Dowling]] is a [[South Africa]]n bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. A Redemptorist, he is the second and current Bishop of Rustenburg.

He is best known for his position, contradicting the official Vatican position, that the Catholic Church should reverse its position on the use of condoms to prevent [[HIV]] transmission.
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/hero2005/dowling.html|title=European Heroes 2005: Lives in the Balance|first=Megan|last=Lindow|publisher=Time|year=2005|accessdate=2007-04-23}}</ref>

Dowling first announced his position on condom use in 2001, in a response to a question by a Catholic news agency reporter during a bishops' conference in southern Africa. After stating that the bishop's conference had not taken a position on condom use, Dowling was asked for his personal opinion, and said that he believed condoms should be used to prevent the spread of HIV.

Following this, he received a number of rebukes from the South African [[papal nuncio]]. The bishop's conference condemned his words, describing condoms as "an immoral and misguided weapon" in the fight against HIV, and argued that condom use could even encourage the spread of HIV by promoting extramarital sex.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070407.wcondom0407/BNStory/International/home|title=South African bishop defies Vatican on condoms|first=Stephanie|last=Nolen|publisher=Globe and Mail|date=7 April 2007|accessdate=2007-04-23}}</ref>

⚫
===Catholics for Choice===
⚫
[[Catholics for Choice]], a dissident group, maintains that condom use will prevent the spread of AIDS, since couples will have sex despite Vatican prohibition.<ref name="Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church">[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1683801,00.html Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church]</ref> Two bishops share the beliefs of Condoms4Life,<ref>[http://www.aegis.com/news/ads/1996/AD960271.html French Bishop Supports Some Use of Condoms to Prevent AIDS]</ref><ref>[http://www.religiousconsultation.org/newsletters/January_2002/South%20African%20Bishop%20Supports%20Condoms%20to%20Prevent%20AIDS.htm One South African Bishop Supports Condoms To Prevent AIDS]</ref> and have come out in support of condom use when one partner has AIDS, arguing the Roman Catholic church's official position on this issue is unconscionable.<ref name="Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church"/>


==Criticism==
==Criticism==
Line 62: Line 85:


[[Carmen Vázquez]], a spokeswoman for the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center, opined that Cardinal O’Connor had "made the lives of gays and lesbians miserable with his public comments and opposition to their way of life." <ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.catholicleague.org/printer.php?p=Release&id=353 |title= Unacceptable Apology by Time Out New York|accessdate=1 January 2009 |author= Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= 4 January 2001 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> Brendan Fay, of the Catholic gay group [[DignityUSA]], summarized that "O'Connor will certainly not be remembered as a friend or advocate at our time of greatest need." (O'Connor had issued an order ending Dignity's masses in 1987, sparking protests.<ref name=EndMass>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Homosexuals Protest Ending of Their Mass|url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DE1E3DF935A25750C0A961948260&scp=14&sq=Dignity+O%27Connor+Cardinal&st=nyt|work= |publisher= |date= 16 March 1987|accessdate=1 January 2009 }}</ref> O'Connor had Dignity legally banned from attending services in the cathedral.<ref name=Dignity>{{cite book |title= Full of Grace|last= Golway|first= Terry|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2001|publisher= Simon & Schuster |location= New York|isbn= 0743448146 |page= |pages= 54ff|url= }}</ref> After eight years of protests by the group, O'Connor started meeting with the group twice a year.)<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dignityny.org/our_work/social_justice.html|title= Social Justice|accessdate=1 January 2009 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher= Dignity New York|location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> Fay continued, saying that the cardinal's famed compassion did not extend to homosexuals. "What we will maybe remember most as representative of the cardinal's stance toward our community is the closed doors of the cathedral."<ref name=ObitOC>{{Cite web |url= http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/library;jsessionid=83CE08DED08931E4236854573E99A24C?a=d&book=off&c=trec2005&d=HASH0196a8bc61a9d0b4c28aa585&dt=simple&sib=1&p.a=b&p.sa=&p.s=ClassifierBrowse|title= Obit-O'Connor |accessdate=1 January 2009 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= 4 June 2000|year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= New Zealand Digital Library|location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
[[Carmen Vázquez]], a spokeswoman for the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center, opined that Cardinal O’Connor had "made the lives of gays and lesbians miserable with his public comments and opposition to their way of life." <ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.catholicleague.org/printer.php?p=Release&id=353 |title= Unacceptable Apology by Time Out New York|accessdate=1 January 2009 |author= Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= 4 January 2001 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> Brendan Fay, of the Catholic gay group [[DignityUSA]], summarized that "O'Connor will certainly not be remembered as a friend or advocate at our time of greatest need." (O'Connor had issued an order ending Dignity's masses in 1987, sparking protests.<ref name=EndMass>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Homosexuals Protest Ending of Their Mass|url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DE1E3DF935A25750C0A961948260&scp=14&sq=Dignity+O%27Connor+Cardinal&st=nyt|work= |publisher= |date= 16 March 1987|accessdate=1 January 2009 }}</ref> O'Connor had Dignity legally banned from attending services in the cathedral.<ref name=Dignity>{{cite book |title= Full of Grace|last= Golway|first= Terry|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2001|publisher= Simon & Schuster |location= New York|isbn= 0743448146 |page= |pages= 54ff|url= }}</ref> After eight years of protests by the group, O'Connor started meeting with the group twice a year.)<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dignityny.org/our_work/social_justice.html|title= Social Justice|accessdate=1 January 2009 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher= Dignity New York|location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> Fay continued, saying that the cardinal's famed compassion did not extend to homosexuals. "What we will maybe remember most as representative of the cardinal's stance toward our community is the closed doors of the cathedral."<ref name=ObitOC>{{Cite web |url= http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/library;jsessionid=83CE08DED08931E4236854573E99A24C?a=d&book=off&c=trec2005&d=HASH0196a8bc61a9d0b4c28aa585&dt=simple&sib=1&p.a=b&p.sa=&p.s=ClassifierBrowse|title= Obit-O'Connor |accessdate=1 January 2009 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= 4 June 2000|year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= New Zealand Digital Library|location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>

⚫
===Catholics for Choice===
⚫
[[Catholics for Choice]], a dissident group, maintains that condom use will prevent the spread of AIDS, since couples will have sex despite Vatican prohibition.<ref name="Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church">[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1683801,00.html Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church]</ref> Two bishops share the beliefs of Condoms4Life,<ref>[http://www.aegis.com/news/ads/1996/AD960271.html French Bishop Supports Some Use of Condoms to Prevent AIDS]</ref><ref>[http://www.religiousconsultation.org/newsletters/January_2002/South%20African%20Bishop%20Supports%20Condoms%20to%20Prevent%20AIDS.htm One South African Bishop Supports Condoms To Prevent AIDS]</ref> and have come out in support of condom use when one partner has AIDS, arguing the Roman Catholic church's official position on this issue is unconscionable.<ref name="Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church"/>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 07:13, 22 February 2010

Issues surrounding the Catholic Church and AIDS have become highly controversial in the past twenty years, primarily because many prominent religious leaders have publicly declared their opposition to the use of contraception, which some scientists feel is currently the only means to stop the epidemic. Other issues involve religious participation in global health care services and collaboration with secular organizations such as UNAIDS and the World Health Organization.

Background

The sexual revolution of the 1960s precipitated Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae (On Human Life) which rejected the use of contraception, including sterilization, asserting that these work against the intimate relationship and moral order of husband and wife by directly opposing God's will.[1] It approved Natural Family Planning as a legitimate means to limit family size.[1]

Church teaching on the use of condoms

The use of condoms to prevent disease is a controversial issue, with Catholic theologians arguing both sides.[2][3][4] Unlike drugs and surgical procedures, however, the current consensus is that using condoms during sex is morally contraceptive and thus a sin.

While condoms might serve as an effective barrier to the transmission of HIV, condoms also impermissibly impede the procreative aspect of the sexual act which is understood by the Church to have a deeply theological meaning. As such, their use is forbidden. Theology aside, Church officials deny that their teaching against condom use is followed by those same people who flout Church teaching on illicit sexual activity, such as its absolute condemnation of anal intercourse between men.

A common position of Church leaders is that officially permitting condom use as a method of preventing disease could be interpreted as permitting fornication, which degrades and debases sex.

Condom controversy

The Church emphasizes "education towards sexual responsibility", focusing on partner fidelity rather than the use of condoms as the primary means of preventing the transmission of AIDS.[5] The Church's position is that all responsible sex must occur within the framework of a faithful, monogamous relationship. In addition, various members of the Church hierarchy have pointed out that condoms have a non-zero risk of transmitting AIDS.

There is some debate as to viruses being smaller than sperm cells however the general consensus of the scientific community is that condoms do prevent the transmission of AIDS most of the time. However, church officials argue that reliance on condoms to prevent transmission of AIDS can result in a false sense of security because of the problem of "leakage and breakage".

From the Catholic Church's perspective, the problem with condoms is not their efficacy (or lack thereof) in preventing transmission when used correctly but rather their effect on public behavior and public policy. The Church is concerned that promotion of condom use will lead to irresponsible, risky sexual behavior (promiscuity and prostitution). Both individuals and governments could come to rely on condoms as the primary line of defense rather than emphasizing the need for "partner fidelity".

Pope John Paul II

John Paul II's position against artificial birth control, including the use of condoms to prevent the spread of HIV,[6] was harshly criticised by doctors and AIDS activists, who said that it led to countless deaths and millions of AIDS orphans.[7] Critics have also claimed that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems such as street children in South America.

In September 1990, John Paul II visited the small town of Mwanza, in northern Tanzania, and gave a speech that many believe set the tone for the AIDS crisis in Africa. Being unequivocal, he told his audience that condoms were a sin in any circumstances. He lauded family values and praised fidelity and abstinence as the only true ways to combat the disease.[8]

Pope Benedict XVI

In 1988 a debate within the Catholic Church over the use of condoms to prevent AIDS sparked an intervention from Rome. The Church in 1968 had already stated in Humanae Vitae that chemical and barrier methods of contraception went against Church teachings. The debate was over the different issue of whether or not condoms could be used, not as contraceptives, but as a means of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In 1987, the U. S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a document suggesting that education on the use of condoms could be an acceptable part of an anti-AIDS program.

In response, Cardinal Ratzinger stated that such an approach "would result in at least the facilitation of evil" – not merely its toleration. For the full text of the letter, see: On "The Many Faces of AIDS" (See also Karol Wojtyla's Love and Responsibility). Critics argue that Ratzinger's approach would lead to increases in the frequency of HIV/AIDS infections, while many Catholics dispute this and emphasize the value of faithful relationships or chastity, as it is scientifically impossible to contract the disorder without having sex with an infected person, unless via some other means such as a blood transfusion or sharing a needle.

In 2005, the Pope listed several ways to combat the spread of HIV, including chastity, fidelity in marriage and anti-poverty efforts; he also rejected the use of condoms.[9]

In March 2009, the Pope was sharply criticized[10] after he stated that “if there is no human dimension, if Africans do not help [by responsible behaviour], the problem cannot be overcome by the distribution of prophylactics: on the contrary, they increase it" and reiterated his view that "the solution must have two elements: firstly, bringing out the human dimension of sexuality, that is to say a spiritual and human renewal that would bring with it a new way of behaving towards others, and secondly, true friendship offered above all to those who are suffering, a willingness to make sacrifices and to practise self-denial, to be alongside the suffering.”[11]

Episcopal conferences

Despite the Vatican’s intransigence regarding the acceptability of condoms for the purpose of preventing transmision of the HIV/AIDS virus, a number of episcopal conferences have suggested that condom use may be acceptable in some circumstances to prevent AIDS. One of the first episcopal conferences to take such a stance was the French Bishops Council which asserted in 1989 that, “The whole population and especially the young should be informed of the risks. Prophylactic measures exist.” In 1996, the Social Commission of the French Bishops' Conference said that condom use “can be understood in the case of people for whom sexual activity is an ingrained part of their lifestyle and for whom [that activity] represents a serious risk.”[12] In 1993, the German Bishops Conference noted: “In the final analysis, human conscience constitutes the decisive authority in personal ethics... consideration must be given...to the spread of AIDS. It is a moral duty to prevent such suffering, even if the underlying behavior cannot be condoned in many cases...The church...has to respect responsible decision-making by couples.”[13]

Dissent in the Church

Carlo Maria Martini

In April 2006, in response to a very specific question from the bioethicist Ignazio Marino, Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini opined that in certain cases, the usage of condoms might be allowable stating, "The use of condoms can, in certain situations, be a lesser evil".[14] He stressed the particular case of married couples where one has HIV or AIDS.[15] But he quickly noted that it's one thing the principle of the lesser evil in such cases, and quite another the subject who has to convey those things publicly, thus it is not up to the Church authorities to support condom use publicly, because of "the risk of promoting an irresponsible attitude". The Church is more likely to support other morally sustainable means, such as abstinence.[16]

Godfried Danneels

Cardinal Godfried Danneels is seen as one of the leaders of the "reformist party" within the Church. For instance, he has said that, although abstinence is preferable, condoms are acceptable as a means of preventing AIDS. In an interview with the Dutch Catholic broadcaster RKK, he said: "When someone is HIV positive and his partner says 'I want to have sexual relations with you', he doesn't have to do that, if you ask me. But, when he does, he has to use a condom, because otherwise he adds to a sin against the sixth commandment (thou shalt not commit adultery) a sin against the fifth (thou shalt not kill)." He added: "This comes down to protecting yourself in a preventive manner against a disease or death. It cannot be entirely morally judged in the same manner as a pure method of birth control."

Jean-Marie Lustiger

Although he fully endorsed John Paul II's views on bioethics, Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger considered contraception acceptable if one of the partners had HIV.[17] Indeed, he founded the NGO Tibériade which accompanied AIDS patients.

Kevin Dowling

Kevin Dowling is a South African bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. A Redemptorist, he is the second and current Bishop of Rustenburg.

He is best known for his position, contradicting the official Vatican position, that the Catholic Church should reverse its position on the use of condoms to prevent HIV transmission. [18]

Dowling first announced his position on condom use in 2001, in a response to a question by a Catholic news agency reporter during a bishops' conference in southern Africa. After stating that the bishop's conference had not taken a position on condom use, Dowling was asked for his personal opinion, and said that he believed condoms should be used to prevent the spread of HIV.

Following this, he received a number of rebukes from the South African papal nuncio. The bishop's conference condemned his words, describing condoms as "an immoral and misguided weapon" in the fight against HIV, and argued that condom use could even encourage the spread of HIV by promoting extramarital sex.[19]

Catholics for Choice

Catholics for Choice, a dissident group, maintains that condom use will prevent the spread of AIDS, since couples will have sex despite Vatican prohibition.[20] Two bishops share the beliefs of Condoms4Life,[21][22] and have come out in support of condom use when one partner has AIDS, arguing the Roman Catholic church's official position on this issue is unconscionable.[20]

Criticism

The Church's stance has been criticized as unrealistic, ineffective and irresponsible by some public health officials and AIDS activists.[5][23][24]

The Guardian's Polly Toynbee has characterized the Vatican as "a modern, potent force for cruelty and hypocrisy." Toynbee charges that the Church's ban on condoms has "caused the death of millions of Catholics and others in areas dominated by Catholic missionaries, in Africa and right across the world. In countries where 50% are infected, millions of very young AIDS orphans are today's immediate victims of the curia."[25]

NGOs

UNAIDS has collaborated with the Roman Catholic Church, especially Caritas Internationalis, in the fight against AIDS, something which materialized in a December 2005 message by Pope Benedict XVI.[26] However, it indicated in a 2009 communiqué that it did not agree that condoms were unhelpful in AIDS prevention.[27]

In 2003, the WHO denounced statements by the Roman Curia's health department, saying: "These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million." [28]

ACT UP activism

There was a widespread belief among ACT UP members that O'Connor constituted a menace to people with AIDS. Michael Petrelis, a founding member of ACT UP, was arrested along with 110 others. "We will not be silent,", he screamed before his arrest. "We will fight O'Connor's bigotry".[29] Later, he indicated that the group "came to St. Patrick's in 1989 to repel the church's destructive intrusion into public policies concerning AIDS, gay civil rights and women's reproductive rights." [30][31]

The strong feelings that Cardinal O'Connor's campaigning against gay civil rights inspired were evoked at his passing, when Time Out New York, a weekly city entertainment guide, expressed relief at his death, calling it one of the best things to happen to the gay community in 2000[32], saying "The press eulogized him as a saint, when in fact, the pious creep was a stuck-in-the-1950s anti-gay menace. Good riddance!". The resulting cries of outrage forced the magazine to apologize for the insensitive tone of the statement, but Time Out New York stood by its view that the Cardinal was an "impediment to gay and lesbian progress.[33]

Carmen Vázquez, a spokeswoman for the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center, opined that Cardinal O’Connor had "made the lives of gays and lesbians miserable with his public comments and opposition to their way of life." [34] Brendan Fay, of the Catholic gay group DignityUSA, summarized that "O'Connor will certainly not be remembered as a friend or advocate at our time of greatest need." (O'Connor had issued an order ending Dignity's masses in 1987, sparking protests.[35] O'Connor had Dignity legally banned from attending services in the cathedral.[36] After eight years of protests by the group, O'Connor started meeting with the group twice a year.)[37] Fay continued, saying that the cardinal's famed compassion did not extend to homosexuals. "What we will maybe remember most as representative of the cardinal's stance toward our community is the closed doors of the cathedral."[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Paul VI, Pope (1968). "Humanae Vitae". Vatican. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  2. ^ James T. Bretzke, S.J. (26 March,). "The Lesser Evil". America Magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  3. ^ Guevin, Benedict (Spring 2005). "Debate: On the Use of Condoms to Prevent Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly: 35–48. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ May, William E. (Summer/Fall 2007). "The Theological Significance of Consummation of Marriage, Contraception, Using Condoms to Prevent HIV, and Same-Sex Unions". Josephinum Journal of Theology. 14 (2). Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Catholic Library Association: 207–217. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b Thavis, John (2009-03-18). "Pope's condom comments latest chapter in sensitive church discussion". Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  6. ^ "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use". © 2006, 2009 Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ "Top Catholics Question Condom Ban". © 2005, 2009 International Herald Tribune. 16 April 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ John Paul’s 1990 speech ‘sentenced millions to die’
  9. ^ BBC News. (2005) Pope rejects condoms for Africa. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4081276.stm
  10. ^ Butt, Riazat. "Pope claims condoms could make African Aids crisis worse." The Guardian. 17 March 2009. 17 March 2009.
  11. ^ Benedict XVI, Interview during his fight to Africa, 17 March 2009
  12. ^ French Bishops Council, “AIDS: Society in Question,” 1996.
  13. ^ German Bishops Conference, “Bevölkerungs-wachstum und Entwicklungsforderung (Population Policy and Development),” 1993.
  14. ^ Time Magazine, May 1, 2006.
  15. ^ BBC. Cardinal backs limited condom use April 21, 2006
  16. ^ L'Espresso. When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies May 20, 2006
  17. ^ TERRAS, Christian. Revue Golias, online publication
  18. ^ Lindow, Megan (2005). "European Heroes 2005: Lives in the Balance". Time. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  19. ^ Nolen, Stephanie (7 April 2007). "South African bishop defies Vatican on condoms". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  20. ^ a b Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church
  21. ^ French Bishop Supports Some Use of Condoms to Prevent AIDS
  22. ^ One South African Bishop Supports Condoms To Prevent AIDS
  23. ^ Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids
  24. ^ Partnerships in civil society
  25. ^ "While Critics Blame Catholic Church for AIDS Deaths Stats Show Just the Opposite". 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  26. ^ Partnerships in civil society
  27. ^ La Croix article
  28. ^ Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids
  29. ^ Deparle, Jason (11 December 1989). "111 Held in St. Patrick's AIDS Protest". Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help).
  30. ^ "Stop the Church". ACT UP. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  31. ^ Shaw, Randy (2001). The Activist's Handbook. University of California. pp. 222–4. ISBN 978-0520229280. The Cardinal O'Connor action requires more careful scrutiny. ACT UP knew going in that the event would be unlikely to influence its target... Yet...Cardinal O'Connor had injected himself and the church he controlled into a political dispute in opposition to ACT UP's agenda. National media coverage of the action ignored O'Connor's actual role in fomenting anti-gay, anti-abortion, anti-ACT UP political advocacy. " Because of the media coverage, "the action came to be perceived as an attack on a religious ceremony rather than on a political advocate. " Factors in ACT UP's decision to proceed with the demonstration despite knowing that the media would side with O'Connor took into account "his vocal opposition to any education about safe sex, AIDS, or condoms in schools," which "increased public health risks. These were political rather than religious stances. Having assumed the role of a politician, the Cardinal became fair game for direct political action. ACT UP could not allow a political opponent to avoid confrontation by disguising his political message as religious teaching. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 818 (help)
  32. ^ "Founder of Homosexual Web Site Wishing for 'Death' of Christians Once Attacked Church". Concerned Women for America. 28 November 2001. Retrieved 1 January 2009. The Wockner Wire of 12 January 2001 read "New York City's Time Out magazine has apologized for an item that described Catholic Cardinal John O'Connor's death as one of the best things to happen to the gay community last year."...There are few forces more evil in the world that the Roman Catholic Church's thoroughly ridiculous notions about sexuality, which have caused immeasurable suffering and self-hatred across the globe throughout much of recorded history. Time Out's eulogy was an understatement." {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ Fass, Allison (8 January 2001). "Media Talk; Qualified Apology For Item on Cardinal". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights (4 January 2001). "Unacceptable Apology by Time Out New York". Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ "Homosexuals Protest Ending of Their Mass". 16 March 1987. Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ Golway, Terry (2001). Full of Grace. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 54ff. ISBN 0743448146. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ "Social Justice". Dignity New York. Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ "Obit-O'Connor". New Zealand Digital Library. 4 June 2000. Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
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