List of minor Star Wars characters and 1999 Russian apartment bombings: Difference between pages
With all respect, I insist that 1) this version of the introduction is more adequate, 2) "official explanation" uses same sources as other "controversy" sections, so it's OK & logical to cite it there |
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This article is about minor [[Fictional character|characters]] in the [[fiction]]al ''[[Star Wars]]'' [[fictional universe|universe]], who do not fit into any other category. |
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"Related Events" section, you may be blocked for edit warring. |
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{{Infobox terrorist attack |
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|title=Russian apartment bombings |
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== 2-1B == |
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|image=Apartment bombing.jpg |
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'''2-1B''', or '''Too-Onebee''', was an Imperial medic droid who freely joined the Rebel Alliance. He saved Luke Skywalker's life in ''[[Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back|The Empire Strikes Back]]'', and at the end he made a bionic artificial hand for Luke. |
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|caption= |
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|location=Russia <br>([[Buynaksk]]-Moscow-[[Volgodonsk]]) |
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See more at [[Minor droids in Star Wars#2-1B|Minor droids in Star Wars]] |
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|target=Low-income apartment buildings |
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|date=September 4–16, 1999 |
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|time= |
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== A'Kla, Elegos == |
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|type=[[Time bomb]]ings |
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'''Elegos A'Kla''' is a Caamasi senator. He appears first in ''[[I, Jedi]]'', where [[Corran Horn]] saves him from pirates. He played a substantial role in the resolution of the Caamas dispute, and also in the peace process initiated by Admiral [[Gilad Pellaeon]]. After the outbreak of the war with the [[Yuuzhan Vong]] Senator A'Kla decided that he would try to peacefully end the war and went to negotiate with the [[Yuuzhan Vong]]. After earning the respect of the Vong leader, [[Sheado Shai]], A'Kla was murdered and his body sent to [[Corran Horn]] by Shai after Horn killed two of Shai's relatives. A'Kla's daughter replaced him in the Senate. |
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|fatalities=Nearly 300 |
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|injuries=More than 1,000 |
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==Allana== |
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|perps= |
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{{Spoiler-about|The Dark Nest trilogy}} |
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Allana (born 36 ABY) is a fictional character in the Star Wars Expanded Universe. She is the daughter of Jacen Solo and Tenel Ka. |
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A year before Allana's birth, Jacen went to see Tenel Ka to talk about a Killik fleet. During that time they had a romatic relationship, which resulted in Tenel Ka becoming pregnant. Tenel Ka carried the baby for twelve months by using the Force to slow down its growth, so that nobody would figure out who the father was. But soon after Allana was born, Jacen was forced to save her and her mother from an assasination attempt plotted by Ta'a Chume, who was unhappy about this. Due to this, the baby's existence was then kept secret. However, when Jacen's cousin Ben Skywalker found out, Jacen was forced to erase his memory so that the secret would not leak out. |
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==Bagwa, Hermione== |
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'''Hermione Bagwa''' is the human waitress who works in [[Dexter Jettster]]'s diner. She competed with [[Minor droids in Star Wars#WA-7|WA-7]]. |
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Bagwa doesn't speak in [[Attack of the Clones]]. However, the actress who plays her speaks in the documentary "From Puppets to Pixels" in the AOTC bonus disk. |
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==Bastra, Gil== |
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'''Gil Bastra''' was a [[CorSec]] officer that helped [[Corran Horn]] escape from [[Corellia]] in order to avoid the Imperial liaison, [[Kirtan Loor]]. Unfortunately, Gil was captured by Loor and later killed. |
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== Breemu, Bana == |
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{{SW Character| |
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image=[[Image:Senator Bana Breemu.jpg|175px]]| |
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bgcolor=#ccc| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=Bana Breemu| |
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planet=| |
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species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]| |
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gender=[[Female]]| |
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height=1.6 meters| |
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weapon=| |
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vehicle=| |
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eyes= Black| |
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affiliation=[[Galactic Republic (Star Wars)|Galactic Republic]]/[[Galactic Republic (Star Wars)#The_Galactic_Senate|Galactic Senate]]| |
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portrayer=[[Bai Ling]] (Episode III) |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Russian apartment bombings''' were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of [[Buynaksk]], Moscow and [[Volgodonsk]] in September 1999, killing 293 people and injuring 651, a wave of fear spreading across the country. The blasts hit Buynaksk on 4 September, Moscow on 9 September and 13, and Volgodonsk on 16 September. Several other bombs were defused in Moscow at the time.<ref name="defused">{{ru icon}}[http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/11242/ Volgodonsk (Rostov region) apartment bombing; criminal investigation of Moscow and Buynaksk apartment bombings], an interview with FSB public relations director [[Alexander Zdanovich]] and MVD head of information [[Oleg Aksyonov]] by Vladimir Varfolomeyev, [[Echo of Moscow]], 16 September 1999. [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/11242/ computer translation]</ref> |
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'''Bana Breemu''' is a [[fictional character]] in the [[Star Wars]] [[Star Wars galaxy|universe]]. |
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Together with the [[Invasion of Dagestan (1999)|Invasion of Dagestan]] launched from Chechnya in August 1999 by [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[militia]] led by [[Shamil Basayev]] and [[Ibn al-Khattab]], the bombings caused the Russian Federation to intensify the [[Second Chechen war]]. |
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Bana Breemu was a [[senate|senator]] in the waning [[day]]s of the [[Galactic Republic (Star Wars)|Old Republic]], seen during the course of ''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith|Revenge of the Sith]]''. |
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Although on 2 September 1999, Arab field commander [[Ibn Al-Khattab]] announced that "The mujahideen of Dagestan are going to carry out reprisals in various places across Russia."<ref name=khattab1/>, he would later on 14 September deny responsibility in the blasts, adding that he is fighting the Russian army, not women and children.<ref name=khattab2/> |
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She only appeared in a deleted scene which was reportedly removed because the actress portraying her, Bai Ling, modeled nude in Playboy magazine. |
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An official investigation of the bombings was completed by the Russian [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Federal Security Service]] in 2002. According to the investigation and the court ruling that followed, the bombings were organized by [[Achemez Gochiyaev]], who remained at large as of 2010, and ordered by Arab [[Mujahid]]s [[Ibn Al-Khattab]] and [[Abu Omar al-Saif]], who were killed. Six other suspects have been convicted by Russian courts. |
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==BoShek== |
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'''BoShek''' is a pilot, a smuggler who runs ships to the Monastery for code swithing, in the movie ''[[A New Hope]]''. [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] talks to him for a second upon entering the [[Mos Eisley]] cantina. He has sideburns. |
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Additionally, it is revealed that BoShek has a natural, albeit untrained, aptitude for the Force. He uses this to escape from some stormtroopers hunting him. |
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[http://http://www.artoosnews.com/artooscustoms/imagearchive/images/characters/misc/bo_shek.jpg] |
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A similar bomb was found and defused in the Russian city of [[Ryazan]] on 23 September 1999. On the next day [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Federal Security Service]] Director [[Nikolai Patrushev]] announced that the Ryazan incident had been a training exercise and the bomb was declared a fake.<ref name=lentaprosecutors>[http://vip.lenta.ru/doc/2002/05/14/prosecutors/ Ответ Генпрокуратуры на депутатский запрос о взрывах в Москве]{{ru icon}}, [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://vip.lenta.ru/doc/2002/05/14/prosecutors/ machine translation].</ref> Contrary to this, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, insisted that it was real.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3973053,00.html Take care Tony, that man has blood on his hands ]</ref><ref name="wsws.org">[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/mar2000/chec-m15.shtml Britain's ''Observer'' newspaper suggests Russian secret service involvement in Moscow bombings], Julie Hyland, [[World Socialist Web Site]], 15 March 2000</ref> The official investigation claims it was an operation by the Federal Security Service to "evaluate measures taken by the local law enforcement bodies to prevent possible terrorist acts", which wasn't coordinated with the local police and security bodies.<ref name=lentaprosecutors/> |
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==Briqualon, Noa== |
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{{SW Character| |
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image=[[Image:Noa briqualon.jpg]]| |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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position=Hermit/Scout| |
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name=Noa Briqualon| |
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species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height= Unknown| |
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weapon= staff, sword| |
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vehicle= starship| |
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hair=Grey| |
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eyes= Unknown| |
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planet=Unknown| |
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affiliation=Unknown| |
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portrayer=[[Wilford Brimley]]}} |
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An independent public commission to investigate the bombings, which was chaired by Duma deputy [[Sergei Kovalev]], was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries <ref name="terror99-107"/>, giving rise to a conspiracy theory of Russian Government involvement into the bombings.<ref name="Kagarlitsky"/> |
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'''Noa Briqualon''' is a character in the TV movie [[Ewoks: The Battle for Endor]]. Stranded on the forest moon of Endor long ago, he learned to adapt to his primitive surroundings. He was marooned on Endor when his ship was caught in the complex gravity patterns of the world and crashed in the forest. The power drive crystal of the ship shattered and his friend Salak went to find one, but was captured by the evil Marauders and killed. Noa soon realized that his friend wasn't coming back and made his home in what remained of a hollow tree trunk. |
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==The bombings== |
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Noa's house was small but cozy. A homemade table was by the door and a stove was also near the door. Animal hide rugs carpeted the wooden floor. Also there was Noa's bed and assorted tables, hollows, and crevices in which junk was stored. There was also a small upstairs part with lots of interesting articles up there. |
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===Overview=== |
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Five apartment bombings took place and at least three attempted bombings were prevented.<ref name="Satter">{{harvnb|Satter|2003|pp=24–33 and 63–71}}</ref> All bombing had the same "signature", judging from the nature and the volume of the destruction. In each case the explosive [[RDX]] was used, and the timers were set to go off at night and inflict the maximum number of civilian casualties.<ref name="Dissident"/> The explosives were placed to destroy the weakest, most critical elements of the buildings and force the buildings to "collapse like a house of cards"<ref name="Satter"/>. The terrorists were able to obtain or manufacture several tons of powerful explosives and deliver them to numerous destinations across Russia <ref name="Satter"/><ref name="chronology">[http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/J21%20-%20Complete.pdf Dr Mark Smith, A Russian Chronology July 1999 – September 1999]</ref> |
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===Moscow mall=== |
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[[Teek]], a mischievous creature, met up with Noa sometime between his starship wreck and the "Battle for Endor" movie. Noa let him stay and even carved Teek a bed for his own out of the tree trunk walls of the house. It was Teek who led [[Cindel Towani]] and [[Wicket W. Warrick]] to Noa's house. |
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On 31 August 1999, at 20:00 local time (8:00 PM), a powerful explosion took place in a busy Moscow shopping center.<ref name="bbc_aug31">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/434794.stm Blast rocks Moscow], BBC News, 1 September 1999</ref> One person was killed and 40 others injured.<ref name="Satter"/> According to FSB, the explosion had been caused by a bomb of about 300g of explosives.<ref name="bbc_aug31"/> |
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===Buynaksk, Dagestan=== |
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The old man at first was angry that the kids should be brought into his house, but he grew to like them as he was really a kindly man. He helped save Cindel and the Ewoks from the marauders, defeating the evil marauder King Terak. Wicket the Ewok defeated Terak and Noa and Cindel repaired the starship. |
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On 4 September 1999, at 22:00 (18:00 GMT), a [[car bomb]] detonated outside a five story apartment building in the city of [[Buynaksk]] in [[Dagestan]], near the border of Chechnya. The building was housing Russian [[border guard]] soldiers and their families.<ref name="bbc_sep5">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/438691.stm Russia hit by new Islamic offensive]</ref> 64 people were killed and 133 were injured in the explosion.<ref name="Dissident"/><ref name="nyt_6conv">[http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/20/world/6-convicted-in-russia-bombing-that-killed-68.html 6 Convicted in Russia Bombing That Killed 68], Patrick E. Tyler, The New York Times, 20 March 2001</ref> Another car bomb was found and defused in the same town.<ref name="bbc_sep5"/><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non_fictionreviews/3672012/Vladimir-Putin-and-his-corporate-gangsters.html Vladimir Putin and his corporate gangsters]</ref> The defused bomb was in a car containing 2,706 kilograms of explosives. It was discovered by local residents in a parking lot surrounded by an army hospital and residential buildings.<ref name="Assassins">{{harvnb|Felshtinsky|Pribylovsky|2008|pp=105–111}}</ref> |
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===Moscow, Pechatniki=== |
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Little is known of Noa's later years, though, according to the Star Wars Official Webpage, he retired somewhere in the Mid Rim of the Galaxy. It is not known when he died. He is one of the only characters in any of the Star Wars movies to be portrayed as wearing glasses. |
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[[Image:Apartment bombing2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bombing at Guryanova Street. One section of the building completely collapsed.]] |
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On 9 September 1999, shortly after midnight local time, at 20:00 GMT,<ref name="bbc_sep9">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/443161.stm Russia mourns blast victims]</ref> 300 to 400 kg of explosives detonated on the ground floor of an apartment building in south-east Moscow (19 Guryanova Street). The nine-story building was destroyed, killing 94 people inside and injuring 249 others. 15 nearby buildings were also damaged.<ref name="bbc_sep9"/> A total of 108 apartments were destroyed during the bombing. An FSB spokesman identified the explosive as [[RDX]].<ref name="Satter"/> Residents said a few minutes before the blast four men were seen speeding away from the building in a car.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/russian-blast-deaths-blamed-on-terrorism-1117552.html Russian blast deaths blamed on terrorism], Helen Womack, [[The Independent]], 10 September 1999</ref> |
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==Car'das, Jorj== |
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'''Jorj Car'das''' was an up-and-coming smuggler when the [[Clone Wars]] broke out, and previous to this he was one of the first humans to come into contact with [[Thrawn]]. Car'das realized that the [[galaxy]] was changing, and decided that the time had come for him to start his own operation. He took control of [[Booster Terrik]]'s operation when Booster was sent to [[Kessel]] by [[Hal Horn]], and created a successful smuggling operation, although his operation was small compared to what the [[Hutts]] had. |
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The [[President of Russia]], [[Boris Yeltsin]] ordered the search of 30,000 residential buildings in Moscow for explosives.<ref>{{harvnb|Satter|2003|p=65}}</ref>. He took personal control of the investigation of the blast.<ref name="chronology"/>. Vladimir Putin declared 13 September a day of mourning for the victims of the attacks.<ref name="bbc_sep9"/> |
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Around [[4 BBY]], Car'das was commandeered by one of the [[Dark Jedi]] from [[Bpfassh]], who killed all the crew aboard his ship and demanded passage. Car'das survived the Dark Jedi's battle with the [[Jedi Master]] [[Yoda]] on [[Dagobah]], after receiving treatment from Yoda himself. However, somehow Car'das was changed by the encounter. He began taking his organization to higher levels, creating a small empire that was involved in a number of criminal activities but not dominant in any one of them. This allowed him to become quite rich and modestly powerful, and his organization began to rival the Hutts' outfits. He somehow seemed to know the right move in any situation, and was always outthinking his opponents; he could nearly see the future, foreseeing, for example, the coming rise of [[Palpatine]] and the waxing influence of [[Black Sun]]. It was during this time that Car'das also began amassing a huge library of datacards, storing information away like it was free credits. Then, one day, Car'das simply got into his private yacht and disappeared. His health finally started to fail, and the new life he had been given by Yoda evaporated. Car'das travelled to Dagobah to demand that Yoda put everything right. Yoda simply took his blaster and the beckon call from his ship and flung them into the jungle, then berated Car'das for wasting the gift he had been given. He also told Car'das that he couldn't help him any further, since he was busy preparing for the arrival of [[Luke Skywalker]]. Car'das couldn't return to his group, so he fled to [[Exocron]], where Yoda had indicated he might receive help from the [[Aing-Tii]] monks of the Kathol Rift. |
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===Moscow, Kashirskoye highway=== |
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His organization continued to thrive for several months, but the lieutenants began to discuss the need for a true leader. Rather than put it to a vote, [[Talon Karrde]] - one of Car'das' most trusted students - simply took control of the organization. The other leaders weren't happy, but the new operation flourished for the next twenty years. After the death of [[Grand Admiral]] [[Thrawn]], Karrde sent [[Lando Calrissian]] and [[Mara Jade]] to search for Car'das, a search which took seven years and ended up with Car'das somewhere on the planet Exocron. The lone clue was the beckon call Luke Skywalker had recovered on Dagobah. |
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On 13 September 1999, at 5:00 a.m., a large bomb exploded in a basement of an apartment block on Kashirskoye Highway in southern Moscow, about 6 km from the place of the last attack. 118 people died and 200 were injured. This was the deadliest blast in the chain of bombings. The eight-story building was flattened, littering the street with debris and throwing some concrete pieces hundreds of yards away.<ref name="Dissident"/><ref name="bbc_sep13">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/445529.stm Dozens dead in Moscow blast]</ref> |
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===Moscow, attempted bombings=== |
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According to FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Oksana Yablokova of [[The Moscow Times]], official investigators defused explosives on Borisovskiye Prudy street in Moscow 14 September 1999.<ref name="defused">{{ru icon}}[http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/11242/ Volgodonsk (Rostov region) apartment bombing; criminal investigation of Moscow and Buynaksk apartment bombings], an interview with FSB public relations director [[Alexander Zdanovich]] and MVD head of information [[Oleg Aksyonov]] by Vladimir Varfolomeyev, [[Echo of Moscow]], 16 September 1999. [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/11242/ computer translation]</ref><ref>[http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/071.htm Ex-Agent Presents Pieces of a Puzzle], Oksana Yablokova, [[The Moscow Times]], 2002-07-26</ref> Yuri Felshtinsky and Alexander Litvinenko added a site in the Liublino district and another in Kapotnya to the list of caches.<ref>{{Harvnb|Felshtinsky|Litvinenko|2007|loc=chapter 6}}</ref> Satter wrote that three attempted bombings were prevented.<ref>{{Harvnb|Satter|2003|pp=24–33 and 63–71}}</ref> |
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Later, Lando thought that Car'das held information which could help the [[New Republic (Star Wars)|New Republic]] diffuse the Caamas Incident, but Karrde refused to bring Car'das into it. During the Incident, Karrde finally realized that he had to confront Car'das; if not to confront his own fears, then to recover a copy of the [[Caamas Document]]. Car'das played an elaborate ruse on him, first appearing as a withered old man bed-ridden on the planet Exocron. Car'das' fortess was built into the side of a mountain, and Karrde was surprised at the other man's advanced age. |
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According to the messages received by Yuri Felshtinsky and by [[Prima News]] agency from someone claiming to be [[Achemez Gochiyaev]], on 13 September 1999 a bomb was defused in a building in the Kapotnya area. A warehouse containing several tons of explosives and six timing devices was found at Borisovskiye Prudy. The author of the messages wrote that he called the police and warned about the bombing locations, which helped to prevent a large number of further casualties.<ref name="bbc_fsbpic">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2154100.stm Russia hits back over blasts claims]</ref> Gochiyaev or his impersonators claimed that he was framed by his old acquaintance, an FSB officer who asked him to rent basements "as storage facilities" at four locations where bombs were later found.<ref name="Prima">[http://www.prima-news.ru/eng/news/articles/2002/7/25/16413.html Achemez Gochiyaev: I’ve been framed up by a FSB agent] by [[Prima (news agency)|Prima News]], 25 July 2002</ref><ref name="fugitive-2005">{{ru icon}}[http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/18n/n18n-s08.shtml Я Хочу Рассказать О Взрывах Жилых Домов], [[Novaya Gazeta]] No. 18, 14 March 2005 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/18n/n18n-s08.shtml computer translation])</ref> |
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However, Car'das had been planning this for some time - ever since he learned of Calrissian and Jade's search. Car'das used Karrde's desire to locate him as a way to draw the crimelord [[Rei'kas]] to Exocron and near the [[Kathol Rift]]. Car'das and [[Trey David]] knew Exocron couldn't stand against Rei'kas's fleet, but they also knew that the Aing-Tii monks wanted to eliminate Rei'kas. By allowing Karrde to get to Exocron, Car'das and David also gave Exocron's location to Rei'kas. However, Rei'kas' fleet was destroyed by the Aing-Tii monks when it tried to attack Exocron. This maneuvering was nearly transparent to Karrde, who realized that Car'das was more than a frail old man. He returned to Exocron and confronted Car'das again, who was no longer an aged man but a healthy man of somewhat advanced age. He also revealed the true size of his fortress, with its immense library of datacards. Within it, Car'das was unable to locate a copy of the Caamas Document. He was, however, able to dig up a wealth of information on [[Grodin Tierce]], [[Moff]] [[Disra]], and the conman [[Flim]]. Karrde and [[Shada D'ukal]] brought this information back to [[Admiral]] [[Pellaeon]], after saying their goodbyes to Car'das. Car'das vanished from the galactic scene for a couple of years, before [[Dean Jinzler]] revealed that he had received word of [[Voss Parck]]'s mission to locate the remains of the [[Outbound Flight Project]] from Car'das himself. Car'das then made sure Jinzler arrived, going so far as to trail Jinzler and help repair his ship in the [[Flacharia System]]. Jinzler told Luke Skywalker that Car'das was only trying to fulfill a promise he'd made years ago. Car'das then accompanied Jinzler aboard the ''[[Chaf Envoy]]'' when [[Aristocra]] [[Formbi]] greeted them, although Jinzler couldn't comprehend the discussion between Formbi and Car'das. |
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===Volgodonsk=== |
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While Car'das's homeworld is unknown, it is known that his first language was [[Old Tarmidian]]. |
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A truck bomb exploded on 16 September 1999, outside a nine-story apartment complex in the southern Russian city of [[Volgodonsk]], killing 17 people and injuring 69.<ref name="Satter"/> The bombing took place at 5:57 am.<ref name="nyt_another">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00EFDC123CF934A2575AC0A96F958260&scp=6&sq=russia%20apartment%20bombings&st=cse ANOTHER BOMBING KILLS 18 IN RUSSIA]</ref> Surrounding buildings were also damaged. The blast also happened nine miles from a nuclear power plant.<ref name="nyt_another"/> Prime Minister Putin signed a decree calling on law enforcement and other agencies to develop plans within three days to protect industry, transportation, communications, food processing centers and nuclear complexes.<ref name="nyt_another"/> |
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===Ryazan incident=== |
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At 8:30 P.M. on '''22 September''', 1999, a resident of an apartment building in the city of [[Ryazan]] noticed two suspicious men who carried sacks into the basement from a car with a Moscow license plate.<ref name="Assassins"/><ref name="reynolds">[http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/15/news/mn-54302 Fears of Bombing Turn to Doubts for Some in Russia], Maura Reynolds, LA Times, 15 January 2000</ref><ref |
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*''[[Vision of the Future]]'', 1st printing, 1998. Timothy Zahn. ISBN 0-553-10035-1 |
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name="womack">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/did-alexei-stumble-across-russian-agents-planting-a-bomb-to-justify-chechen-war-727330.html Did Alexei stumble across Russian agents planting a bomb to justify Chechen war?], Helen Womack, [[The Independent]], 27 January 2000</ref><ref |
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*''Outbound flight'', 1st edition, hardcover, 2005. [[Timothy Zahn]], ISBN 0-345-4568-3 |
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name="sweeney">[http://cryptome.info/putin-bomb5.htm The Fifth Bomb: Did Putin's Secret Police Bomb Moscow in a Deadly Black Operation?], [[John Sweeney]], [[Cryptome]], 24 November 2000</ref>. He alerted the police, but by the time they arrived the car and the men were gone. The policemen found three 50 kg sacks of white powder in the basement. A [[detonator]] and a [[timer|timing device]] were attached and armed. The timer was set to 5:30 AM.<ref name="Dissident"/> Yuri Tkachenko, the head of the local [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]], disconnected the detonator and the timer and tested the three sacks of white substance with a "MO-2" [[Mass spectrometry|gas analyzer]]. The device detected traces of [[RDX]], the [[military explosive]] used in all previous bombings.<ref name="Satter"/> Police and rescue vehicles converged from different parts of the city, and 30,000 residents were evacuated from the area. 1,200 local police officers armed with automatic weapons set up [[roadblock]]s on highways around the city and started patrolling railroad stations and airports to hunt the terrorists down.<ref name="Satter"/> |
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At 1:30 A.M. on '''23 September''', the explosive engineers took a bit of substance from the suspicious-looking sacks to a firing ground located some kilometers away from Ryazan for testing.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=226161 Таймер остановили за семь часов до взрыва: Теракт предотвратил водитель автобуса], Sergey Topol, Nadezhda Kurbacheva, [[Kommersant]], 24 September 1999</ref> During the substance tests at that area they tried to explode it by means of a detonator, but their efforts failed, the substance was not detonated, and the explosion did not occur.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">terror1999.narod.ru/ryazan/press/ort230999.html</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">old.russ.ru/politics/news/1999/09/23.htm</ref><ref name="chas-daily.com">www.chas-daily.com/win/1999/09/24/v_42.html</ref> At 5 A.M. Radio Rossiya reported about the attempted bombing noting that the bomb was set up to go off at 5:30 A.M. In the morning, "Ryazan resembled a city under siege". [[Composite sketch]]es of three suspected terrorists, two men and a woman, were posted everywhere in the city and shown on TV. At 8:00 A.M. Russian television reported the attempt to blow out the building in Ryzan and identified the explosive used in the bomb as [[RDX]]<ref name="ort">{{ru icon}} [http://terror1999.narod.ru/ryazan/press/ort230999.html [[Channel One (Russia)|ORT]] newscast on 23.09.99, at 09:00]</ref>. [[Vladimir Rushailo]] announced later that police prevented a terrorist act. A news block at 4 p.m. reported that the explosives failed to detonate during their testing outside the city<ref name="ReferenceA">kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=226161</ref><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>www.lenta.ru/russia/1999/09/23/ryazan/</ref><ref name="politcom.ru/2002/aaa_skandal20.php">politcom.ru/2002/aaa_skandal20.php</ref><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="chas-daily.com"/> |
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== Cat Miin == |
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At 7 P.M. [[Prime Minister of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] praised the vigilance of the Ryazanians and called for the air bombing of the Chechen capital [[Grozny]] in response to the terrorism acts<ref>{{harvnb|Goldfarb|Litvinenko|2007|p=196}}</ref>. He said <ref name="Lucas">[[Edward Lucas (journalist)|Edward Lucas]], ''The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West '', Palgrave Macmillan (19 February 2008), ISBN 0230606121, page 25</ref>: |
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'''Cat Miin''' was Shu Mai's aide during the end of the clone wars. She was killed by Darth Vader right after her master [[Shu Mai]] lost her head. She was the final aide of Shu Mai. |
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{{cquote|If the sacks which proved to contain explosive were noticed, that means there is a positive side to it, if only the fact that the public is reacting correctly to the events taking place in our country today. I'd like ...to thank the public... No panic, no sympathy for the bandits.}} |
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Later, the same evening, a telephone service employee in Ryazan tapped into long distance phone conversations and managed to detect a talk in which an out-of-town person suggested to others that they "split up" and "make your own way out". That person's number was traced to a [[Telephone exchange|telephone exchange unit]] serving FSB offices.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19795 Russia's terrorist bombings], [[WorldNetDaily]], 27 January 2000</ref> When arrested, the detainees produced FSB identification cards. They were soon released on orders from Moscow.<ref name="shadow">[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-satter043002.asp The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin’s government legitimate?], [[National Review Online]], 30 April 2002</ref><ref name="bbc_ryazan">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/456848.stm Ryazan 'bomb' was security service exercise]</ref> |
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On '''24 September''', FSB director [[Nikolai Patrushev]] announced that the exercise was carried out to test responses after the earlier blasts<ref name="nyt_ber">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00EFD8163DF932A35751C0A9649C8B63 Russian Says Kremlin Faked 'Terror Attacks']</ref>. The Ryzan FSB "reacted with fury" and issued a statement saying<ref name="Lucas"/>: |
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==Celchu, Mia== |
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{{cquote|This announcement came as a surprise to us and appeared at the moment when the ...FSB had identified the places of residence in Ryzan of those involved in planting the explosive device and was prepared to detain them.}} |
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'''Mia Celchu''' is the sister of [[Tycho Celchu]] and [[#Celchu, Skoloc|Skoloc Celchu]]. She was killed when her home planet [[Alderaan]] was destroyed by the [[Death Star]] in the original Star Wars Trilogy. |
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<br clear="all"> |
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FSB issued a public apology about the incident.<ref name="nyt_ber"/> |
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==Celchu, Skoloc== |
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'''Skoloc Celchu''' is the brother of [[Tycho Celchu]] and [[#Celchu, Mia|Mia Celchu]]. He was killed when his home planet [[Alderaan]] was destroyed by the [[Death Star]]. |
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== |
==Related events== |
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===Ryazan incident controversy=== |
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====Official explanation of the Ryazan incident==== |
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The Russia's General Prosecutor's Office, answering a parliamentary inquiry about apartment bombings in 2002 reported that <ref name="prosecutorlenta"/> |
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{{cquote|The investigation showed that to execute certain theses of the mutual order issued by the FSB Director and Russia's Minister of Internal Affairs about performing the [[Vortex-Antiterror]] operation, command of a special FSB unit approved a plan/task in 20 September 1999, which implied assembling groups of fake terrorists to be sent into certain regional cities, with the aim to test the security protection of vital infrastructure objects and apartments houses and to evaluate efficiency of undertaken special investigative techniques and regime measures. |
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A group of three was assembled to be sent into the city of Ryazan with the task to arrive into the city, study the up-to-date situation, evaluate measures taken by the local law enforcement bodies to counteract possible terrorism acts. As well as to select convenient places to perform a "diversion" (apartments of the ground floor and the floor above in apartment houses, underground or different rooms in livable buildings), buy from three to five sacks of sugar and store them at the selected place, as well as to manufacture mock-ups of explosive initiators to be installed on sacks. |
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'''Chief Chirpa''' was the head of his [[Ewok]] tribe's Council of Elders. The strong-willed Chirpa befriended the Rebel strike force sent to the moon of Endor to clear the way for the Alliance fleet. His warriors were courageous and skillful in the face of a superior enemy and managed to defeat them. Chief Chirpa, gray-furred and carrying a reptilian staff denoting his rank which carries the teeth and horns of animals he has hunted. |
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To perform the order, the group arrived in Ryazan on a car [[VAZ-2107]] in 20 September 1999. During the day of 21 September 1999 they studied the city, the local situation and selected the required object. They chose the house 14/16 at Novosyolov street, since it matched their task the best — there were a local police office and a big store nearby, and the entrance door to the basement was broken. In the morning of 22 September 1999 they bought three sacks of sugar as well as batteries, clocks, etc. required to manufacture a mock-up of an explosive initiator at a local market. In the "Kolchuga" store they bought a hunting cartridge of 12th caliber. About 9 p.m. sacks with sugar were delivered to the house and brought into the basement; the mock-up of an explosive initiator was installed on one of sacks. |
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Following Chirpa's death, his daughter, Princess Kneesa, ascended to the throne. |
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... |
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==Cracken, Pash== |
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Investigation showed that ... operation in the city of Ryazan was not planned and carried out in the proper way, in particular, the question about limits of this action was not regulated, and there was no provision for informing local [security] bodies or police about the training nature of the installation in case it was unveiled. |
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'''Pash Cracken''' is the son of General Airen Cracken, an [[Rebel Alliance (Star Wars)|Alliance]] war hero and eventual head of Alliance Intelligence. |
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Along with that, actions of FSB employees did not have dangerous consequences for the society and did not lead to violations of rights and interests secured by the Law.}} |
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Pash did not quite share his father's talent for espionage, but he was a very good pilot, so the elder Cracken invented a false identity for him, and he was accepted to the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Imperial]] Academy on Vensenor. Shortly after graduation, he and his entire fighter wing of 72 [[starfighters]] defected to the Rebel Alliance, killing a [[Star Destroyer]] in the process (no mean feat for [[TIE Fighters]]). Later, with the Alliance, he led one of the first [[A-Wing]] squadrons in the Rebel fleet. |
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====Explosives in Ryazan==== |
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Shortly after the [[Battle of Endor]] Captain Cracken joined the [[Rogue Squadron]] under [[Wedge Antilles]] and flew as Rogue 4. Pash at one point invented a dogfighting maneuver known as the "Cracken Twist". |
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The Russian Deputy Prosecutor declared in 2002 that a comprehensive testing of the samples showed no traces of any explosives, and that sacks from Ryazan contained only [[sugar]].<ref name=kolmogorov>[http://vip.lenta.ru/doc/2002/05/14/prosecutors/ Answer of the General Prosecutor's office on the deputy request (on explosions in Moscow)]</ref> However Yuri Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, insisted that it was real. Tkachenko said that the explosives, including a timer, a power source, and a detonator were genuine military equipment and obviously prepared by a professional. He also said that the gas analyzer that tested the vapors coming from the sacks unmistakably indicated the presence of RDX. Tkachenko said that it was out of the question that the analyzer could have malfunctioned, as the gas analyzer was of [[world class]] quality, cost $20,000, and was maintained by a specialist who worked according to a strict schedule, checking the analyzer after each use and making frequent prophylactic checks. Tkachenko pointed out that meticulous care in the handling of the gas analyzer was a necessity because the lives of the bomb squad experts depended on the reliability of their equipment. The police officers who answered the original call and discovered the bomb also insisted that it was obvious from its appearance that the substance in the bomb was not sugar.<ref name="Satter"/><ref name="NationalReview">[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-satter043002.asp" The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin's government legitimate?"], [[David Satter]], [[National Review]], 30 April 2002.</ref> |
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At a press conference on the occasion of the Federal Security Service Employee Day in December 2001 Yury Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, said that the gas analyzer had not been used. He added that the detonator was a hunting cartridge and that it would not be able to detonate any known explosives.<ref name="fsb-satisfied">{{ru icon}}[http://rv.ryazan.ru/old/cgi-bin/main-n=1244&m=8.htm Today is the Federal Security Service Employee Day: Satisfied with the year summary], Ryazanskie Vedomosti, 20 December 2001, [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://rv.ryazan.ru/old/cgi-bin/main-n=1244%26m=8.htm computer translation]</ref> |
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==Crion== |
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====The type of explosives controversy==== |
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'''Crion''' is [[Xanatos]]' father and the richest man on the planet [[Planets of Star Wars#Telos|Telos]]. When [[List of Star Wars planets#Telos|Telos]] was at war with other worlds, [[Xanatos]] left the [[Jedi Order]] to join Crion's army. [[Qui-Gon Jinn]] was forced to kill his [[padawan]]'s father turning [[Xanatos]] raging mad and evil. |
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It was initially reported by the FSB that the explosives used by the terrorists was [[RDX]] (or "hexogen"). However, it was officially declared later that the explosive was not RDX, but a mixture of aluminum powder, [[niter]] (saltpeter), [[sugar]], and [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] prepared by the perpetrators in a [[concrete mixer]] at a fertilizer factory in [[Urus-Martan]], Chechnya.<ref name="Kommersant2004-01-13">{{ru icon}} [http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=440000 Two life sentences for 246 murders], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры"</ref><ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=355437 Only one explosions suspect still free], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 10 December 2002.</ref> RDX is produced in only one factory in Russia, in the city of [[Perm]],<ref name="Satter"/>. According to the book by Satter, the FSB changed the story about the type of explosive, since it was difficult to explain how huge amounts of RDX disappeared from the closely guarded Perm facility. |
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====A military storage with RDX disguised as "sugar"==== |
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==D'an, Barquin== |
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In March 2000, Russian newspaper ''[[Novaya Gazeta]] ''reported about a Private Alexei Pinyaev of the 137th Regiment who guarded a military facility near the city of Ryazan. He was surprised to see that "a storehouse with weapons and ammunition" contained sacks with the word "sugar" on them. The two paratroopers cut a hole in one of the bags and made tea with the sugar taken from the bag. But the taste of the tea was terrible. They became suspicious since people were talking about the explosions. The substance turned out to be [[hexogen]]. After the newspaper report, FSB officers "descended on Pinyaev's unit", accused them of "divulging a state secret", and told them "You guys can't even imagine what serious business you've got yourselves tangled up in." The regiment later sued ''Novaya Gazeta'' for insulting the honor of the Russian Army, since there was no Private Alexei Pinyaev in the regiment, according to their statement.<ref>"The Age of Assassins", pages 127–129</ref> At an FSB press conference Private Pinyayev stated that there was not any hexogen in the 137th sky troops Regiment and that he was hospitalized in December 1999 and no longer visited the range.<ref name="fsb-satisfied"/> |
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'''Barquin D'an''', a [[Bith]] horn player in the [[Max Rebo]] Band, was the brother of Figrin D'an of the Modal Nodes. He ran away after the [[Twilek]] dancer [[Minor_residents_of_Tatooine#Oola|Oola]] was fed to the rancor by [[Jabba the Hutt]]. |
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===Incident in Russian Parliament=== |
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==Du, Ur-Sema== |
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On 13 September, just hours after the second explosion in Moscow, Russian Duma speaker [[Gennadiy Seleznyov]] of the Communist Party made an announcement: "''I have just received a report. According to information from Rostov-on-Don, an apartment building in the city of [[Volgodonsk]] was blown up last night''".<ref name=autogenerated5>"Death of a Dissident", page 265</ref><ref name="Jamestown">[http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=13&issue_id=576&article_id=4218 HAUNTING YUSHENKOV LECTURE BROADCAST], [[The Jamestown Foundation]], 12 June 2003</ref><ref name="CDI">[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2006-25-32.cfm CDI]</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.newsru.com/russia/21mar2002/seleznyov.html Геннадия Селезнева предупредили о взрыве в Волгодонске за три дня до теракта ("Gennadiy Seleznyov was warned of the Volgodonsk explosion three days in advance")], [[NewsRu.com]], 21 March 2002</ref> However, the bombing in Volgodonsk took place three days later, on 16 September. When the Volgodonsk bombing happened, [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]] demanded an explanation in the [[Duma]], but Seleznev turned his microphone off.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref>[[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]] said in the Russian Duma: "Remember, Gennadiy Nikolaevich, how you told us that a house has been blown up in Volgodonsk, three days prior to the blast? How should we interpret this? The State Duma knows that the house was destroyed on Monday, and it has indeed been blown up on Thursday [same week]... How come... the state authorities of Rostov region were not warned in advance [about the future bombing], although it was reported to us? Everyone is sleeping, the house was destroyed three days later, and now we must take urgent measures..." [Seleznev turned his microphone off].[http://fictionbook.ru/author/felshtinskiyi_yuriyi_georgievich/fsb_vzriyvaet_rossiyu/felshtinskiyi_fsb_vzriyvaet_rossiyu.html]</ref> |
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'''Ur-Sema Du''' was a brave Jedi Master, who worked for Jocasta Nu; she and her apprentice, Kai Justiss, traveled the Outer Rim conducting research into creatures rumoured to have out of the ordinary connections with the Force; their missions notably included Marsh Haunts on Abraxin to searching for the fabled Nightcrawlers on Kashyyyk. Du had recently returned to the [[Jedi Temple]] and so one was of the Jedi that fought in the [[battle of Geonosis]] but died. She wielded a green [[lightsaber]]. |
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Two years later, in March 2002, Seleznyov claimed in an interview that he had been referring to an unrelated [[hand grenade]]-based explosion, which did not kill anyone and did not destroy any buildings, and which indeed happened in Volgodonsk.<ref name="Seleznev">"Darkness at Dawn", page 269.</ref><ref name="terror99-2">{{ru icon}} [http://terror99.ru/documents/doc02.htm Reply of the Public Prosecutor Office of the Russian Federation to a deputy inquiry]</ref> It remains unclear why Seleznyov reported such an insignificant incident to the Russian Parliament and why he did not explain the misunderstanding to Zhirinovsky and other Duma members.<ref name="Seleznev"/> |
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==Derricote, General Evir== |
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'''General Evir Derricote''' is an Imperial general. For a while, he ran a [[hydroponics]] facility on [[List of Star Wars planets (A-B)#Borleias|Borleias]] that produced [[Alderaan]]ian foodstuffs as a personal side project. He lost the facility when the [[Rebel Alliance]] took the planet, but the Imperial leader, [[Ysanne Isard]], recognized his talents as a [[bioengineer]] and picked him to head the [[Krytos virus]] project. He was killed during [[Corran Horn]]'s escape from ''Lusankya''. |
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FSB [[Defection|defector]] [[Alexander Litvinenko]] described this as "the usual [[KGB|Kontora]] mess up": ''"Moscow-2 was on the 13th and Volgodonsk on 16th, but they got it to the speaker the other way around,"'' he said. Investigator [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] confirmed that the man who gave Seleznev the note was indeed an FSB officer.<ref>"Death of a Dissident", page 266</ref> |
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==Dormé== |
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===Sealing of all materials by Russian Duma=== |
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'''Dormé''' is a handmaiden of Senator [[Padmé Amidala]], the former [[Queen (fiction)|Queen]] of [[Naboo]], in ''[[Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones]].'' At the beginning of ''Attack of the Clones'', Dormé was already on [[Coruscant]] when Senator Amidala arrived. Because of this, Dormé survived the [[assassination]] attempt on Amidala's life that killed her fellow handmaidens [[Cordé]] and [[Versé]]. |
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The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident.<ref name="terror99-49">[http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/049.htm Duma Rejects Move to Probe Ryazan Apartment Bomb], Terror-99, 21 March 2000</ref><ref name="terror99-42">[http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/042.htm Duma Vote Kills Query On Ryazan], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 4 April 2000</ref> The Duma, on a pro-Kremlin [[party-line vote]], voted to seal all materials related to the Ryazan incident for the next 75 years and forbade an investigation into what happened.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
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===Arrest of independent investigator Trepashkin=== |
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She was incredibly devoted to Padmé and the two seem to have a sisterly relationship. She was desperately worried when Padmé left the capital in the company of [[Jedi]] [[Padawan]] [[Anakin Skywalker]]. She also had the ability to see the humor in a situation. In one cut scene of ''[[Attack of the Clones]],'' Dormé was chuckling in the background as Anakin complained about his relationship with [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]]. |
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The commission of Sergei Kovalev asked lawyer [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] to investigate the case. Trepashkin found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer [[Vladimir Romanovich]] and that the latter was witnessed by several people. However, Trepashkin was unable to bring the evidence to court, because he was arrested by [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]] in October 2003 (imprisoned in [[Nizhny Tagil]]), allegedly for "disclosing state secrets", just a few days before he was to make his findings public.<ref name="cdi.org">[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/8014-18.cfm For Trepashkin, Bomb Trail Leads to Jail], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 14 January 2004</ref> He was sentenced by a military [[secret trial|closed court]] to four years imprisonment.<ref name="coranet.radicalparty.org">[http://coranet.radicalparty.org/pressreview/print_right.php?func=detail&par=10113 Russian Ex-Agent's Sentencing Called Political Investigator was about to release a report on 1999 bombings when he was arrested], ''The Los Angeles Times'', 20/05/2004</ref> [[Amnesty International]] issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other cities".<ref name="web.amnesty.org">[http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engEUR460132006 Russian Federation: Amnesty International calls for Mikhail Trepashkin to be released pending a full review of his case]</ref> Romanovich subsequently died in a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit and run]] accident in [[Cyprus]]. According to Trepashkin, his supervisors and people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".<ref name="Interview with Mikhail Trepashkin">{{ru icon}} [http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2007/12/01/20071201143422327.html Interview with Mikhail Trepashkin], [[RFE/RL]], 1 December 2007. "давай вместе работать против Литвиненко и уйди из комиссии по взрывам домов и тогда тебя никто не тронет. Я говорил со своими шефами, совершенно точно, тебя не тронут. Кончай с Ковалевым Сергеем Адамовичем контактировать в Госдуме и так далее."</ref> Commission chairman Kovalev summarized their findings as follows:<ref name="RFL">{{ru icon}} [http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2008/06/02/20080602235914540.html The bombing case. Victims ask the president to resume the investigation (Russian)], [[RFE/RL]], 2 June 2008</ref> "What can I tell? We can prove only one thing: there was ''no'' training exercise in the city of Ryazan. Authorities do not want to answer any questions..." |
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On 10 December 2006 Trepashkin wrote a letter to newspaper ''Novaya Gazeta'' where he claimed that the officials of the Regional Directorate against the Organized Crimes (RUOP) of Main Directorate of the Internal Affairs (GUVD) in Moscow arrested several people who were questioned in regards of buying and selling [[RDX]]. Soon after the arrest several officials from the N.P.Petrushev Directorate of FSB came to the headquarters of the GUVD on [[Shabolovka street]], took all of the material evidences, and ordered to fire all the officials that conducted the arrest. Later sometime in 2000 Trepashkin had meetings with several of the high-ranking officers from the RUOP that disclosed him the whole story. They offered the videocassette containing the footage that led to the arrest of the RDX dealers and offered to appear in court as witnesses. Trepashkin never publicized that to the Public Commission of the State Duma headed by Kovalev to avoid further involvement of the state security services. A similar videocassette possessed [[Aleksandr Litvinenko]] with whom Trepashkin contacted as well. Soon thereafter Trepashkin was arrested as a bandit and thrown in a car under a ''Chechen'' handgun loaded with seven bullets of the FSB officials which were accusing him in a plot against the President of the [[Russian Federation]] and was taken to the city of [[Dmitrov]]. The whole court process in regards to the bombings took place without him and behind the closed doors to avoid the ''information leak''. Trepashkin was surprised how the officials of FSB found out about his investigations and became suspicious of couple of journalists with whom he conducted his investigations Levitov (survivability of whom he doubted) and V.V.Shebalin. Trepashkin later found that the latter disclosed everything to D.A.Paramonov, the member of FSB.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
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Dormé does not appear again in ''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]].'' She is portrayed by actress [[Rose Byrne]]. |
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Soon the controversial Litvinenko affair took place also. In January 2002 after the Shebalin's statement FSB confiscated the Trepashkin's PC where he had the last evidences of his investigations. After the FSB was not able to open the encrypted evidences in Trepashkin's computer they illegally destroyed it.<ref>[http://www.gulag.ipvnews.org/new/article20070214_02.php Trepashkin's letter to ''Novaya Gazeta'']</ref> |
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==Empress Teta== |
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===Claims and denials of responsibility for the blasts=== |
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'''Empress Teta''' was the empress of the Koros System in 5,000 [[Dates in Star Wars|BBY]]. She was responsible for unifying the various planets of the Koros System. After her death, both the system and its primary planet, Koros Major, were renamed after her. |
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After the first bombings, Moscow mayor [[Luzhkov]] asserted that no warning had been given for the attacks<ref name="bbc_aug31"/>. A previously unknown group, protesting against growing consumerism in Russia, claimed responsibility for the blast. A note was found at the site of the explosion from the group, calling itself the Revolutionary Writers, according to the FSB.<ref name="bbc_aug31_media">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/435468.stm Media mystified by mall blast]</ref> |
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On 2 September, Al-Khattab announced: "The mujahideen of Dagestan are going to carry out reprisals in various places across Russia."<ref name=khattab1>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/iseees/bps/2006_01-walk/ Ethnic War, Holy War, War O' War: Does the Adjective Matter in Explaining Collective Political Violence?], Edward W. Walker, [[University of California, Berkeley]], 1 February 2006</ref>, but Khattab would later on 14 September deny responsibility in the blasts, adding that he is fighting the Russian army, not women and children.<ref name=khattab2>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1141992.html Chechen president advocates joint action with Russia against terrorism], Newsline, [[RFERL]], 15 September 1999</ref> |
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==Farlander, Keyan== |
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'''Keyan Farlander''' was an illustrious pilot with the [[Rebel Alliance]]. He worked on experimental projects such as the [[B-Wing]] with [[Slayn & Korpil]], a starfighter manufacturer operating in the [[List of Star Wars races#Verpine|Verpine]] colony. In the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe]] Farlander earned the respect of [[Luke Skywalker]] and became [[Jedi]] in the [[New Jedi Order]]. He juggled his life as a Jedi with his life as a prodigious millitary commander, playing a pivotal role in the [[Battle of Coruscant]] as well as fighting against the [[Yuuzhan Vong]] invasion. |
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On 9 September, an anonymous person, speaking with a [[Caucasian]] accent, phoned the [[Interfax]] news agency, saying that the blasts in Moscow and Buynaksk were "our response to the bombings of civilians in the villages in Chechnya and Dagestan."<ref name="chronology"/><ref name="ng-vzryv">{{ru icon}} [http://www.ng.ru/events/1999-09-10/vzryv.html The explosion of an apartment house in Moscow put an end to calm in the capital], A. Novoselskaya, S. Nikitina, M. Bronzova, [[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]], 10 September 1999 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.ng.ru/events/1999-09-10/vzryv.html computer translation])</ref> In an interview to the Czech newspaper [[Lidove Noviny]] on 9 September, Shamil Basayev denied responsibility, saying: "The latest blast in Moscow is not our work, but the work of the Dagestanis. Russia has been openly terrorizing Dagestan, it encircled three villages in the centre of Dagestan, did not allow women and children to leave."<ref name="bbc_who">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/449325.stm Russia's bombs: Who is to blame?]</ref> A few days later Basayev denied that Islamist fighters were responsible for the blasts, and instead were connected to "Russian domestic politics."<ref name="murky">[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=23907&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=216 AUTUMN 1999 TERRORIST BOMBINGS HAVE A MURKY HISTORY], ''Monitor'', Volume 8, Issue 27, [[Jamestown Foundation]], 7 February 2002</ref> In a later interview, Basayev said he had no idea who was behind the bombings. "Dagestani’s could have done it, or the Russian special services."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/16/world/rebel-chief-denying-terror-fights-to-free-chechnya.html Rebel Chief, Denying Terror, Fights to 'Free' Chechnya], Carlotta Gall, The New York Times, 16 October 1999</ref> |
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Farlander also appears as the [[protagonist]] and [[player character]] in the Star Wars computer game '''[[X-wing_computer_game_series|X-Wing]]'''. This is never made explicit in the game itself and the connection is revealed only in the official strategy guide. |
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From 9 September to 13 September, AP reporter Greg Myre conducted an interview with [[Ibn Al-Khattab]], in which Al-Khattab as said, "From now on, we will not only fight against Russian fighter jets and tanks. From now on, they will get our bombs everywhere. Let Russia await our explosions blasting through their cities. I swear we will do it." The interview was published on 15 September.<ref name="from_past_to_future">{{harv|Sakwa|2005}}</ref><ref name="paz_khattab">[http://web.archive.org/web/2000/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=94 Al-Khattab: From Afghanistan to Dagestan], [[Reuven Paz]], [[International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism]], 20 September 1999</ref> In a subsequent interview with Interfax, al-Khattab denied involvement in the bombings, saying "We would not like to be akin to those who kill sleeping civilians with bombs and shells."<ref name="from_past_to_future"/><ref>[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19990915&slug=2983256 Warlord Becoming Most Feared Man In Russia], [[Greg Myre]], [[The AP]], 15 September 1999</ref> |
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Keyan Farlander grew up on Agamar, and was indifferent to the ways of the galactic government until Mon Mothma came to the planet to gain underground support for the Alliance. Farlander received a copy of the A Call to Reason pamphlet, and it turned his mind to the Alliance. |
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On 15 September, an unidentified man, again speaking with a Caucasian accent, called the [[ITAR-TASS]] news agency, claiming to represent a group called the [[Liberation Army of Dagestan]]. He said that the explosions in Buynaksk and Moscow were carried out by his organization.<ref name="chronology"/> According to him, the attacks were a retaliation to the deaths of Muslim women and children during Russian air raids in Dagestan. "We will answer death with death," the caller said..<ref name="independent_webofterror">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/russia-caught-in-sects-web-of-terror-1120524.html Russia caught in sect's web of terror]</ref> Russian officials from both the [[Interior Ministry]] and [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]], at the time, expressed skepticism over the claims.<ref name="murky"/> [[Sergei Bogdanov]], of the FSB press service in Moscow, said that the words of a previously unknown individual representing a semi-mythical organization should not be considered as reliable. Mr. Bogdanov insisted that the organization had nothing to do with the bombing.<ref>’’Islam in Russia’’ by Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, J. Collins. P.91</ref> On 15 September 1999 a Dagestani official also denied the existence of a "Dagestan Liberation Army".<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F99F92EDD9F4123&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Russia: Dagestani official denies existence of Dagestan Liberation Army]</ref> |
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He joined up, and decided the he wanted to be a starfighter pilot. As an untrained Alliance starpilot on his first mission, Keyan helped recover important Imperial documents by disabling the Imperial shuttle Talon near Turkana. He proved his incredible piloting skills there as well, and went on to become one of the Alliance's premier pilots. |
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===Publications about advanced planning of the bombings=== |
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He was instrumental in raids on a number of Imperial outposts, and was part of the team that fled to Yavin 4 to prepare for battle against the Death Star. While on Yavin 4, Keyan helped familiarize Luke Skywalker on the controls of the X-Wing. He was one of the few survivors of the Battle of Yavin, piloting a [[Y-Wing]] during the fighting and fleeing the destruction of the first Death Star with Luke Skywalker, Wedge Antilles, and the Millennium Falcon. |
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On 6 June 1999, three months before the bombings, Swedish journalist Jan Blomgren wrote in newspaper ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]]'' that one of options considered by the Kremlin leaders was "a series of terror bombings in Moscow that could be blamed on the Chechens."<ref name="Advance">"Darkness at Dawn", page 267</ref> |
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On 22 July, Moscow newspaper ''Moskovskaya Pravda'' published leaked documents about an operation, "Storm in Moscow", which, by organizing terrorist acts to cause chaos, would bring about a state of emergency, thus saving the Yeltsin regime.<ref>"Darkness at Dawn", page 63</ref> |
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Keyan continued to serve the Alliance, and later the New Republic, as a military officer and advisor. Because of his uncanny skills, Keyan was tested by Luke Skywalker for a connection to the Force, which revealed that Keyan was possible Jedi material. He trained for many years at the Jedi praxeum on Yavin 4, and eventually earned the rank of Jedi Knight. |
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Russian Duma member Konstantin Borovoi said that he had been "warned by an agent of Russian military intelligence of a wave of terrorist bombings" prior to the blasts.<ref name="Advance"/> |
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By the time of the Yuuzhan Vong invasion of the galaxy, Farlander had been promoted to General. He served under Admiral Traest Kre'fey aboard the Ralroost during the period following the Battle of Coruscant, working to implement the plans of Admirals Sovv, the late Ackbar, and Kre'fey. |
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<br clear="all"> |
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A Finnish journalist{{Who|date=September 2009}} who in mid-August 1999, before the bombings, travelled to the village of [[Karamakhi]] in [[Dagestan]], interviewed some villagers and their military Commander General Dzherollak. The journalist wrote: "The [[Wahhabis]]' trucks go all over Russia. Even one wrong move in Moscow or Makhachkala, they warn, will lead to bombs and bloodshed everywhere." According to the journalist the Wahhabis had told him, "if they start bombing us, we know where our bombs will explode."<ref name="tragedyofrussiasreforms">{{harvnb|Reddaway|2001|pp=615–616}}</ref> In the last days of August, Russian military launched an aerial bombing of the villages.<ref name="tragedyofrussiasreforms"/> |
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==Fel, Baron Soontir== |
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'''Baron Soontir Fel''' is a highly-skilled [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Imperial]] pilot, and often considered the best [[TIE fighter]] pilot ever. He is best known for leading the [[181st TIE Interceptor Squadron]], arguably the best fighter pilots in the Imperial navy. He disappeared for a brief time before showing up as a pilot for the [[Chiss]]. He warned [[Mara Jade]] and [[Luke Skywalker]] of an impending invasion, which turned out to be the invasion by the [[Yuuzhan Vong]]. During the war against the Yuuzhan Vong, his son, [[Jagged Fel]], also proved himself as a pilot. |
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==Investigations and theories== |
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Fel is married to [[Wedge Antilles]]' sister, Syal. |
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{{Main|Explanation attempts for the Russian apartment bombings}} |
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===Criminal investigation and court ruling=== |
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==Ghent, Zakarisz== |
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The official investigation was concluded in 2002. According to the Russian State Prosecutor office,<ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10"/><ref name=off>{{ru icon}} [http://terror99.ru/documents/doc24.htm Results of the investigation of explosions in Moscow and Volgodonsk and an incident in Ryazan]. The answer of the Russian state Prosecutor office to the inquiry of [[Gosduma]] member A. Kulikov, circa March 2002 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://terror99.ru/documents/doc24.htm computer translation])</ref> all apartment bombings were executed under command of ethnic Karachay Achemez Gochiyayev. The operations were planned by [[Ibn al-Khattab]] and [[Abu Omar al-Saif]], Arab militants fighting in Chechnya on the side of Chechen insurgents. Both Russia and USA accuse Al-Khattab of having direct links with [[Al-Qaida]],<ref name="bbc_khattabdeath">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1957411.stm Chechens 'confirm' warlord's death]</ref>, though Khattab himself has always denied this.<ref>http://www.religioscope.info/article_88.shtml</ref><ref>http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=640#4</ref> Al-Khattab and al-Saif were later killed during the [[Second Chechen War]]. The planning was carried out in Khattab's guerilla camps in Chechnya, "Caucasus" in [[Shatoy]] and "Taliban" in [[Avtury]], according to the prosecution.<ref name=off/> Gochiyaev's group was trained at Chechen rebel bases in the towns of Serzhen-Yurt and Urus-Martan. The group's "technical instructors" were two Arab field commanders, Abu Umar and Abu Djafar, Al-Khattab was the bombings' brainchild.<ref name="ipr">[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1277191/RUSSIA-THE-FSB-VOWS-TO.html RUSSIA: THE FSB VOWS TO CAPTURE THE REMAINING CO-CONSPIRATORS] IPR Strategic Business Information Database. 2004-01-13</ref> The explosives were prepared at a fertilizer factory in [[Urus-Martan]] Chechnya, by "mixing aluminium powder, nitre and sugar in a concrete mixer",<ref name=autogenerated12>[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=440000 Two life sentences for 246 murders], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры"</ref> or by also putting their RDX and TNT.<ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10"/> From there they were sent to a food storage facility in [[Kislovodsk]], which was managed by an uncle of one of the terrorists, [[Yusuf Krymshakhalov]]. Another conspirator, [[Ruslan Magayayev]], leased a [[KamAZ]] truck in which the sacks were stored for two months. After everything was planned, the participants were organized into several groups which then transported the explosives to different cities. |
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====Court ruling on events in Moscow==== |
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'''Ghent''' is a fictional character in the expanded [[Star Wars]] universe. He made his first appearance in the [[Timothy Zahn]] novel, ''Heir to the Empire''. Ghent is a [[slicer]] (hacker) of awesome talent, able to crack military and diplomatic grade encryptions with relative ease. He is employed in Talon Karrde's smuggling operation. |
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Al-Khattab paid Gochiyayev $500,000 to carry out the attacks at Guryanova Street, Kashirskoye Skosse, and Borsovskiye Prudy, and then helped to hide Gochiyayev and his accomplices in Chechnya.<ref name="bbc_fsbpic"/><ref name="wolvesofislam"/> In early September, 1999, Magayayev, Krymshamkhalov, Batchayev and Dekkushev reloaded the cargo into a [[Mercedes-Benz 2236]]<ref name=prigovor>[http://terror1999.narod.ru/sud/delokd/prigovor.html Moscow court rulings]</ref> trailer and delivered it to Moscow. En route, they were protected from possible complications by an accomplice, Khakim Abayev,<ref name=prigovor/> who accompanied the trailer in another car. In Moscow they were met by [[Achemez Gochiyayev]], who registered in [[Hotel Altai]] under the fake name "Laipanov", and Denis Saitakov. The explosives were left in a [[warehouse]] in Ulitsa Krasnodonskaya, which was leased by pseudo-Laipanov (Gochiyayev.) The next day, the explosives were delivered in "[[ZIL-5301]]" vans to three addresses – Ulitsa Guryanova, Kashirskoye Shosse and Ulitsa Borisovskiye Prudy, where pseudo-Laipanov leased cellars.<ref name=prigovor/> Gochiyayev supervised the placement of the bombs in the rented cellars. Next followed the explosions at the former two addresses. The explosion at 16 Borisovskiye Prudy was prevented.<ref name="wolvesofislam"/><ref name="globalsecurity_fsb">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2000/04/white/part04.htm DOCUMENTS AND TESTIMONIES]</ref> Batchayev and Krymshakhalov admitted transporting a truckload of explosives to Moscow but said "they have never been in touch with Chechen warlords and did not know Gochiyaev".<ref name="Dissident"/> They said that someone "who posed as a jihad leader had duped them into the operation" by hiring them to transport his explosives, and they later realized this man was working for the FSB.<ref name="Dissident"/> They claimed that bombings were directed by [[German Ugryumov]] who supervised the FSB [[Alpha Group|Alpha]] and [[Vympel]] special forces units at that time.<ref>[http://2002.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2002/91n/n91n-s00.shtml Hexogen trail], ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'', 09.12.2002</ref> |
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====Court ruling on events in Buinaksk==== |
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Over the course of the Thrawn story arc, Ghent was seconded to the New Republic in order to track down Delta Source, an Imperial intelligence system acquiring information directly from the New Republc headquarters. Ghent also used his talents to break Imperial Battle encryptions during the siege of Coruscant. |
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The 4 September [[Buinaksk]] bombings were ordered by Al-Khattab, who promised the bombers $300,000 to drive their truck bombs into the center of the compound, which would have destroyed four apartment buildings simultaneously. However, the bombers parked on an adjacent street instead and blew up only one building. At the trial they complained that Khattab had not given them all the money he owed them.<ref name="wolvesofislam"/> One of the bombers confessed working for Al-Khattab, but claimed he did not know the explosives were intended to blow up the military apartment buildings.<ref name="wolvesofislam"/><!-- refer to a court ruling or change the heading --> |
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====Court ruling on events in Volgodonsk==== |
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He is also incredibly naive, and often doesn't even notice his own talents and status. |
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According to Dekkushev's confession he, together with Krymshamkhalov and Batchayev, prepared the explosives, transported them to [[Volgodonsk]], and randomly picked the apartment building on Octyabrskoye Shosse to blow up. [[Abu Omar]] had promised to pay him for the job, but Dekkushev never got a single kopeck. According to Dekkushev, it wasn't the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]] that ordered the bombing, as [[Berezovsky]] later claimed, but the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA).<ref name="wolvesofislam">{{cite book |title=The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror |last=Murphy |first=Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Potomac Books Inc. |location= |isbn=978-1574888300 |page=106 }}</ref><!-- refer to a court ruling or change the heading --> |
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== |
====Sentences==== |
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Two members of Gochiyayev's group, which had carried out the attacks, [[Adam Dekkushev]] and [[Yusuf Crymshamhalov]], have both been sentenced to life terms in a [[special-regime colony]].<ref name="russianjournal">[http://www.russiajournal.com/node/17004 Apartment houses-blasts defendants sentenced to life imprisonment]</ref> Both defendants have pleaded guilty only to some of the charges. For instance, Dekkushev acknowledged that he knew the explosives he transported were to be used for an act of terror. Dekkushev also confirmed Gochiyaev's role in the attacks.<ref name="terror99">[http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/076.htm Agence France-Presse 8 September 2002 Alleged suspect for 1999 bombings hiding in Georgia: Russian FSB CORRECTION: ATTENTION – ADDS background]</ref> Dekkushev was extradited to Russia on 14 April 2002 to stand trial. Crymshamhalov was apprehended and extradicted to Moscow.<ref name="wolvesofislam"/><ref name="russianjournal"/> In 2000, six bombers involved in the Buynaksk attack were arrested in Azerbaijan and convicted of the bombing.<ref name="wolvesofislam"/> [[Achemez Gochiyaev]], the head of the group that carried out the attacks and allegedly the main organizer, remains a fugitive, and is under an international search warrant.<ref name="russianjournal"/> In a statement released in January, 2004, the FSB said, "until we arrest Gochiyayev, the investigation of the apartment bloc bombings of 1999 will not be finished."<ref name="russiaprofile_convicted">[http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Politics&articleid=1362 Convicted Terrorists Sentenced to Long Prison Terms]</ref> |
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====Suspects and accused==== |
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The '''Gorax''' is a large [[primate]] that resides on the [[forest]] [[moon]] of [[Endor]]. Averaging thirty metres in height, it has been known to capture [[Ewoks]] from their villages for [[food]] or as [[pets]]. The latter behavior has led scientists to believe that they hold a degree of [[sentience]]. |
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In September 1999, hundreds of Chechen nationals (out of the more than 100,000 permanently living in Moscow) were briefly detained and interrogated in Moscow, as a wave of anti-Chechen sentiments swept the city.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/sep/18/russia.chechnya Chechens rounded up in Moscow], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 September 1999</ref> All of them turned out to be innocent. According to the official investigation, the following people either delivered explosives, stored them, or harbored other suspects: |
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* [[Ibn al-Khattab]] (a Saudi-born Mujahid), who was killed by the FSB in 2002. |
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With his long, pointy, and pierced ears, long flowing hair, gargantuan size, and overall lack of clothes, one could look at the Gorax's physiology as being modeled after the western culture's image of a Djinn. |
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=====Moscow bombings===== |
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To this day, no publication has ever cited the acting credits of the Gorax. |
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* [[Achemez Gochiyayev]] (an ethnic [[Karachai]],<ref name=autogenerated7>[http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=421&issue_id=3992&article_id=2371870 ACHIMEZ GOCHIYAYEV: RUSSIA’S TERRORIST ENIGMA RETURNS]</ref> has not been arrested; he is still at large<ref name="FSB">[http://www.fsb.ru/search/criminal/gochi.html Gochiyayev's wanted page] on [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]] web site</ref>) |
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* Denis Saitakov (an ethnic [[Tatar]] from [[Uzbekistan]],<ref>[http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/607/1/64.pdf?ck=nck Russia: Grasping the Reality of Nuclear Terror]</ref> killed in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in 1999–2000<ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10" /><ref>[http://www.bu.edu/iscip/digest/vol8/ed0808.html Putin’s defense sector appointees]</ref>) |
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* Khakim Abayev (An ethnic Karachai,<ref name=autogenerated7 /> killed by FSB special forces in May 2004 in [[Ingushetia]]<ref name="Kommersant2004-06-08">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=481392 Karachayev terrorists found in the morgue], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 8 June 2004.</ref>) |
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* Ravil Akhmyarov (a Russian citizen,<ref>[http://grani.ru/Society/Law/m.55204.html Процесс о взрывах жилых домов: адвокат Адама Деккушева просит его полного оправдания]</ref> Surname indicates an ethnic [[Tatar]], killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000<ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10" />) |
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* Yusuf Krymshamkhalov (an ethnic Karachai and Resident of [[Kislovodsk]]<ref name=autogenerated8>[http://www.gazeta.ru/2003/11/03/Courtstartsh.shtml Court starts hearings into 'hexogen case']</ref><ref>http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/094.htm Separatists Tied to '99 Bombings.</ref>, arrested in Georgia in December 2002, extradited to Russia and sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] in January 2004, after a two-month [[secret trial]] held without a [[jury]]<ref name="Dissident">{{harvnb|Goldfarb|Litvinenko|2007}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=440000 Two life sentences for 246 murders], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 13 January 2004.</ref>) |
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* Stanislav Lyubichev (a [[traffic police]] inspector, resident of Kislovodsk, [[Stavropol Krai]],<ref name=autogenerated8 /> who helped the truck with explosives pass the checkpoint after getting a sack of sugar as a bribe, sentenced to 4 years in May 2003<ref name="Kommersant2003-05-15">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=381819 A terrorist has imprisoned a policeman], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 15 May 2003.</ref>) |
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=====Volgodonsk bombing===== |
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It is of note that [[Privateer Press]] referenced the Gorax in their [[campaign setting]], the [[Iron Kingdoms]]. In that setting, it is an entire race of monsters that can be used against the players. |
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* Timur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai,<ref name="FSB2">[http://www.fsb.ru/smi/smifsb/periodik/soldatenko.html ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ К ВЗРЫВАМ В МОСКВЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНЫ], [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]] website</ref> killed in Georgia in the clash with police during which Krymshakhalov was arrested<ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10" />) |
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* Zaur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai<ref>[http://www.india.mid.ru/nfr2003/nf18.html NEWS FROM RUSSIA",Vol.VI, Issue No.18, dated 1 May 2003]</ref> killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000<ref name="Kommersant2002-12-10" />) |
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* Adam Dekkushev (an ethnic Karachai,<ref name=autogenerated11>[http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:6El0XprWWYsJ:www.ciaonet.org/olj/co/co_mar05/co_mar05h.pdf Disrupting Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catastrophic Attacks]</ref> arrested in Georgia, threw a grenade at police during the arrest, extradited to Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2004, after a two-month secret trial held without a jury<ref name="Dissident"/><ref name="Kommersant2004-01-13"/>) |
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=====Buinaksk bombing===== |
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==Granta Omega== |
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* Isa Zainutdinov (an ethnic [[Caucasian Avars|Avar]]<ref name="FSB2" /> and native of Dagestan,<ref name=autogenerated11 /> sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001<ref name="Kommersant2001-03-20">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=246518 Buinaksk terrorists sentenced to life], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 20 March 2001.</ref>) |
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'''Granta Omega''' is an fictional character in [[Quest's End: The Final Showdown]], the final book in the "Jedi Quest" series by [[Jude Watson]]. He is the son of [[Xanatos]] former padawan of [[Qui-Gon Jinn]]. Born on Telos, Xanatos' homeworld, he wants to help the [[Sith]] destroy the [[Jedi]] order. |
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* Alisultan Salikhov (an ethnic Avar<ref name="FSB2" /> and native of Dagestan,<ref name=autogenerated11 /> sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001<ref name="Kommersant2001-03-20" />) |
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* Magomed Salikhov (an ethnic Avar<ref name="FSB2" /> and native of Dagestan,<ref>[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2004/11/suspect-in-1999-buinaksk-bombing.php Suspect in 1999 Buinaksk bombing brought to Russia], ''[[Jurist]]'', 13 November 2004</ref> arrested in [[Azerbaijan]] in November 2004, extradited to Russia, found not guilty on the charge of terrorism by the jury on 24 January 2006; found guilty of participating in an armed force and illegal crossing of the national border,<ref name="Lenta2006-01-24">[http://lenta.ru/news/2006/01/24/notguilty1/ Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect], [[Lenta.Ru]], 2006 Jan 24.</ref> he was retried again on the same charges on 13 November 2006 and again found not guilty, this time on all charges, including the ones he was found guilty of in the first trial.<ref name="Lenta2006-11-13">[http://lenta.ru/news/2006/11/13/notguilty/ Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect again], [[Lenta.Ru]], 2006 November 13.</ref> According to ''[[Kommersant]]'' Salikhov admitted that he made a delivery of paint to Dagestan for Ibn al-Khattab, although he was not sure what was really delivered.<ref name="Kommersant2006-11-13">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=721040 Khattab said: Your task is small], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 13 November 2006.</ref>) |
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* Ziyavudin Ziyavudinov (a native of Dagestan,<ref>[http://www.ln.mid.ru/bl.nsf/5d5fc0348b8b2d26c3256def0051fa20/2ef74ac18c43c5df43256a5a00331db7?OpenDocument One More Participant of Terrorist Act in Buinaksk, Dagestan, Detained in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan]</ref> arrested in [[Kazakhstan]], extradited to Russia, sentenced to 24 years in April 2002<ref name="Kommersant2002-10-04">[http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=317852 They should be blown up, not put on trial], ''[[Kommersant]]'', 10 April 2002</ref>) |
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* Abdulkadyr Abdulkadyrov (an ethnic Avar<ref name="FSB2" /> and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 9 years in March 2001<ref name="Kommersant2001-03-20" />) |
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* Magomed Magomedov (Sentenced to 9 years in March 2001<ref name="Kommersant2001-03-20" />) |
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* Zainutdin Zainutdinov (an ethnic Avar<ref name="FSB2" /> and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under [[amnesty]]<ref name="Kommersant2001-03-20" />) |
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* Makhach Abdulsamedov (a native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under amnesty<ref name="Kommersant2001-03-20" />). |
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===Attempts at independent investigation=== |
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[[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] and [[Anakin Skywalker]] set off to stop him and are accompanied by Anakin's rival, Ferus. |
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The Russian [[State Duma|Duma]] rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident.<ref name="terror99-49"/><ref name="terror99-42"/> |
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An independent public commission to investigate the bombings, which was chaired by Duma deputy [[Sergei Kovalev]], was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries.<ref name="terror99-107">[http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/107.htm Putin critic loses post, platform for inquiry], ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', 11 December 2003</ref><ref name="terror99-87">[http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/087.htm Russian court rejects action over controversial "anti-terrorist exercise"], [[Interfax]], 3 April 2003</ref> |
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==Horn, Rostek== |
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'''Rostek Horn''' is the step-grandfather of [[Corran Horn]]. Although Corran grew up thinking Rostek was his biological grandfather, he found out as an adult that Rostek was a friend of his real grandfather, Nejaa Halcyon, who died in the [[Clone Wars]]. Nejaa's widow married Rostek, and he adopted her son, [[List of minor Star Wars characters#Horn, Valin "Hal"|Valin]], who later became the father of Corran. |
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In a 2002 interview to [[Echo Moskvy]] Mr. Kovalev commented on the Ryazan incident <ref name="kovalev-on-conspiracy">{{ru icon}} [http://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/19169/ Litvinenko's details on apartment bombings in Moscow], an interview with [[Sergei Kovalev]], radio [[Echo of Moscow]], 25 July 2002, [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/19169/ computer translation]</ref>: |
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==Horn, Valin "Hal"== |
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{{cquote|In my opinion, the following version sounds quite truthworthy. The explosion of a house was not planned, but a training excercise was not planned as well. What was planned was the following action, a propaganda action, one may say so. First, to show the citizens that terrorists are active, that they did not refuse of their murderous plans, and the second point to hit was to show that the brave [security] services perform their duties excellently, and save denizens unveiling a nefarious plot. Why not a version? That plan, possibly, existed and failed. Truly to say, I am very reluctant to believe, that any sort of security services, obeying our supreme authorities were capable of exploding sleeping citizens of their country.}} |
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'''Valin "Hal" Horn''' is the father of [[Corran Horn]]. Like Corran, Hal was a [[CorSec]] officer. Corran and his father were very close. Unfortunately, Hal was killed by the bounty hunter [[Minor bounty hunters in Star Wars#Bossk|Bossk]] on an ill-fated CorSec mission in which Corran was also a participant. He died in the arms of his son. Corran often looks to his father's memory for inspiration, and often relies on his "gut instincts", a survival technique his father encouraged. |
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Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, [[Sergei Yushenkov]] and [[Yuri Shchekochikhin]], both Duma members, have since died in apparent assassinations in April 2003 and July 2003, respectively.<ref name="nupi">[http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/krono.exe?6200 Chronology of events. State Duma Deputy Yushenkov shot dead], [[Centre for Russian Studies]], 17 April 2003</ref><ref name="terror99-118">[http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/118.htm Worries Linger as Schekochikhin's Laid to Rest], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 7 July 2003</ref> Another member of the commission, [[Otto Lacis]], was assaulted in November 2003<ref name="NewsRU">{{ru icon}} [http://www.newsru.com/russia/11nov2003/otto.html В Москве жестоко избит Отто Лацис], [[NewsRU]], 11 November 2003</ref> and two years later, on 3 November 2005, he died in a hospital after a car accident.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.newsru.com/russia/03nov2005/otto.html Скончался известный российский журналист Отто Лацис], 3 November 2005</ref> |
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In memory of his father, Corran named his son Valin. Valin would go on to train as a Jedi during the time of the New Jedi Order. |
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The commission asked lawyer [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] to investigate the case. Mr. Trepashkin claimed to have found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer Vladimir Romanovich and that the latter was witnessed by several people. Mr. Trepashkin was unable to bring the alleged evidence to the court because he was arrested in October 2003 for illegal arms possession, just a few days shortly before he was to make his findings public.<ref name="cdi.org"/> He was sentenced by a Moscow military court to four years imprisonment for disclosing state secrets.<ref name="coranet.radicalparty.org"/> [[Amnesty International]] issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other cities".<ref name="web.amnesty.org"/> Romanovich subsequently died in a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit and run]] accident in [[Cyprus]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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==Jax, Carnor== |
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'''Carnor Jax''' was an [[Imperial Guard]] of [[Palpatine|Emperor Palpatine]] in the fictional [[Star Wars]] [[Expanded Universe (Star Wars)|Expanded Universe]], who was eventually raised to the rank of ''"Sovereign Protector"'' (the highest Royal Guard rank). After the [[Battle of Endor]], Carnor Jax put into execution a plan to depose the Emperor and rule in his stead with his nascent [[Dark Side]] [[The Force|Force]]-powers. Before the Reborn Emperor returned to [[Byss]], unbeknownest to him, his personal physician had tampered with the genetic material of the Emperor's clones and the cells in storage. The tampering meant that Palpatine would suffer a physical decline which would result in his death. He sensed this, though he never realized that it was sabotage and left for [[Onderon]], where he intended to place his soul into the infant [[Anakin Solo]]. He would never return. Into this void stepped Jax, who suffered a setback almost immediately- the Emperor's physician had been broken by [[Rebel Alliance]] interrogators, and had told the whole story of how he had been bribed by Carnor Jax to kill the Emperor. This would have been bad enough, but one of the loyal Royal Guardsmen had survived on Onderon, and had infiltrated the Rebel base and heard the physician's confession. Immediately the guardsman fled to Yinchorr to inform his brethren of the traitor amongst their ranks. Jax was not far behind, and with a large assualt force wiped out nearly all of his fellow guardsmen. He then trained a legion of [[stormtroopers]] to be his own personal body guards, empowering them with the Dark side. Their armor was dyed black and they were thus known as Black-clad storm troopers. Out of all of Carnor's fellow guardsmen, one was left alive. [[Kir Kanos]] survived Carnor Jax's betrayal and spent the rest of his days hunting down the traitor of the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Empire]]. Carnor Jax was eventually slain by Kir Kanos on the planet where first they met: [[Yinchorr]]. |
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However, in 2009 Russian [[Novaya Gazeta]] newspaper published a note, which stated that Romanovich died more than a year before the apartment bombings took place<ref>[http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2009/105/15.html Refutation], Novaya Gazeta, September 2009</ref>: |
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==Kalgrath== |
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{{cquote|According to legally reliable texts of certificates of his [Romanovich's] death (the source is the bodies of power of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]), that we obrained after publishing that [http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2009/099/17.html article], death of Romanovich occurred in April 1998.}} |
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'''Kalgrath''' (also known as "The last of the Massassi") was a [[List of Star Wars races#Massassi|Massassi]] warrior who was transformed into a large (~3 meters), green monster by [[Exar Kun]] through [[Sith Alchemy|Sith alchemy]] and was put into hibernation underneath the Temple of Fire to guard the temples of [[Planets of Star Wars#Yavin 4|Yavin 4]] after all his people were exterminated by the Jedi counterstrike against Exar Kun. This process turned him green, made him essentially immune to blaster fire, rendered him mute, and otherwise turned him into a fearsome beast of destruction. After the [[Battle of Yavin]], Kalgrath woke due to an [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Imperial]] TIE fighter crashing into the temple, and began attacking the [[Rebel Alliance]] forces there. [[Luke Skywalker]] could not defeat him, and instead lured him onto a cargo ship with the aid of [[R2-D2]], and set the vessel on a course towards the location of the historical Sith Empire. To his chagrin, Skywalker would years later discover that all the Massassi had perished, and that he had sent Kalgrath looking for his people believing they were still alive. Kalgrath's ultimate fate is unknown but [[Tionne]] believes he eventually came to the planet [[Ziost]], where he lurks and waits. |
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Mr. Trepashkin investigated a letter attributed to Achemez Gochiyayev and found that the alleged assistant of Gochiyayev who arranged the delivery of sacks might have been Kapstroi-2000 vice-president Kormishin, a resident of [[Vyazma]].<ref>{{ru icon}}[http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/article/1815064.html Tenth anniversary of the "black autumn" in Russia], [[Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr.]] interviews [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] and others, [[Radio Liberty]], 4 September 2009, [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/article/1815064.html computer translation]</ref> |
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==Kang, Davik== |
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{{SW Character| |
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image= | |
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bgcolor=#fff| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=Davik Kang| |
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species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height=Unknown| |
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hair= Grey| |
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eyes= | |
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weapon= Blaster Rifle| |
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vehicle=[[Ebon Hawk]]| |
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planet= | |
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affiliation=[[The Exchange (crime syndicate)|The Exchange]]| |
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portrayer=N/A |
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}} |
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'''Davik Kang''' is a [[fictional character]] from the 2003 videogame ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]''. |
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According to Mr. Trepashkin, his supervisors and the people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working together with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".<ref name="Interview with Mikhail Trepashkin"/> |
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Some four millenia prior to the [[Battle of Yavin]], Davik Kang was the head of the Exchange on the planet of [[Taris]], a "[[mafia]]"-type group dealing in smuggling, extortion, and bounty hunting. Davik ran the Exchange from the planet Taris. Davik was known to surround himself with a large security force and notorious bounty hunters and merceneries such as [[Canderous Ordo]] and [[Calo Nord]]. During the planetary bombardement of Taris by [[Sith]] forces, Davik was betrayed and killed by Canderous Ordo and his new companion the amnesiac [[Darth Revan|Revan]], who then appropriated Davik's flagship, the [[Ebon Hawk]]. |
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<br clear="all"> |
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On 24 March 2000, two days before the [[Russian presidential election, 2000|presidential elections]], [[NTV Russia]] featured the Ryazan events of Fall 1999 in the talk show ''Independent Investigation''. The talk with the residents of the Ryazan apartment building along with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Ryazan branch head Alexander Sergeyev was filmed few days earlier. On 26 March [[Boris Nemtsov]] voiced his concern over the possible shut-down of NTV for airing the talk.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/61n/n61n-s05.shtml FSB is blowing up Russia: Chapter 5. FSB vs the People], [[Alexander Litvinenko]], [[Yuri Felshtinsky]], ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'', 27 August 2001 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/61n/n61n-s05.shtml computer translation])</ref> Seven months later NTV general manager [[Igor Malashenko]] said at the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government|JFK School of Government]] that Information Minister [[Mikhail Lesin]] warned him on several occasions. Mr. Malashenko's recollection of Mr. Lesin's warning was that by airing the talk show NTV "crossed the line" and that the NTV managers were "outlaws" in the eyes of the Kremlin.<ref>[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/4630.html Caucasus Ka-Boom], Miriam Lanskoy, 8 November 2000, [[Johnson's Russia List]], Issue 4630</ref> According to [[Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist and activist)|Alexander Goldfarb]], Mr. Malashenko told him that [[Valentin Yumashev]] brought a warning from the Kremlin, one day before airing the show, promising in no uncertain terms that the NTV managers "should consider themselves finished" if they went ahead with the broadcast.{{harv|Goldfarb|Litvinenko|2007|p=198}} |
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==Kitster== |
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'''Kitster Banai''' is the best friend of [[Anakin Skywalker]], he was also born on [[Tatooine]]. |
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[[Artyom Borovik]] told [[Grigory Yavlinsky]] that Borovik investigated the Moscow apartment bombings and prepared a series of publications about them.<ref>{{ru icon}}[http://yavlinsky.ru/news/index.phtml?id=29 Grigory Yavlinsky's interview], [[TV6 Russia]], 11 March 2000 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://yavlinsky.ru/news/index.phtml?id=29 computer translation])</ref> Mr. Borovik received numerous death threats, and he died in an airplane crash in March 2000.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/672849.stm Russian crash: search for terrorist link], BBC News, 10 March 2000</ref> |
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Most notable for his friendship with young Anakin Skywalker, Kitster was born and raised in Tatooine. He enjoyed his youth getting into scapes with the adventurous Anakin as well as [[Amee]] and the Rodian [[Wald]]. |
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Journalist [[Anna Politkovskaya]] and former security service member [[Alexander Litvinenko]], who investigated the bombings, were killed in 2006.<ref>{{ru icon}}[http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2004/02/13.html Presidential election is our last chance to learn the truth], [[Anna Politkovskaya]], [[Novaya Gazeta]], № 2, 15 January 2004 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2004/02/13.html computer translation])</ref> |
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Shortly before the [[Boonta Eve Pod Race]], Kitster teases Anakin right in front of [[Padme Amidala]] about whether he will really "do it" this time. When Padme asks, "do what?" Kitster replies, "''finish the race, of course!''" |
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Surviving victims of the Guryanova street bombing asked President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to resume the investigation in 2008.<ref name="RFL">{{ru icon}} [http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/transcript/450470.html The bombing case. Victims ask the president to resume the investigation (Russian)], [[RFERL]], 2 June 2008 ([http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/transcript/450470.html computer translation])</ref> |
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Kitster and Wald was Anakins pit crew during the Boonta Eve Classic Race. Even though Anakin didn't need a pit stop, Wald and Kitster were cheering for Anakin the entire race. |
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===Theory of Russian Government Conspiracy=== |
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==Lys, Borna== |
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[[Yury Felshtinsky]], [[Alexander Litvinenko]], [[David Satter]], [[Boris Kagarlitsky]], [[Vladimir Pribylovsky]], the secessionist Chechen authorities claimed that the 1999 bombings were a [[false flag]] attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted Prime Minister and former FSB Director [[Vladimir Putin]]'s popularity, and brought the pro-war [[Unity (political party)|Unity Party]] to the [[State Duma]] and Putin to the presidency within a few months.<ref name="Kagarlitsky" |
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'''Borna Lys''' is a [[Twi'lek]] fictional character in the game [[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords]]. |
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>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-planned-chechen-war-before-bombings-727324.html ''Boris Kagarlitsky, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Comparative Politics, writing in the weekly Novaya Gazeta, says that the bombings in Moscow and elsewhere were arranged by the GRU'']</ref><ref name="kovalev-on-conspiracy"/><ref>[http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf David Satter – House committee on Foreign Affairs]</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Felshtinsky|Pribylovsky|2008|pp=105–111}}</ref><ref>{{youtube|PnkYo9TuBIQ}}''In Memoriam Aleksander Litvinenko'', Jos de Putter, Tegenlicht documentary VPRO 2007, Moscow, 2004 Interview with [[Anna Politkovskaya]]</ref><ref>[http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR460122006?open&of=ENG-2EU Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin – Amnesty International]</ref><ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/10/news/mn-8677 Bomb Blamed in Fatal Moscow Apartment Blast], Richard C. Paddock, Los Angeles Times, 10 September 1999</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/2000/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9909/10/russia.explosion.03/ At least 90 dead in Moscow apartment blast], from staff and wire reports, CNN, 10 September 1999</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Evangelista|2002|p=81}}</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_14_16/ai_61892243/print Did Putin's Agents Plant the Bombs?], Jamie Dettmer, [[Insight on the News]], 17 April 2000.</ref><ref>’’The consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia’’ by [[Joel M. Ostrow]], [[Georgil Satarov]], [[Irina Khakamada]] p.96</ref><ref name="McCain"/> |
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According to the theory, the bombings were a successful [[coup d'état]] organized by the FSB to bring future Russian president Vladimir Putin to power. Some of them described the bombings as typical "[[active measures]]" practiced by the [[KGB]] in the past. David Satter stated, during his testimony in the [[United States House of Representatives]], {{quote|"With Yeltsin and his family facing possible criminal prosecution, however, a plan was put into motion to put in place a successor who would guarantee that Yeltsin and his family would be safe from prosecution and the criminal division of property in the country would not be subject to reexamination. For “Operation Successor” to succeed, however, it was necessary to have a massive provocation. In my view, this provocation was the bombing in September, 1999 of the apartment building bombings in Moscow, Buinaksk, and Volgodonsk. In the aftermath of these attacks, which claimed 300 lives, a new war was launched against Chechnya. Putin, the newly appointed prime minister who was put in charge of that war, achieved overnight popularity. Yeltsin resigned early. Putin was elected president and his first act was to guarantee Yeltsin immunity from prosecution."<ref>[http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf Satter House Testimony], 2007.</ref>}} |
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Lys is a resident on the smuggler's moon, [[Nar Shaddaa]], where she is involved in a [[swoop bike|swoop racing]] cantina. The cantina had not been attracting many customers, as its races were invariably won by the owner's customised racing [[droid]]. The [[Jedi Exile]] visits the cantina and destroys the droid, causing the cantina's owner to sell the establishment to Lys. |
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In a 2002 interview to [[Echo Moskvy]] Sergei Kovalev referred to the theory of Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky as a "pure conspiracy", albeit stating that every theory should be checked.<ref name="kovalev-on-conspiracy"/> |
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==McCool, Droopy== |
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{{SW Character| |
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image=[[Image:DroopyMcCool.JPG]]| |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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position=Flutist in [[Max Rebo Band]]| |
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name=Droopy McCool| |
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species=[[List of Star Wars races#Kitonak|Kitonak]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height= 1.4 meters| |
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weapon= none| |
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vehicle= starship| |
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hair=none| |
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eyes= Unknown| |
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planet=[[List_of_Star_Wars_planets_(K-L)#Kirdo_III|Kitonak]]| |
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affiliation= [[Max Rebo Band]]| |
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portrayer=[[Deep Roy]]}} |
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'''Droopy McCool''', also known as '''"Snit"''' was a [[List of Star Wars races#Kitonak|Kitonak]] and the lead horn player in the [[Max Rebo Band]]. Once a slave of Evar Orbus until his murder.He had a great relationship with fellow band member [[#Snootles, Sy|Sy Snootles]]. After [[Jabba the Hutt]] died he wandered into the [[Planets of Star Wars#Tatooine|Tatooine]] desert to look for the rumoured colony fo nomadic Kitonaks. Many moisture farmers claim to have hear his soft strains of his chidinkalu pipe on quiet evenings.No one ever saw Droopy McCool again. His [[Irish people|Irish]] surname and first name Droopy are said to be a stage name given by [[Max Rebo]].( ''The Star Wars Visual Dictionary'') |
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and (Who's Who In The Max Rebo Band, ''[[Star Wars Insider]]'', Issue 67) |
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<br clear="all"> |
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==== Other investigations ==== |
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==Medon, Tion== |
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In ''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]]'', '''Tion Medon''' was a local administrator on the planet [[Utapau]]. He helped [[Jedi Master]] [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] locate [[General Grievous]], who was on the tenth level of Utapau. In the film, he is portrayed by [[Bruce Spence]]. His fate after ''Revenge of the Sith'' is not known. His 3 inch action figure was released by Hasbro as one of the previews for the ''Sith'' wave. |
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[[Maura Reynolds]] from Los Angeles Times investigated Ryazan events by interviewing and quoting Alexei Kartofelnikov, one of the 2 residents who persisted in calling militia, Tatyana Borycheva, Tatyana Lukichyova, also residents, Lt. Col. Sergei Kabashov, Yuri Bludov, the spokesman for the regional FSB.<ref name="reynolds"/> |
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==Nall, Janice== |
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'''Janice Nall''' is a [[fictional character]] from the [[2003]] video game ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]''. Nall is a female [[Twi'lek]] who runs a [[droid]] shop on the upper levels of [[List of Star Wars planets#Taris|Taris]]. Her droid business suffers due to the confiscation of her assault droids by the occupying [[Sith]] authorities and the [[bigot]]ed attitudes of the planet's [[Humans (Star Wars)|human]] nobility. |
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[[Helen Womack]] from The Independent quoted Alexei Kartofelnikov's daughter Yulia, police officer Major Vladimir Golev, Lt. Col. of the Ryazan police Sergei Kabashov.<ref name="womack"/> |
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Nall is responsible for the construction and modification of [[T3-M4]], a utility droid ordered from her shop by [[Canderous Ordo]] (under orders from Exchange boss [[List of minor Star Wars characters#Kang, Davik|Davik Kang]]) for the purpose of breaking into the Sith military base and stealing the launch codes needed to bypass the Sith blockade of Taris. |
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[[John Sweeney (journalist)|John Sweeney]] a journalist at Observer, later for BBC, quoted Vladimir Vasiliev, one of the 2 Ryazan apartment residents who tipped militsia, an "inspector" "from the local police" Andrei Chernyshev, "grandmother Clara Stepanovna", "head of the local bomb squad" Yuri Tkachenko, head of the regional FSB Alexander Sergeyev and others.<ref name="sweeney"/> |
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She is eventually killed by [[Darth Malak]]'s assault on Taris. |
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==== Statements in support ==== |
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==Commander Narra== |
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[[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] and presidential candidate [[John McCain]] said that there remained "credible allegations that Russia's FSB had a hand in carrying out these [Moscow apartment bombing] attacks".<ref name="McCain">[http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=f4f5cf0c-9104-4b3f-8ebe-84f3dc24c51b McCain decries "new authoritarianism in Russia"], [[John McCain]]'s press release, 4 November 2003</ref> |
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Commander Narra is, according to the [[Star Wars: Rebellion]] video game, the one Y-Wing pilot who survived the attack on the first Death Star, although other more canonical sources attribute this distinction to either Keyan Farlander or Horton Salm. Commander Narra was featured in the first episode of Star Wars Empire Strikes Back Radio Drama, where he and his flight were killed in action by TIE fighters while protecting Rebel transports en route to Hoth. |
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[[Paul Khlebnikov]] wrote that former Security Council chief [[Alexandr Lebed]] in his 17 February 1997 interview with [[Le Figaro]] was almost convinced that the government organized the terrorist attacks against its own citizens.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=vb2ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Godfather+of+the+Kremlin&q=lebed+le+figaro#search_anchor p. 304] {{harv|Khlebnikov|2000}}</ref> |
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==Nate== |
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Nate (short for A-98) is an ARC trooper in the Star Wars fictional universe. He led a commando group on Ord Cestus, under Obi-Wan Kenobi and Kit Fisto. There he developed a relationship and eventually had a child with Sheeka Tull, Jango Fett's former girlfriend. She was frustrated by his lack of humanity and worked to show him a life beyond duty to the Republic. He then took on the name Jangotat (Mandalorian for "Jango's brother"). Eventually, Jangotat sacrificed his life to save thousands of civilians, even though it meant violating a direct order. He had developed a new perspective and morality, and knew that he was following the spirit, not the letter, of his orders. |
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According to [[Johann Hari]], "the FSB is simply the renamed KGB, whose raison d'etre for decades was essentially [[Active measures|institutional terror in the service of the government]]. Putin is himself an ex-KGB man, and he has twice blocked, through the Duma, any independent investigation into the bombings. No evidence of Chechen involvement has ever been forthcoming, and the Chechen groups have claimed that they were not responsible — although they admit to other acts of violence. The Ryazan "training exercise" excuse is preposterous. It does seem to suggest that the Russian secret services were caught red-handed".<ref>{{citenews|title=Conspiracy theories: a guide|author=Johann Hari|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200212160014|publisher=[[New Statesman]]|accessdate=2010-02-27|date=16 December 2002|location=London}}</ref> |
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==Nym== |
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{{SW Character|| |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=Nym| |
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image=[[Image:Nym2.JPG]]<br><small>Illustration for [[Star Wars: New Essential Guide To Characters]]</small>| |
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position= Pirate| |
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species=[[List of Star Wars races#Feeorin|Feeorin]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height= 1.98 meters| |
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hair=None| |
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eyes=Red| |
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planet=[[Lok]]| |
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affiliation=None| |
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portrayer=None| |
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}} |
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====Criticism==== |
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'''Nym''' was a Feeorin pirate in the video games ''[[Star Wars: Starfighter]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter]]'' and ''[[Star Wars Galaxies]]'' . Prior to the [[Battle of Naboo]], he was defeated on Lok by the [[Trade Federation]] army. For vengeance, he helped to defeat the Trade Federation and later the [[Confederacy of Independent Systems]]. He would later build a new pirate base on the planet Lok and become a [[Rebel Alliance]] sympathizer, assisting stranded Rebel pilots that would crash on the planet. |
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=====Officials===== |
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<br clear="all"> |
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In 2000, Russia's President Vladimir Putin dismissed the allegations of FSB involvement in the bombings as "delirious nonsense." "There are no people in the Russian secret services who would be capable of such crime against their own people. The very allegation is immoral," he said.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/679997.stm Russia charges bombing suspects]</ref> An FSB spokesman said that "Litvinenko's evidence cannot be taken seriously by those who are investigating the bombings".<ref name="Nedbaeva">{{cite web|publisher=Agence France-Presse|author=Olga Nedbayeva|title=Conspiracy theories on Russia's 1999 bombings gain ground|url=http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/072.htm}}</ref> |
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{{sectstub}} |
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[[Sergei Markov]], an advisor to the Russian government, criticized the film ''Assassination of Russia'' which supported the FSB involvement theory. Markov said that the film was "a well-made professional example of the propagandist and psychological war that Boris Berezovsky is notoriously good at." Markov found parallels between the film and the [[9/11 conspiracy theories|conspiracy theory]] that the United States and/or [[Israel]] organized the [[11 September 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]] to justify military actions.<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=12242 "Assassination of Russia"- Film Screening and Panel Discussion], [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]], 24 April 2002.</ref> |
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==Captain Panaka== |
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{{SW Character| |
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image=[[Image:Panaka.jpg|175px]] | |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=Panaka| |
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position= Head of Naboo Royal Security Force| |
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species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height= 1.83 meters | |
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weapon= royal pistol, royal blaster| |
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vehicle= Naboo Royal (Queen's) Starship| |
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hair=Black| |
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eyes= brown| |
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planet=[[Naboo]]| |
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affiliation=[[Galactic Republic]], [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]| |
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portrayer=[[Hugh Quarshie]] |
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}} |
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=====Scholars===== |
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'''Captain Panaka''' first appeared in ''[[The Phantom Menace]]''. He was appointed head of security on [[Naboo]] shortly after [[King Veruna]], the former King of Naboo, was killed. He was the head of the security force during the Trade Federation invasion and when [[Queen Amidala]]'s term as queen of Naboo ran out, he stayed to protect [[Queen Jamillia]]. According to the ''Episode III Visual Dictionary'', Palpatine learned from Captain Panaka about Padme's and Anakin's secret marriage. His nephew, [[Captain Typho]], was assigned to protect Amidala. Panaka later became a [[Moff]] of Chommekl Sector when he vowed to follow Emperor [[Palpatine]] in the Star Wars [[Expanded Universe (Star Wars)|Expanded Universe]]. A gift he gave to Palpatine lay in the Emperor's receiving chamber aboard the second Death Star. |
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According to researcher Gordon Bennett, the conspiracy theory that the FSB was behind the bombings is kept alive by the Russian oligarch and Kremlin-critic [[Boris Berezovsky]]. Bennett points out that neither Berezovsky nor his team (which includes Alexander Litvinenko) have provided any evidence to support their claims. In the [[BBC World]] [[Hard Talk]] interview on 8 May 2002, Berezovsky was also unable to present any evidence for his claims, and he did not suggest he was in possession of such evidence which he would be ready to present in a court.<ref name="bennett">[http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/C108 Vladimir Putin & Russia's Special Services] Gordon Bennet, 2002</ref> Bennett also points out that Putin's critics often forget that the decision to send troops to Chechnya was taken by Boris Yeltsin — not Vladimir Putin — with the wholehearted support of all power structures.<ref name="bennett"/> |
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Professor [[Richard Sakwa]] has commented on the claims of [[Boris Berezovsky|Berezovsky]] and [[Alexander Litvinenko|Litvinenko]], saying that the evidence they presented was at best circumstanstial.<ref name="sakwa2">{{harvnb|Sakwa|2008|pp=333–334}}</ref> |
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<br clear="all"> |
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Dr. [[Mike Bowker]], from the [[University of East Anglia]], has said that the inference that the bombings were carried out by the Russian authorities is uncorrobated by evidence. According to Bowker, the theory also ignores the history of Chechen terrorism and public threats by various Chechen rebels following their defeat in Dagestan – which included Khattab telling a Czech and a German newspaper, a few days before the bombings in Moscow, that "Russian women and children will pay for the crimes of Russian generals." and that "this will not happen tomorrow, but the day after tomorrow" <ref name="bowker">{{cite book|last=Bowker|first=Mike|title=Chechnya: From Past to Future|editor=Richard Sakwa|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|year=2005|edition=1st|pages=223–238|chapter=Western Views of the Chechen Conflict|isbn=9781843311645|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref><ref name="Berliner Zeitung">[http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1999/0906/none/0031/index.html Berliner Zeitung 06.09.1999]</ref> |
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==Secura, Nat== |
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{{verify}} |
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Dr. [[Vlad Sobell]] has pointed out that the proponents of the theory that the second invasion of Chechnya was a plot by Putin to get elected regularly ignore the key fact that Putin's attack on Chechnya in 1999 was preceded by a Chechen insurrection in Dagestan, whose objective was to turn it into another unstable Chechnya.<ref name="sobell_interview">[http://www.network54.com/Forum/155335/thread/1077588183/last-1077588183/Vlad+Sobell+on+'confusing+Russia' Vlad Sobell on 'confusing Russia']</ref> |
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'''Nat Secura''' is the brother of [[Aayla Secura]]. He was disfigured and was a friend to [[Bib Fortuna]]. He was disrespected by others because of his bad looks. Bib Fortuna ordered the B'omarr monks to remove his brain so the monks could insert his brain into a better body. |
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According to Associate Professor [[Henry E. Hale]] of [[Harvard University]], one thing that remains unclear about the "FSB did it" theory: If the motive was to get an FSB-friendly man installed as president, why would the FSB have preferred Putin, a little-known "upstart" who had leapt to the post of FSB director through outside political channels, to Primakov, who was certainly senior in stature and pedigree and who was also widely reputed to have a KGB past?<ref name="henryhale_8">[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200404/ai_n9376577/pg_8 Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency: The Role of Contingency in Party-System Development]</ref> |
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==Secura, Pol== |
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'''Pol Secura''' is the uncle of [[Aayla Secura]]. A blue twi'lek with a high stature on [[Ryloth]]. |
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According to Dr. [[Robert Bruce Ware]] of [[Southern Illinois University]], "The assertions that Russian security services are responsible for the bombings is at least partially incorrect, and appears to have given rise to an obscurantist mythology of Russian culpability. At the very least, it is clear that these assertions are incomplete in so far as they have not taken full account of the evidence suggesting the responsibility of Wahhabis under the leadership of Khattab, who may have been seeking retribution for the federal assault upon Dagestan's Islamic Djamaat."<ref name="from_past_to_future"/> |
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==Sei'lar, Asyr== |
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'''Asyr Sei'lar''' was a [[List of Star Wars races#Bothan|Bothan]] member of [[Rogue Squadron]]. She joined the squadron after assisting them them in their efforts to claim [[Coruscant]] from the Imperials. |
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Dr. [[Kirill Pankratov]], in a 2003 letter to the [[Johnson's Russia List]], spoke against Satter's and Putley's theory. He noted that 1) there was no need for "another pretext for military operation in Chechnya at the time of the ''Ryazan incident''", but there were already a "plenty of reasons for decisive military response", 2) the FSB of other security service{{Clarify|date=September 2009}} was institutionally incapable of such a conspiracy after years of decline in the 1990s, 3) the ''conspirators'' were not actually trying to blow a building up in Ryazan; however, their sloppy actions are "consistent with the ''training exercise'' version of events", 4) the FSB did not have to declare the incident a "training exercise", but "it was much easier to show great relief... and continue trying to find the ''perpetrators'' of the bombing attempt." <ref>[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7284-11.cfm Re: 7727 #11, Jeremy Putley's review of "Darkness at Dawn" by D. Satter], by Dr. [[Kirill Pankratov]], 10 August 2003</ref> |
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She was romantically involved with [[Gavin Darklighter]], and planned to settle down with him and adopt children, but her choices were met with dissaproval by Bothan politician [[Borsk Fey'lya]], due to Darklighter being human. |
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Security and policy analysts [[Simon Saradzhyan]] and [[Nabi Abdullaev]] noted that Litvinenko and Felshtinsky did not provide any direct evidence to back up their claims about FSB involvement in the bombings.<ref name="saradzhyan">[http://www.belfercenter.org/files/2005-10.pdf Disruption Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catashtrophic Attacks]</ref> |
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During [[Ysanne Isard]]'s return, Sei'lar was presumed killed at Distna, but in fact survived, and with the help of [[Booster Terrik]], decided to go undercover to work towards changes in Bothan society. She set up schools on nomerous Bothan outpost worlds, and is believed by fans to be responsible for the training of Admiral [[Kre'fey#Traest Kre'fey|Traest Kre'fey]]. |
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===== Analysts ===== |
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==Skywalker, Ben== |
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[[Andrey Soldatov]] is skeptical about [[Mikhail Trepashkin]]'s awareness of the details of the Russian apartment bombings. According to Soldatov, the Russian government's suppression of the discussion of the FSB involvement theory reflects paranoia rather than guilt on its part. He points out that, ironically, the paranoia produced the conspiracy theories that the government was keen to stamp out.<ref name="rp0908">{{cite web|url=http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Politics&articleid=a1252433514|title=The Truth Russians Can’t Know|date=2009-09-08|publisher=Russia Profile|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref> |
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{{SW Character| |
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image= | |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=Ben Skywalker| |
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position=Unofficial [[Jedi]] Apprentice to [[Jacen Solo]]| |
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species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height=unknown| |
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hair= Red| |
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eyes= Blue| |
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weapon=none| |
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vehicle=none| |
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droid=none| |
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planet= [[Ossus]] (born on the ''[[Errant Venture]]'')| |
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affiliation= [[Galactic Alliance]], [[Jedi]]| |
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portrayer= N/A| |
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}} |
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In 2009, Russian journalist and radio host [[Yulia Latynina]], commenting on [[Scott Anderson]]'s article "Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power" noted that deaths of [[Sergey Yushenkov]] and [[Yury Schekochihin]] "in any case, had no relation to bombings in Moscow". Latynina opined, that the version that FSB did the bombings was not only absurd, but purposefully invented by [[Berezovsky]] after he was deprived of the power. Her major argument was, that since Berezovsky was one of the key figures to push Putin into the power, he knew for certain the theory was wrong. If Berezovsky felt that "there are some people else beyond Putin, some fearsome siloviks who can explode houses, they [the Family] would throw Putin away, as a hot potato".<ref>[http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/code/621021-echo/ Access code] (Yulia Latynina's radio program), September 2009</ref> |
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'''Ben Skywalker''' (born [[Dates in Star Wars|26.5 ABY]]) is a fictional character from the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe]], the son of [[Jedi]] Masters [[Luke Skywalker]] and [[Mara Jade Skywalker]]. He was named after [[Obi-Wan Kenobi|Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi]]. |
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===Theory of Ibn Al Khattab's Involvement=== |
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Because Mara Jade was infected by [[Yuuzhan Vong]] coomb spores, she and Luke decided against having children. However, despite their efforts, Mara found, while attempting to heal her body with the Force, that she was pregnant. |
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Paul J. Murphy, a former US counterterrorism expert stated that "the evidence that Al-Khattab was responsible for the apartment building bombings in Moscow is clear".<ref name="wolvesofislam"/> Murphy also states "the findings by the Russian government prove that the [[Liberation Army of Dagestan]], which claimed responsibility for the attacks, is the same as Al-Khattab's [[Islamic Army of Dagestan]], which launched [[War in Dagestan|the invasion of Dagestan]] from Chechnya in August, 1999".<ref name="wolvesofislam"/> |
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Professor [[Peter Reddaway]] and researcher [[Dmitri Glinski]] described the involvement of the [[Liberation Army of Dagestan]] as the best explanation for the bombings.<ref name="henryhale_8"/> |
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Ben was born at the end of ''[[Edge of Victory: Rebirth]]'', a book from the Expanded Universe's ''[[New Jedi Order]]'' series. He was actually born aboard an ''Imperial''-class [[Star Destroyer]] named the ''[[Errant Venture]]'', shortly after his parents were forced to flee [[Coruscant]] during heightened troubles between the [[Jedi]] and the [[New Republic (Star Wars)|New Republic]] Senate. As a baby, he was sent to the Maw in order to remain out of danger from the Yuuzhan Vong. He had little contact with his parents, though became embroiled in a kidnap attempt by [[Viqi Shesh]] during the [[Fall of Coruscant]]. [[Lando Calrissian]] and [[C-3PO]] were able to save Ben high above the galactic capital. |
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According to Dr. [[Robert Bruce Ware]], an associate professor of [[Southern Illinois University]], the best explanation for the apartment block blasts is that they were perpetrated by [[Wahhabis]] under the leadership of Khattab, as retribution for the federal attacks on Karamachi, Chabanmakhi, and Kadar. "If the blasts were organized by Khattab and other Wahhabis as retribution for the federal attacks on Dagestan's [[Islamic Djamaat]], then this would explain the timing of the attacks, and why there were no attacks after the date on which fighting in Dagestan was concluded. It would explain why no Chechen claimed responsibility. It would account for Basayev's reference to Dagestani responsibility, and it would be consistent with Khattab's vow to ''set off bombs everywhere... blasting through [Russian] cities''."<ref name="from_past_to_future">{{harv|Sakwa|2005}}</ref> |
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Five years later, Ben has grown into an 8-year-old child. Like the rest of his family, he was also strong in the [[Force (Star Wars)|Force]]. However, he had cut himself from the Force due to the pain and suffering he had sensed during the Yuuzhan Vong war. Since then, he has refused to use the Force, a disturbing development his parents did not know how to overcome. He has recently adopted his cousin Jacen's views on the Force. During the [[The Swarm War|Swarm War]], Ben had become friends with a Killik named Gorog, thinking the creature to be his pet. In the end, his mother was forced to kill the Killik as it actually has intentions to brainwash young Ben to join the [[Dark Nest Trilogy|Dark Nest]]. He eventually became an unofficial Jedi apprentice to his cousin [[Jacen Solo]], and soon begin to open himself to the Force with Jacen's guidance. When he found out about Jacen and [[Tenel Ka]]'s secret daughter, [[Allana]], Jacen had no choice but to erase his memories of that event as he felt that he couldn't trust Ben to keep this a secret. |
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== Chronology of events of June–October of 1999 == |
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It appears that Ben will inherit his father's position as leader of the Jedi. He has shown strength in the Force that may even surpass Anakin Solo. However, Ben's future remains in question. |
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* 18 June, — attacks on two pickets of [[Interior troops]] at the [[Chechnya]]-[[Dagestan]] were performed from the side of Chechnya, as well as offense against a company of Cossacks in [[Stavropol Krai]] took place. Russian authorities closed most of checkpoints on the Chechen border.<ref name="monitor">[http://bratstvo.ucoz.com/index/0-64 Veteran assotiation — Second Chechen campaign] (in Russian)</ref> |
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* 23 June, — shooting of an Interior troops picket at Pervomaiskoe village of [[Khasavyurtovsky District]] in Dagestan from Chechnya.<ref>[http://old.cry.ru/text.shtml?199906/19990623120314.inc In 23 June 1999 in village Pervomaiskoye (Dagestan), again a picket of interior troops was shooted at] (in Russian)</ref> |
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* 23 July, — Chechen militants attacked an Interior troops pictet in Dagestan which defended Kopaevsky Hydro Scheme. MVD of Dagestan claimed that "this time Chechens performed a [[reconnaissance in force]], and soon large scale actions by armed gangs will take place along the whole Dagestan-Chechen border." <ref>[http://old.cry.ru/text.shtml?199907/19990726085555.inc Chechens are preparing an offensive against Dagestan] (in Russian)</ref> |
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* 29 July, — [[Aslan Maskhadov]] accused Western security services of exacerbating tensions at Chechen-Dagestan border.<ref name=monitor/> |
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* 1 August, — Dagestani [[Wahhabis]] and Chechens who supported them claimed that [[Sharia]] governing was introduced in Dagestan.<ref name=monitor/> |
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* 2 August, — first clashes in [[Tsumadinsky District]] of Dagestan between local Wahhabis and militia moved from [[Makhachkala]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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* 7 August, — massive intrusion into Dagestan from Chechnya by Chechen militants under the command of deputy commander in chief of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] [[Basayev]] and field commander [[Khattab]] (400 people). {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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* 9 August, — heads of [[Shura of Muslims of Chechnya and Dagestan]] [[Shamil Basayev]], [[Dokku Umarov]], [[Khattab]], [[Adallo Mukhammed]] declared establishment of an independent Islamic state of Dagestan, which included settlements in Tsumadinsky and Botlikhsky districts captured by militants <ref name=monitor/>. An unofficial television studio started operating in Chechnya and broadcasting video recordings of events in Tsumadinsky and [[Botlikhsky District|Botlikhsky]] Districts, calls to [[jihad]] and other kind of Wahhabi propaganda on [[Khasaviurtovsky District]] and [[Kizilyurtovsky District]] of Dagestan <ref name=rasul>[http://www.dolalay.com/2007/10/25/rasul-gadzhiev-chas-ispytaniya-xronika-vojny-v-dagestane-1999 Chronicles of war in Dagestan] by [[Rasul Gajiyev]] (or [http://web.archive.org/web/20080617102741/http://rd.dgu.ru/chronoras.html an older link] from the web archive) (in Russian)</ref>. |
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* 9 August, — [[Sergey Stepashin]] was dismissed from the position of the [[Prime Minister of Russia|chairman of the Russian Government]], and [[Vladimir Putin]] was appointed instead of him. {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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* 10 August, — President of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|CRI]] [[Aslan Maskhadov]] claimed that only Dagestani are fighting in Dagestan and citizens of Chechnya do not participate in the offensive, "although several misguided ones can be there". Replying to the question about his attitude towards the "Declaration of Independence of Dagestan" approved by the [[Islamic Shura of Dagestan]] Maskhavod claimed that it's a purely internal affair of Russia and Dagestan that Chechnya had no relation to. He failed to explain participation of citizens of the Chechen Republic [[Shamil Basayev]], his brother [[Shirvani Basayev|Shirvani]], [[Khattab]], [[Khunker Israpilov]] and other Chechen field commanders in military actions in Dagestan. <ref name=rasul/> |
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* 12 August, — deputy head of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia]] I. Zubov stated that a letter with a proposal to perform a joint operation with Federal troops against islamists in Dagestan was sent to the President of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|CRI]] [[Maskhadov]]. Zubov also proposed Maskhadov to "solve the problem of liquidating bases, places for stogare and resort of unlawful militant formations, that the Chechen leadership refused to have anything to do with." <ref>[http://old.cry.ru/text.shtml?199908/19990812142417.inc Federal authorities proposed A. Maskhadov to perform a joint military operation in Dagestan] (in Russian)</ref><ref>[http://www.rg.ru/Prilog/vvd/0813/1.htm Dagestan: who and where], [[Rossiyskaya gazeta]] (in Russian)</ref> |
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* 14 August, — former president of CRI [[Yandarbiyev]], a head of the union "Caucasian Confederation" and of the Organization of Islamic Unity of Caucasus claimed that "events that are currently developed in Dagestan may become the major and decisive stage on the way to liberate the Caucasus". He called Muslims of Caucasus to support the "jihad of Dagestan", claiming that "there will be no mercy for those who will not acknowledge their mistakes and won't take an active position on the side of Muslims". {{fact}} |
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* 16 August, — speaking on a rally in Grozny [[Aslan Maskhadov]] blamed Russia's leadership of destabilizing situation in Dagestan. According to him, the conflict in Dagestan is developed according to the "plot of Moscow", which is looking for a pretext for military (enforced) pressure against Chechnya. <ref>[http://www.igpi.ru/monitoring/1047645476/1999/0999/20.html Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in August-September 1999], by Timur Muzayev (in Russian)</ref> Maskhadov declared a state of military emergency in Chechnya for a term of 30 days, and announced partial mobilization of reservists and participants of the [[First Chechen War]]. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/420916.stm Russians pound Dagestan rebels], BBC, August 16, 1999</ref><ref>[http://old.cry.ru/text.shtml?199908/19990816162400.inc Partial mobilization of reservists announced in Chechnya] (in Russian)</ref> |
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''To be completed...'' |
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[[Category:Star Wars Skywalker family|Skywalker, Ben]] |
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<br clear="all"> |
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== See also == |
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==Sleazebaggano, Elan== |
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*[[GQ#.22Vladimir_Putin.27s_Dark_Rise_to_Power.22_controversy|"Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power" controversy]] |
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==References== |
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'''Elan Sleazebaggano''' lives up to his name. A [[narcotics]] peddler who frequented some of the shadier nightclubs on [[Coruscant]], Elan completely rethought his life after attempting to sell a [[death stick]] to [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]]. He also appeared in the Boba Fett series and aided Boba by giving him an illegal saberdart and also helped him find a place to get new weapons. |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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<br clear="all"> |
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== |
==Bibliography== |
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* {{citation |
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{{SW Character| |
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|last=Khlebnikov |
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image=[[Image:SySnootles2.JPG]]| |
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|first=Paul |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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|authorlink=Paul Khlebnikov |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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|title=Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia |
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name=Sy Snootles| |
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|publisher=Harcourt |
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position= Lead singer of Max Rebo Band| |
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|year=2000 |
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species= Pa'lowick| |
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|isbn=9780151006212 |
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gender=[[Female]]| |
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|pages=400 |
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height=1.6 meters| |
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hair= none| |
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eyes= Blue| |
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weapon=none| |
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vehicle=none| |
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droid=none| |
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planet= Lowick| |
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affiliation= [[Max Rebo Band]]| |
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portrayer= Annie Arbogast(voice) and Mike Quinn| |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last1=Goldfarb |
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'''Sy Snootles''' is a character found in [[Return of the Jedi|Star Wars, The Return of the Jedi]]. She was the lead singer in the [[Max Rebo Band]] in [[Jabba the Hutt]]'s palace. She also had a great relationship with fellow band member [[#McCool, Droopy|Droopy McCool]]. Her most notable characteristic was an incredibly long lip stalk. |
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|first1=Alexander |
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<br clear="all"> |
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|authorlink1=Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist) |
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{{sectstub}} |
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|last2=Litvinenko |
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|first2=Marina |
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==Sylo, Paxi== |
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|title=[[Death of a Dissident]] |
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|publisher=Simon & Schuster |
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'''Paxi Sylo''' is a fictional character who appeared in Chapter 12 and 13 of the Star Wars Clone Wars. |
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|year=2007 |
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For ten generations, the Sylo family maintained a large farm in the outback of Dantooine. Griggen and Tashna Sylo worked hard to harvest tritacale and yot beans, supplying a larder to feed their family of seven children, as well as to sell offworld. |
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|isbn=9781416551652 |
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The youngest child, Paxi, was the daydreamer of the family. The quiet soft-spoken child would sketch quietly on his datapad or on spare flimisplast, doodling tales of heroic adventure on distant worlds. He had heard fragments of stories of the Jedi Knights, and how they were engaged in an epic conflict called the Clone Wars, but Dantooine was so far off the beaten path that such stories might as well have been fiction. |
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This all changed one fateful day when Paxi was nine years old. The Confederacy sought to gain a foothold on Dantooine, to further the protection of nearby Muunilinst. The Jedi responded by sending one of their greatest warriors, Mace Windu, with a clone army to repel the Confederacy. |
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Paxi watched with awe as Windu and his troops defeated the Separatists. He was spellbound, and for the next few weeks, his doodle-datapad was filled with crude illustrations of Mace Windu single-handedly destroying a seismic tank. It was all the young boy could talk about. |
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History has lost track of whatever became of Paxi Sylo. By the time of the Empire, the Sylo farm had been completely abandoned. However, at the height of Palpatine's New Order, a bootleg animated holographic video file began propagating in the shadier parts of the HoloNet. It depicted the heroic exploits of Mace Windu on Dantooine. |
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The Imperial Security Bureau did what it could to stop proliferation of such a treasonous piece of media, but it gained a cult status among would-be Rebels. Though the holovid is unattributed, the style does match up with the early illustrations of a young Paxi Sylo. |
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[http://www.starwars.com/databank/character/paxisylo/] |
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[[Star Wars: Clone Wars]] |
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== Talor, Rand and Kath == |
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Rand Talor was the Rebellion general in charge of the invasion of [[Coruscant]]. He was put in charge mainly because there was reason to believe his wife, [[Kath Talor]], was being held prisoner in the [[Imperial Palace]]. It is known that Rebel troops found her alive and brought her out of the palace when Rebels had control of [[Coruscant]], to reunite with her husband. |
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== Teek == |
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'''Teek''' is a mischievous creature seen in [[Ewoks: The Battle for Endor]]. He lives with the marooned old man [[List_of_minor_Star_Wars_characters#Briqualon.2C_Noa|Noa Briqualon]]. Little is known of his past, but we know that his homeworld is [[Endor]]. His species is also called "Teek." |
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== Teem, Ainlee == |
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'''Ainlee Teem''' is a [[fictional character]] in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' universe. |
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The Senator of [[Planets of Star Wars#Malastare|Malastare]] in the [[Galactic Republic]], Ainlee Teem was a member of the three-eyed [[Minor races in Star Wars#Gran|Gran]] race. Teem was one of the candidates nominated to replace [[Finis Valorum]] as [[Supreme Chancellor]] of the Republic prior to the [[Battle of Naboo]]. Teem lost the election to [[Palpatine|Senator Palpatine]] of [[Planets of Star Wars#Naboo|Naboo]]. |
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<br clear="all"> |
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== King Terak == |
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{{SW Character| |
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image=[[Image:KingTerak.JPG]]<br><small>King Terak in [[Star Wars Galaxies]]</small> | |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=King Terak| |
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position= King of the [[Marauders]]| |
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species=[[Marauder]]| |
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gender=[[Male]]| |
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height= 2 meters | |
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weapon= unknown| |
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vehicle= unknown| |
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hair=white| |
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eyes= unknown| |
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planet=[[Endor]]| |
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affiliation= Marauders| |
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portrayer=[[Carel Struycken]] |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last1=Felshtinsky |
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[[Fictional character]] created for the [[Star Wars]] universe, '''Terak''' was the [[monarch|king]] of the [[Marauders]] on [[Endor]]. He was played by [[Carel Struyken]]. |
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|first1=Yuri |
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|authorlink1=Yuri Felshtinsky |
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Terak was a vicious and bloodthirsty [[warlord]] who was obsessed with obtaining what he called [[The Power]], which he was convinced would allow him to leave Endor and conquer the galaxy. To this end, he ordered the deaths of the Towani family (all save [[Cindel Towani|Cindel]]) in the hopes of stealing their [[star cruiser]]'s [[crystal oscillator]]. |
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|last2=Litvinenko |
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|first2=Alexander |
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Fortunately for the rest of the galaxy, Terak's strength was not equalled by his intelligence: otherwise he could've simply taken the Towanis' ship. Instead, Terak believed beyond a shadow of a doubt that the oscillator by itself was the key to letting him and the other Marauders leave Endor, and he spent quite a while trying to get the thing to work by having his [[mystic]], a [[Dathomir|Dathomirian Nightsister]] named [[Charal]], chant over it. |
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|authorlink2=Alexander Litvinenko |
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|title=[[Blowing up Russia: Terror from within]] |
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Terak was eventually defeated by the [[Ewoks]] and their human allies, Cindel and [[List of minor Star Wars characters#Briqualon, Noa|Noa Briqualon]]. When he couldn't have The Power in the form of the Dathomirian Nightsister, he stole Charal's [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] ring that allowed her to transform into animals, and wore it around his neck. While engaged in a swordfight with Noa, Wicket attempted to help and struck and damaged the ring. This somehow caused its magic to backfire, turning Terak red and burning him to death. |
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|edition=2nd |
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|other=Translated from Russian by Geoffrey Andrews and Co. |
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==Senator Trell== |
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|year=2007 |
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'''Senator Trell''', a corrupt [[Twi'lek]] senator who had links to the [[Dug]] crime lord Sebolto, was interrogated by [[Jango Fett]] about the Bando Gora death sticks. After revealing information about Sebolto and his death stick factory on [[Malastare]], he was thrown to his doom off the top of his luxury apartment. He appears in the videogame ''[[Star Wars: Bounty Hunter]]''. |
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|publisher=Gibson Square Books |
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|isbn=9781903933954 |
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== Ulgo, Trask == |
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'''Trask Ulgo''' was a Republic soldier who served on board the [[Endar Spire]] during the [[Jedi Civil War]]. |
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In the game [[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]], he is the first person your character will encounter during the initial fight on the Endar Spire. Trask becomes the first member of your party. He gives his life to protect yours and is killed in battle against [[Darth Bandon]]. |
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Through a subplot on the planet [[Taris]], the main character learns of a bounty on an overzealous assassin named Selven. The bounty office manager, Zax the Hutt, reveals that Selven was hired by an unknown party to kill the Ulgos, presumably including Trask. Zax says that the Ulgos were a wealthy noble family, but all were brutally slaughtered by Selven. He states that her bounty originated from the Organas, a royal family from [[Alderaan]] - presumably the ancestors of the family that adopts Princess Leia thousands of years later. Zax extrapolates that perhaps the Organas were the ones who originally hired Selven to kill the Ulgos, and they placed a bounty on her head to bury any connections. |
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== Vox, Wade == |
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'''Wade Vox''' makes his first and only known appearance in the game [[Star Wars: Demolition]]. He ends up on Jabba's bad side, but somehow survives. However, he is forced to participate in Jabba's new sport. It is intense vehicle combat. Last combatant standing wins. Wade is gifted in the ways of the force, but has never had a means of being trained. He looks up to [[Luke Skywalker]] in many ways and recently purchased his X-34 Landspeeder which he uses in competition. He hopes that one day he will be trained in the force and will be a great hero. |
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<br clear="all"> |
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==Wessiri, Diric== |
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'''Diric Wessiri''' was the husband of [[Iella Wessiri]]. He was captured by the Empire and turned into one of their agents by [[Ysanne Isard]]. He tried to assassinate the Imperial agent [[Kirtan Loor]], and in turn was killed by Iella. |
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==Xux, Qwi== |
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{{SW Character| |
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image=[[Image:QwiXux.JPG]]| |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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name=Qwi Xux| |
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position=Former Imperial weapons designer| |
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species=Humanoid| |
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gender=[[Female]]| |
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height=Unknown (tall)| |
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hair= Pearlescent| |
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eyes= Deep blue| |
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weapon=none| |
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vehicle=none| |
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droid=none| |
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planet= Omwat| |
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affiliation= [[Rebel Alliance]]| |
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portrayer= none| |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{citation |
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'''Qwi Xux''' is a tall blue-skinned women from the planet Omwat. Like many others of her species she was very intellegent. At ten years old she was taken from her homeworld by Grand Moff Tarkin who forced her into a two-year long training regimen; she was the only survivor. She was a brilliant [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Imperial]] weapons designer who was responsible for the [[Sun Crusher]], among other important weapons including the [[World Devastators]]. She even collaborated with [[Bevel Lemelisk]]among others in designing the first [[Death Star]]. After learning of the true and tragic results of her creations she defected to New republic. She was rescued from the [[The Maw|Maw Installation]] by [[Wedge Antilles]], with whom she later fell in love. Unfortunately, her memory was erased by [[Kyp Durron]], a [[Jedi Knight]], when he briefly turned to the Dark Side. she appears during the [[Jedi Academy Trilogy]] (''[[Jedi Search]]'', ''[[Dark Apprentice]]'', and ''[[Champions of The Force]]'') |
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|last=Satter |
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<br clear="all"> |
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|first=David |
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|authorlink=David Satter |
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==Zend, Salla== |
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|title=Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State |
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{{SW Character| |
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|publisher=Yale University Press |
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image=[[Image:SallaZend2.JPG]]<br><small>Salla Zend from [[Dark Empire]]</small> | |
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|year=2003 |
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bgcolor=#c00| |
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|isbn=0-300-09892-8 |
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fgcolor=#000| |
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}} |
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name=Sala Zend| |
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* {{citation |
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position= Smuggler| |
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|last1=Felshtinsky |
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species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]| |
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|first1=Yuri |
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gender=[[Female]]| |
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|authorlink1=Yuri Felshtinsky |
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height= [[Unknown]] | |
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|last2=Pribylovsky |
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weapon= Blaster pistol| |
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|first2=Vladimir |
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vehicle= Starlight Intruder | |
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|authorlink2=Vladimir Pribylovsky |
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hair=Black| |
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|title=The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin |
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eyes= orange| |
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|publisher=Gibson Square Books |
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planet=[[Nar Shaddaa]]| |
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|place=London |
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affiliation= None| |
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|year=2008 |
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portrayer= None| |
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|isbn=9781906142070 |
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|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/apr/20/politics |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|first=Alexander |
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|last=Litvinenko |
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|authorlink=Alexander Litvinenko |
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|title=LPG: Lubianskaia Prestupnaia Gruppirovka: Ofitser FSB Daet Pokazaniia |
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|language=Russian |
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|publisher=Grani |
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|year=2002 |
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|isbn=9780972387804 |
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|pages=255 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last=Evangelista |
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|first=Matthew |
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|title=The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? |
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|publisher=Brookings Institution Press |
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|year=2002 |
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|isbn=9780815724995 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last=Jack |
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|first=Andrew |
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|title=Inside Putin's Russia: Can There Be Reform Without Democracy? |
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|publisher=Oxford University Press |
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|year=2005 |
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|isbn=978-0195189094 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|first=Richard |
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|last=Sakwa |
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|authorlink=Richard Sakwa |
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|title=Checnya: From Past to Future |
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|year=2005 |
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|publisher=Anthem Press |
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|isbn=9781843311645 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
|||
|title=Putin, Russia's choice |
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|last=Sakwa |
|||
|first=Richard |
|||
|authorlink=Richard Sakwa |
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|year=2008 |
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|edition=2nd |
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|publisher=Routledge |
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|isbn=978-0-415-40765-6 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|first=Peter |
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|last=Reddaway |
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|authorlink=Peter Reddaway |
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|coauthors=Dmitri Glinski |
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|title=The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms: Market Bolshevism Against Democracy |
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|publisher=United States Institute of Peace Press |
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|year=2001 |
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|isbn=1-929223-06-4 |
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}} |
}} |
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{{coord missing|Russia}} |
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[[Category:1999 in Russia]] |
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'''Salla Zend''' was an ex-girlfriend of [[Han Solo]]. She, and cohort [[Shug Ninx]] helped Han and Leia save Luke and foil the [[Emperor Reborn]]'s plan to control the galaxy from [[Byss]] 10 years after the [[Battle of Yavin]] with her remarkably fast ship, the ''Starlight Intruder'' (which Zend often claimed was faster than the ''[[Millenium Falcon]]'', but in a number of races with the ''Falcon'', the ''Intruder'' never came out on top). Salla was originally a student with a true gift for fixing and modifying machinery- but she didn't seek training to become an engineer or technician, preferring to become a spaceship mechanic aboard a corporate vessel. Eventually, she saved up enough money for a loan, with which she bought her own ship. Tweaking out her vessel, Zend began repaying the debt by smuggling with Solo. A race with Solo past a [[neutron star]] almost ended in disaster when her [[hyperdrive]] failed and Solo nearly died rescuing her. DIsturbed by the narrow miss, Zend retired from smuggling, partnering up with Ninx. |
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[[Category:Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation]] |
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[[Category:Massacres in Russia]] |
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<br clear="all"> |
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[[Category:Events in Moscow]] |
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[[Category:Second Chechen War]] |
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==Zsinj== |
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[[Category:Terrorism in Moscow]] |
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{{main|Warlord Zsinj}} |
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[[Category:Terrorism in Russia]] |
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[[Category:Terrorist incidents in 1999]] |
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'''Zsinj''' was an Admiral in the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]] in the [[Star Wars]] Universe. He commanded the [[Star Destroyer|Super Star Destroyer]] ''Iron Fist''. |
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[[Category:Russian apartment bombings]] |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of minor Star Wars Jedi characters]] |
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* [[List of Star Wars Imperial personnel]] |
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* [[List of minor Rebel characters in Star Wars]] |
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[[Category: Star Wars characters]] |
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[[Category:Star Wars lists]] |
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[[da:Terrorangrebet mod boligkomplekser, Rusland 1999]] |
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[[ca:Adi Gallia]] |
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[[de:Sprengstoffanschläge auf Wohnhäuser in Russland]] |
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[[es:Adi Gallia]] |
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[[et:Elumajade plahvatused 1999]] |
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[[hu:A Csillagok háborúja mellékszereplői]] |
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[[fr:Attentats en Russie en 1999]] |
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[[fi:Luettelo Tähtien sodan sivuhahmoista]] |
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[[it:Bombe nei palazzi in Russia del 1999]] |
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[[ja:ロシア高層アパート連続爆破事件]] |
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[[pl:Zamachy bombowe na budynki mieszkalne w Rosji w 1999]] |
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[[ru:Взрывы жилых домов в России (1999)]] |
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[[fi:Venäjän kerrostalopommit]] |
Revision as of 16:22, 15 March 2010
Russian apartment bombings | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Location | Russia (Buynaksk-Moscow-Volgodonsk) |
Date | September 4–16, 1999 |
Target | Low-income apartment buildings |
Attack type | Time bombings |
Deaths | Nearly 300 |
Injured | More than 1,000 |
The Russian apartment bombings were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk in September 1999, killing 293 people and injuring 651, a wave of fear spreading across the country. The blasts hit Buynaksk on 4 September, Moscow on 9 September and 13, and Volgodonsk on 16 September. Several other bombs were defused in Moscow at the time.[1]
Together with the Invasion of Dagestan launched from Chechnya in August 1999 by Islamist militia led by Shamil Basayev and Ibn al-Khattab, the bombings caused the Russian Federation to intensify the Second Chechen war.
Although on 2 September 1999, Arab field commander Ibn Al-Khattab announced that "The mujahideen of Dagestan are going to carry out reprisals in various places across Russia."[2], he would later on 14 September deny responsibility in the blasts, adding that he is fighting the Russian army, not women and children.[3]
An official investigation of the bombings was completed by the Russian Federal Security Service in 2002. According to the investigation and the court ruling that followed, the bombings were organized by Achemez Gochiyaev, who remained at large as of 2010, and ordered by Arab Mujahids Ibn Al-Khattab and Abu Omar al-Saif, who were killed. Six other suspects have been convicted by Russian courts.
A similar bomb was found and defused in the Russian city of Ryazan on 23 September 1999. On the next day Federal Security Service Director Nikolai Patrushev announced that the Ryazan incident had been a training exercise and the bomb was declared a fake.[4] Contrary to this, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, insisted that it was real.[5][6] The official investigation claims it was an operation by the Federal Security Service to "evaluate measures taken by the local law enforcement bodies to prevent possible terrorist acts", which wasn't coordinated with the local police and security bodies.[4]
An independent public commission to investigate the bombings, which was chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev, was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries [7], giving rise to a conspiracy theory of Russian Government involvement into the bombings.[8]
The bombings
Overview
Five apartment bombings took place and at least three attempted bombings were prevented.[9] All bombing had the same "signature", judging from the nature and the volume of the destruction. In each case the explosive RDX was used, and the timers were set to go off at night and inflict the maximum number of civilian casualties.[10] The explosives were placed to destroy the weakest, most critical elements of the buildings and force the buildings to "collapse like a house of cards"[9]. The terrorists were able to obtain or manufacture several tons of powerful explosives and deliver them to numerous destinations across Russia [9][11]
Moscow mall
On 31 August 1999, at 20:00 local time (8:00 PM), a powerful explosion took place in a busy Moscow shopping center.[12] One person was killed and 40 others injured.[9] According to FSB, the explosion had been caused by a bomb of about 300g of explosives.[12]
Buynaksk, Dagestan
On 4 September 1999, at 22:00 (18:00 GMT), a car bomb detonated outside a five story apartment building in the city of Buynaksk in Dagestan, near the border of Chechnya. The building was housing Russian border guard soldiers and their families.[13] 64 people were killed and 133 were injured in the explosion.[10][14] Another car bomb was found and defused in the same town.[13][15] The defused bomb was in a car containing 2,706 kilograms of explosives. It was discovered by local residents in a parking lot surrounded by an army hospital and residential buildings.[16]
Moscow, Pechatniki
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Apartment_bombing2.jpg/250px-Apartment_bombing2.jpg)
On 9 September 1999, shortly after midnight local time, at 20:00 GMT,[17] 300 to 400 kg of explosives detonated on the ground floor of an apartment building in south-east Moscow (19 Guryanova Street). The nine-story building was destroyed, killing 94 people inside and injuring 249 others. 15 nearby buildings were also damaged.[17] A total of 108 apartments were destroyed during the bombing. An FSB spokesman identified the explosive as RDX.[9] Residents said a few minutes before the blast four men were seen speeding away from the building in a car.[18]
The President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin ordered the search of 30,000 residential buildings in Moscow for explosives.[19]. He took personal control of the investigation of the blast.[11]. Vladimir Putin declared 13 September a day of mourning for the victims of the attacks.[17]
Moscow, Kashirskoye highway
On 13 September 1999, at 5:00 a.m., a large bomb exploded in a basement of an apartment block on Kashirskoye Highway in southern Moscow, about 6 km from the place of the last attack. 118 people died and 200 were injured. This was the deadliest blast in the chain of bombings. The eight-story building was flattened, littering the street with debris and throwing some concrete pieces hundreds of yards away.[10][20]
Moscow, attempted bombings
According to FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Oksana Yablokova of The Moscow Times, official investigators defused explosives on Borisovskiye Prudy street in Moscow 14 September 1999.[1][21] Yuri Felshtinsky and Alexander Litvinenko added a site in the Liublino district and another in Kapotnya to the list of caches.[22] Satter wrote that three attempted bombings were prevented.[23]
According to the messages received by Yuri Felshtinsky and by Prima News agency from someone claiming to be Achemez Gochiyaev, on 13 September 1999 a bomb was defused in a building in the Kapotnya area. A warehouse containing several tons of explosives and six timing devices was found at Borisovskiye Prudy. The author of the messages wrote that he called the police and warned about the bombing locations, which helped to prevent a large number of further casualties.[24] Gochiyaev or his impersonators claimed that he was framed by his old acquaintance, an FSB officer who asked him to rent basements "as storage facilities" at four locations where bombs were later found.[25][26]
Volgodonsk
A truck bomb exploded on 16 September 1999, outside a nine-story apartment complex in the southern Russian city of Volgodonsk, killing 17 people and injuring 69.[9] The bombing took place at 5:57 am.[27] Surrounding buildings were also damaged. The blast also happened nine miles from a nuclear power plant.[27] Prime Minister Putin signed a decree calling on law enforcement and other agencies to develop plans within three days to protect industry, transportation, communications, food processing centers and nuclear complexes.[27]
Ryazan incident
At 8:30 P.M. on 22 September, 1999, a resident of an apartment building in the city of Ryazan noticed two suspicious men who carried sacks into the basement from a car with a Moscow license plate.[16][28][29][30]. He alerted the police, but by the time they arrived the car and the men were gone. The policemen found three 50 kg sacks of white powder in the basement. A detonator and a timing device were attached and armed. The timer was set to 5:30 AM.[10] Yuri Tkachenko, the head of the local bomb squad, disconnected the detonator and the timer and tested the three sacks of white substance with a "MO-2" gas analyzer. The device detected traces of RDX, the military explosive used in all previous bombings.[9] Police and rescue vehicles converged from different parts of the city, and 30,000 residents were evacuated from the area. 1,200 local police officers armed with automatic weapons set up roadblocks on highways around the city and started patrolling railroad stations and airports to hunt the terrorists down.[9]
At 1:30 A.M. on 23 September, the explosive engineers took a bit of substance from the suspicious-looking sacks to a firing ground located some kilometers away from Ryazan for testing.[31] During the substance tests at that area they tried to explode it by means of a detonator, but their efforts failed, the substance was not detonated, and the explosion did not occur.[31][32][33][34] At 5 A.M. Radio Rossiya reported about the attempted bombing noting that the bomb was set up to go off at 5:30 A.M. In the morning, "Ryazan resembled a city under siege". Composite sketches of three suspected terrorists, two men and a woman, were posted everywhere in the city and shown on TV. At 8:00 A.M. Russian television reported the attempt to blow out the building in Ryzan and identified the explosive used in the bomb as RDX[35]. Vladimir Rushailo announced later that police prevented a terrorist act. A news block at 4 p.m. reported that the explosives failed to detonate during their testing outside the city[31][32][36][37][33][34]
At 7 P.M. Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin praised the vigilance of the Ryazanians and called for the air bombing of the Chechen capital Grozny in response to the terrorism acts[38]. He said [39]:
If the sacks which proved to contain explosive were noticed, that means there is a positive side to it, if only the fact that the public is reacting correctly to the events taking place in our country today. I'd like ...to thank the public... No panic, no sympathy for the bandits.
Later, the same evening, a telephone service employee in Ryazan tapped into long distance phone conversations and managed to detect a talk in which an out-of-town person suggested to others that they "split up" and "make your own way out". That person's number was traced to a telephone exchange unit serving FSB offices.[40] When arrested, the detainees produced FSB identification cards. They were soon released on orders from Moscow.[41][42]
On 24 September, FSB director Nikolai Patrushev announced that the exercise was carried out to test responses after the earlier blasts[43]. The Ryzan FSB "reacted with fury" and issued a statement saying[39]:
This announcement came as a surprise to us and appeared at the moment when the ...FSB had identified the places of residence in Ryzan of those involved in planting the explosive device and was prepared to detain them.
FSB issued a public apology about the incident.[43]
Related events
Ryazan incident controversy
Official explanation of the Ryazan incident
The Russia's General Prosecutor's Office, answering a parliamentary inquiry about apartment bombings in 2002 reported that [44]
The investigation showed that to execute certain theses of the mutual order issued by the FSB Director and Russia's Minister of Internal Affairs about performing the Vortex-Antiterror operation, command of a special FSB unit approved a plan/task in 20 September 1999, which implied assembling groups of fake terrorists to be sent into certain regional cities, with the aim to test the security protection of vital infrastructure objects and apartments houses and to evaluate efficiency of undertaken special investigative techniques and regime measures.
A group of three was assembled to be sent into the city of Ryazan with the task to arrive into the city, study the up-to-date situation, evaluate measures taken by the local law enforcement bodies to counteract possible terrorism acts. As well as to select convenient places to perform a "diversion" (apartments of the ground floor and the floor above in apartment houses, underground or different rooms in livable buildings), buy from three to five sacks of sugar and store them at the selected place, as well as to manufacture mock-ups of explosive initiators to be installed on sacks.
To perform the order, the group arrived in Ryazan on a car VAZ-2107 in 20 September 1999. During the day of 21 September 1999 they studied the city, the local situation and selected the required object. They chose the house 14/16 at Novosyolov street, since it matched their task the best — there were a local police office and a big store nearby, and the entrance door to the basement was broken. In the morning of 22 September 1999 they bought three sacks of sugar as well as batteries, clocks, etc. required to manufacture a mock-up of an explosive initiator at a local market. In the "Kolchuga" store they bought a hunting cartridge of 12th caliber. About 9 p.m. sacks with sugar were delivered to the house and brought into the basement; the mock-up of an explosive initiator was installed on one of sacks.
...
Investigation showed that ... operation in the city of Ryazan was not planned and carried out in the proper way, in particular, the question about limits of this action was not regulated, and there was no provision for informing local [security] bodies or police about the training nature of the installation in case it was unveiled.
Along with that, actions of FSB employees did not have dangerous consequences for the society and did not lead to violations of rights and interests secured by the Law.
Explosives in Ryazan
The Russian Deputy Prosecutor declared in 2002 that a comprehensive testing of the samples showed no traces of any explosives, and that sacks from Ryazan contained only sugar.[45] However Yuri Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, insisted that it was real. Tkachenko said that the explosives, including a timer, a power source, and a detonator were genuine military equipment and obviously prepared by a professional. He also said that the gas analyzer that tested the vapors coming from the sacks unmistakably indicated the presence of RDX. Tkachenko said that it was out of the question that the analyzer could have malfunctioned, as the gas analyzer was of world class quality, cost $20,000, and was maintained by a specialist who worked according to a strict schedule, checking the analyzer after each use and making frequent prophylactic checks. Tkachenko pointed out that meticulous care in the handling of the gas analyzer was a necessity because the lives of the bomb squad experts depended on the reliability of their equipment. The police officers who answered the original call and discovered the bomb also insisted that it was obvious from its appearance that the substance in the bomb was not sugar.[9][46]
At a press conference on the occasion of the Federal Security Service Employee Day in December 2001 Yury Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb, said that the gas analyzer had not been used. He added that the detonator was a hunting cartridge and that it would not be able to detonate any known explosives.[47]
The type of explosives controversy
It was initially reported by the FSB that the explosives used by the terrorists was RDX (or "hexogen"). However, it was officially declared later that the explosive was not RDX, but a mixture of aluminum powder, niter (saltpeter), sugar, and TNT prepared by the perpetrators in a concrete mixer at a fertilizer factory in Urus-Martan, Chechnya.[48][49] RDX is produced in only one factory in Russia, in the city of Perm,[9]. According to the book by Satter, the FSB changed the story about the type of explosive, since it was difficult to explain how huge amounts of RDX disappeared from the closely guarded Perm facility.
A military storage with RDX disguised as "sugar"
In March 2000, Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported about a Private Alexei Pinyaev of the 137th Regiment who guarded a military facility near the city of Ryazan. He was surprised to see that "a storehouse with weapons and ammunition" contained sacks with the word "sugar" on them. The two paratroopers cut a hole in one of the bags and made tea with the sugar taken from the bag. But the taste of the tea was terrible. They became suspicious since people were talking about the explosions. The substance turned out to be hexogen. After the newspaper report, FSB officers "descended on Pinyaev's unit", accused them of "divulging a state secret", and told them "You guys can't even imagine what serious business you've got yourselves tangled up in." The regiment later sued Novaya Gazeta for insulting the honor of the Russian Army, since there was no Private Alexei Pinyaev in the regiment, according to their statement.[50] At an FSB press conference Private Pinyayev stated that there was not any hexogen in the 137th sky troops Regiment and that he was hospitalized in December 1999 and no longer visited the range.[47]
Incident in Russian Parliament
On 13 September, just hours after the second explosion in Moscow, Russian Duma speaker Gennadiy Seleznyov of the Communist Party made an announcement: "I have just received a report. According to information from Rostov-on-Don, an apartment building in the city of Volgodonsk was blown up last night".[51][52][53][54] However, the bombing in Volgodonsk took place three days later, on 16 September. When the Volgodonsk bombing happened, Vladimir Zhirinovsky demanded an explanation in the Duma, but Seleznev turned his microphone off.[51][55]
Two years later, in March 2002, Seleznyov claimed in an interview that he had been referring to an unrelated hand grenade-based explosion, which did not kill anyone and did not destroy any buildings, and which indeed happened in Volgodonsk.[56][57] It remains unclear why Seleznyov reported such an insignificant incident to the Russian Parliament and why he did not explain the misunderstanding to Zhirinovsky and other Duma members.[56]
FSB defector Alexander Litvinenko described this as "the usual Kontora mess up": "Moscow-2 was on the 13th and Volgodonsk on 16th, but they got it to the speaker the other way around," he said. Investigator Mikhail Trepashkin confirmed that the man who gave Seleznev the note was indeed an FSB officer.[58]
Sealing of all materials by Russian Duma
The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident.[59][60] The Duma, on a pro-Kremlin party-line vote, voted to seal all materials related to the Ryazan incident for the next 75 years and forbade an investigation into what happened.[citation needed]
Arrest of independent investigator Trepashkin
The commission of Sergei Kovalev asked lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin to investigate the case. Trepashkin found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer Vladimir Romanovich and that the latter was witnessed by several people. However, Trepashkin was unable to bring the evidence to court, because he was arrested by FSB in October 2003 (imprisoned in Nizhny Tagil), allegedly for "disclosing state secrets", just a few days before he was to make his findings public.[61] He was sentenced by a military closed court to four years imprisonment.[62] Amnesty International issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other cities".[63] Romanovich subsequently died in a hit and run accident in Cyprus. According to Trepashkin, his supervisors and people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".[64] Commission chairman Kovalev summarized their findings as follows:[65] "What can I tell? We can prove only one thing: there was no training exercise in the city of Ryazan. Authorities do not want to answer any questions..."
On 10 December 2006 Trepashkin wrote a letter to newspaper Novaya Gazeta where he claimed that the officials of the Regional Directorate against the Organized Crimes (RUOP) of Main Directorate of the Internal Affairs (GUVD) in Moscow arrested several people who were questioned in regards of buying and selling RDX. Soon after the arrest several officials from the N.P.Petrushev Directorate of FSB came to the headquarters of the GUVD on Shabolovka street, took all of the material evidences, and ordered to fire all the officials that conducted the arrest. Later sometime in 2000 Trepashkin had meetings with several of the high-ranking officers from the RUOP that disclosed him the whole story. They offered the videocassette containing the footage that led to the arrest of the RDX dealers and offered to appear in court as witnesses. Trepashkin never publicized that to the Public Commission of the State Duma headed by Kovalev to avoid further involvement of the state security services. A similar videocassette possessed Aleksandr Litvinenko with whom Trepashkin contacted as well. Soon thereafter Trepashkin was arrested as a bandit and thrown in a car under a Chechen handgun loaded with seven bullets of the FSB officials which were accusing him in a plot against the President of the Russian Federation and was taken to the city of Dmitrov. The whole court process in regards to the bombings took place without him and behind the closed doors to avoid the information leak. Trepashkin was surprised how the officials of FSB found out about his investigations and became suspicious of couple of journalists with whom he conducted his investigations Levitov (survivability of whom he doubted) and V.V.Shebalin. Trepashkin later found that the latter disclosed everything to D.A.Paramonov, the member of FSB.[citation needed]
Soon the controversial Litvinenko affair took place also. In January 2002 after the Shebalin's statement FSB confiscated the Trepashkin's PC where he had the last evidences of his investigations. After the FSB was not able to open the encrypted evidences in Trepashkin's computer they illegally destroyed it.[66]
Claims and denials of responsibility for the blasts
After the first bombings, Moscow mayor Luzhkov asserted that no warning had been given for the attacks[12]. A previously unknown group, protesting against growing consumerism in Russia, claimed responsibility for the blast. A note was found at the site of the explosion from the group, calling itself the Revolutionary Writers, according to the FSB.[67]
On 2 September, Al-Khattab announced: "The mujahideen of Dagestan are going to carry out reprisals in various places across Russia."[2], but Khattab would later on 14 September deny responsibility in the blasts, adding that he is fighting the Russian army, not women and children.[3]
On 9 September, an anonymous person, speaking with a Caucasian accent, phoned the Interfax news agency, saying that the blasts in Moscow and Buynaksk were "our response to the bombings of civilians in the villages in Chechnya and Dagestan."[11][68] In an interview to the Czech newspaper Lidove Noviny on 9 September, Shamil Basayev denied responsibility, saying: "The latest blast in Moscow is not our work, but the work of the Dagestanis. Russia has been openly terrorizing Dagestan, it encircled three villages in the centre of Dagestan, did not allow women and children to leave."[69] A few days later Basayev denied that Islamist fighters were responsible for the blasts, and instead were connected to "Russian domestic politics."[70] In a later interview, Basayev said he had no idea who was behind the bombings. "Dagestani’s could have done it, or the Russian special services."[71]
From 9 September to 13 September, AP reporter Greg Myre conducted an interview with Ibn Al-Khattab, in which Al-Khattab as said, "From now on, we will not only fight against Russian fighter jets and tanks. From now on, they will get our bombs everywhere. Let Russia await our explosions blasting through their cities. I swear we will do it." The interview was published on 15 September.[72][73] In a subsequent interview with Interfax, al-Khattab denied involvement in the bombings, saying "We would not like to be akin to those who kill sleeping civilians with bombs and shells."[72][74]
On 15 September, an unidentified man, again speaking with a Caucasian accent, called the ITAR-TASS news agency, claiming to represent a group called the Liberation Army of Dagestan. He said that the explosions in Buynaksk and Moscow were carried out by his organization.[11] According to him, the attacks were a retaliation to the deaths of Muslim women and children during Russian air raids in Dagestan. "We will answer death with death," the caller said..[75] Russian officials from both the Interior Ministry and FSB, at the time, expressed skepticism over the claims.[70] Sergei Bogdanov, of the FSB press service in Moscow, said that the words of a previously unknown individual representing a semi-mythical organization should not be considered as reliable. Mr. Bogdanov insisted that the organization had nothing to do with the bombing.[76] On 15 September 1999 a Dagestani official also denied the existence of a "Dagestan Liberation Army".[77]
Publications about advanced planning of the bombings
On 6 June 1999, three months before the bombings, Swedish journalist Jan Blomgren wrote in newspaper Svenska Dagbladet that one of options considered by the Kremlin leaders was "a series of terror bombings in Moscow that could be blamed on the Chechens."[78]
On 22 July, Moscow newspaper Moskovskaya Pravda published leaked documents about an operation, "Storm in Moscow", which, by organizing terrorist acts to cause chaos, would bring about a state of emergency, thus saving the Yeltsin regime.[79]
Russian Duma member Konstantin Borovoi said that he had been "warned by an agent of Russian military intelligence of a wave of terrorist bombings" prior to the blasts.[78]
A Finnish journalist[who?] who in mid-August 1999, before the bombings, travelled to the village of Karamakhi in Dagestan, interviewed some villagers and their military Commander General Dzherollak. The journalist wrote: "The Wahhabis' trucks go all over Russia. Even one wrong move in Moscow or Makhachkala, they warn, will lead to bombs and bloodshed everywhere." According to the journalist the Wahhabis had told him, "if they start bombing us, we know where our bombs will explode."[80] In the last days of August, Russian military launched an aerial bombing of the villages.[80]
Investigations and theories
Criminal investigation and court ruling
The official investigation was concluded in 2002. According to the Russian State Prosecutor office,[49][81] all apartment bombings were executed under command of ethnic Karachay Achemez Gochiyayev. The operations were planned by Ibn al-Khattab and Abu Omar al-Saif, Arab militants fighting in Chechnya on the side of Chechen insurgents. Both Russia and USA accuse Al-Khattab of having direct links with Al-Qaida,[82], though Khattab himself has always denied this.[83][84] Al-Khattab and al-Saif were later killed during the Second Chechen War. The planning was carried out in Khattab's guerilla camps in Chechnya, "Caucasus" in Shatoy and "Taliban" in Avtury, according to the prosecution.[81] Gochiyaev's group was trained at Chechen rebel bases in the towns of Serzhen-Yurt and Urus-Martan. The group's "technical instructors" were two Arab field commanders, Abu Umar and Abu Djafar, Al-Khattab was the bombings' brainchild.[85] The explosives were prepared at a fertilizer factory in Urus-Martan Chechnya, by "mixing aluminium powder, nitre and sugar in a concrete mixer",[86] or by also putting their RDX and TNT.[49] From there they were sent to a food storage facility in Kislovodsk, which was managed by an uncle of one of the terrorists, Yusuf Krymshakhalov. Another conspirator, Ruslan Magayayev, leased a KamAZ truck in which the sacks were stored for two months. After everything was planned, the participants were organized into several groups which then transported the explosives to different cities.
Court ruling on events in Moscow
Al-Khattab paid Gochiyayev $500,000 to carry out the attacks at Guryanova Street, Kashirskoye Skosse, and Borsovskiye Prudy, and then helped to hide Gochiyayev and his accomplices in Chechnya.[24][87] In early September, 1999, Magayayev, Krymshamkhalov, Batchayev and Dekkushev reloaded the cargo into a Mercedes-Benz 2236[88] trailer and delivered it to Moscow. En route, they were protected from possible complications by an accomplice, Khakim Abayev,[88] who accompanied the trailer in another car. In Moscow they were met by Achemez Gochiyayev, who registered in Hotel Altai under the fake name "Laipanov", and Denis Saitakov. The explosives were left in a warehouse in Ulitsa Krasnodonskaya, which was leased by pseudo-Laipanov (Gochiyayev.) The next day, the explosives were delivered in "ZIL-5301" vans to three addresses – Ulitsa Guryanova, Kashirskoye Shosse and Ulitsa Borisovskiye Prudy, where pseudo-Laipanov leased cellars.[88] Gochiyayev supervised the placement of the bombs in the rented cellars. Next followed the explosions at the former two addresses. The explosion at 16 Borisovskiye Prudy was prevented.[87][89] Batchayev and Krymshakhalov admitted transporting a truckload of explosives to Moscow but said "they have never been in touch with Chechen warlords and did not know Gochiyaev".[10] They said that someone "who posed as a jihad leader had duped them into the operation" by hiring them to transport his explosives, and they later realized this man was working for the FSB.[10] They claimed that bombings were directed by German Ugryumov who supervised the FSB Alpha and Vympel special forces units at that time.[90]
Court ruling on events in Buinaksk
The 4 September Buinaksk bombings were ordered by Al-Khattab, who promised the bombers $300,000 to drive their truck bombs into the center of the compound, which would have destroyed four apartment buildings simultaneously. However, the bombers parked on an adjacent street instead and blew up only one building. At the trial they complained that Khattab had not given them all the money he owed them.[87] One of the bombers confessed working for Al-Khattab, but claimed he did not know the explosives were intended to blow up the military apartment buildings.[87]
Court ruling on events in Volgodonsk
According to Dekkushev's confession he, together with Krymshamkhalov and Batchayev, prepared the explosives, transported them to Volgodonsk, and randomly picked the apartment building on Octyabrskoye Shosse to blow up. Abu Omar had promised to pay him for the job, but Dekkushev never got a single kopeck. According to Dekkushev, it wasn't the FSB that ordered the bombing, as Berezovsky later claimed, but the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[87]
Sentences
Two members of Gochiyayev's group, which had carried out the attacks, Adam Dekkushev and Yusuf Crymshamhalov, have both been sentenced to life terms in a special-regime colony.[91] Both defendants have pleaded guilty only to some of the charges. For instance, Dekkushev acknowledged that he knew the explosives he transported were to be used for an act of terror. Dekkushev also confirmed Gochiyaev's role in the attacks.[92] Dekkushev was extradited to Russia on 14 April 2002 to stand trial. Crymshamhalov was apprehended and extradicted to Moscow.[87][91] In 2000, six bombers involved in the Buynaksk attack were arrested in Azerbaijan and convicted of the bombing.[87] Achemez Gochiyaev, the head of the group that carried out the attacks and allegedly the main organizer, remains a fugitive, and is under an international search warrant.[91] In a statement released in January, 2004, the FSB said, "until we arrest Gochiyayev, the investigation of the apartment bloc bombings of 1999 will not be finished."[93]
Suspects and accused
In September 1999, hundreds of Chechen nationals (out of the more than 100,000 permanently living in Moscow) were briefly detained and interrogated in Moscow, as a wave of anti-Chechen sentiments swept the city.[94] All of them turned out to be innocent. According to the official investigation, the following people either delivered explosives, stored them, or harbored other suspects:
- Ibn al-Khattab (a Saudi-born Mujahid), who was killed by the FSB in 2002.
Moscow bombings
- Achemez Gochiyayev (an ethnic Karachai,[95] has not been arrested; he is still at large[96])
- Denis Saitakov (an ethnic Tatar from Uzbekistan,[97] killed in Georgia in 1999–2000[49][98])
- Khakim Abayev (An ethnic Karachai,[95] killed by FSB special forces in May 2004 in Ingushetia[99])
- Ravil Akhmyarov (a Russian citizen,[100] Surname indicates an ethnic Tatar, killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000[49])
- Yusuf Krymshamkhalov (an ethnic Karachai and Resident of Kislovodsk[101][102], arrested in Georgia in December 2002, extradited to Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2004, after a two-month secret trial held without a jury[10][103])
- Stanislav Lyubichev (a traffic police inspector, resident of Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai,[101] who helped the truck with explosives pass the checkpoint after getting a sack of sugar as a bribe, sentenced to 4 years in May 2003[104])
Volgodonsk bombing
- Timur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai,[105] killed in Georgia in the clash with police during which Krymshakhalov was arrested[49])
- Zaur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai[106] killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000[49])
- Adam Dekkushev (an ethnic Karachai,[107] arrested in Georgia, threw a grenade at police during the arrest, extradited to Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2004, after a two-month secret trial held without a jury[10][48])
Buinaksk bombing
- Isa Zainutdinov (an ethnic Avar[105] and native of Dagestan,[107] sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001[108])
- Alisultan Salikhov (an ethnic Avar[105] and native of Dagestan,[107] sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001[108])
- Magomed Salikhov (an ethnic Avar[105] and native of Dagestan,[109] arrested in Azerbaijan in November 2004, extradited to Russia, found not guilty on the charge of terrorism by the jury on 24 January 2006; found guilty of participating in an armed force and illegal crossing of the national border,[110] he was retried again on the same charges on 13 November 2006 and again found not guilty, this time on all charges, including the ones he was found guilty of in the first trial.[111] According to Kommersant Salikhov admitted that he made a delivery of paint to Dagestan for Ibn al-Khattab, although he was not sure what was really delivered.[112])
- Ziyavudin Ziyavudinov (a native of Dagestan,[113] arrested in Kazakhstan, extradited to Russia, sentenced to 24 years in April 2002[114])
- Abdulkadyr Abdulkadyrov (an ethnic Avar[105] and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 9 years in March 2001[108])
- Magomed Magomedov (Sentenced to 9 years in March 2001[108])
- Zainutdin Zainutdinov (an ethnic Avar[105] and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under amnesty[108])
- Makhach Abdulsamedov (a native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under amnesty[108]).
Attempts at independent investigation
The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident.[59][60]
An independent public commission to investigate the bombings, which was chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev, was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries.[7][115]
In a 2002 interview to Echo Moskvy Mr. Kovalev commented on the Ryazan incident [116]:
In my opinion, the following version sounds quite truthworthy. The explosion of a house was not planned, but a training excercise was not planned as well. What was planned was the following action, a propaganda action, one may say so. First, to show the citizens that terrorists are active, that they did not refuse of their murderous plans, and the second point to hit was to show that the brave [security] services perform their duties excellently, and save denizens unveiling a nefarious plot. Why not a version? That plan, possibly, existed and failed. Truly to say, I am very reluctant to believe, that any sort of security services, obeying our supreme authorities were capable of exploding sleeping citizens of their country.
Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, Sergei Yushenkov and Yuri Shchekochikhin, both Duma members, have since died in apparent assassinations in April 2003 and July 2003, respectively.[117][118] Another member of the commission, Otto Lacis, was assaulted in November 2003[119] and two years later, on 3 November 2005, he died in a hospital after a car accident.[120]
The commission asked lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin to investigate the case. Mr. Trepashkin claimed to have found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer Vladimir Romanovich and that the latter was witnessed by several people. Mr. Trepashkin was unable to bring the alleged evidence to the court because he was arrested in October 2003 for illegal arms possession, just a few days shortly before he was to make his findings public.[61] He was sentenced by a Moscow military court to four years imprisonment for disclosing state secrets.[62] Amnesty International issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other cities".[63] Romanovich subsequently died in a hit and run accident in Cyprus. [citation needed]
However, in 2009 Russian Novaya Gazeta newspaper published a note, which stated that Romanovich died more than a year before the apartment bombings took place[121]:
According to legally reliable texts of certificates of his [Romanovich's] death (the source is the bodies of power of the Republic of Cyprus), that we obrained after publishing that article, death of Romanovich occurred in April 1998.
Mr. Trepashkin investigated a letter attributed to Achemez Gochiyayev and found that the alleged assistant of Gochiyayev who arranged the delivery of sacks might have been Kapstroi-2000 vice-president Kormishin, a resident of Vyazma.[122]
According to Mr. Trepashkin, his supervisors and the people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working together with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".[64]
On 24 March 2000, two days before the presidential elections, NTV Russia featured the Ryazan events of Fall 1999 in the talk show Independent Investigation. The talk with the residents of the Ryazan apartment building along with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Ryazan branch head Alexander Sergeyev was filmed few days earlier. On 26 March Boris Nemtsov voiced his concern over the possible shut-down of NTV for airing the talk.[123] Seven months later NTV general manager Igor Malashenko said at the JFK School of Government that Information Minister Mikhail Lesin warned him on several occasions. Mr. Malashenko's recollection of Mr. Lesin's warning was that by airing the talk show NTV "crossed the line" and that the NTV managers were "outlaws" in the eyes of the Kremlin.[124] According to Alexander Goldfarb, Mr. Malashenko told him that Valentin Yumashev brought a warning from the Kremlin, one day before airing the show, promising in no uncertain terms that the NTV managers "should consider themselves finished" if they went ahead with the broadcast.(Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007, p. 198)
Artyom Borovik told Grigory Yavlinsky that Borovik investigated the Moscow apartment bombings and prepared a series of publications about them.[125] Mr. Borovik received numerous death threats, and he died in an airplane crash in March 2000.[126]
Journalist Anna Politkovskaya and former security service member Alexander Litvinenko, who investigated the bombings, were killed in 2006.[127]
Surviving victims of the Guryanova street bombing asked President Dmitry Medvedev to resume the investigation in 2008.[65]
Theory of Russian Government Conspiracy
Yury Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, David Satter, Boris Kagarlitsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, the secessionist Chechen authorities claimed that the 1999 bombings were a false flag attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin's popularity, and brought the pro-war Unity Party to the State Duma and Putin to the presidency within a few months.[8][116][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137]
According to the theory, the bombings were a successful coup d'état organized by the FSB to bring future Russian president Vladimir Putin to power. Some of them described the bombings as typical "active measures" practiced by the KGB in the past. David Satter stated, during his testimony in the United States House of Representatives,
"With Yeltsin and his family facing possible criminal prosecution, however, a plan was put into motion to put in place a successor who would guarantee that Yeltsin and his family would be safe from prosecution and the criminal division of property in the country would not be subject to reexamination. For “Operation Successor” to succeed, however, it was necessary to have a massive provocation. In my view, this provocation was the bombing in September, 1999 of the apartment building bombings in Moscow, Buinaksk, and Volgodonsk. In the aftermath of these attacks, which claimed 300 lives, a new war was launched against Chechnya. Putin, the newly appointed prime minister who was put in charge of that war, achieved overnight popularity. Yeltsin resigned early. Putin was elected president and his first act was to guarantee Yeltsin immunity from prosecution."[138]
In a 2002 interview to Echo Moskvy Sergei Kovalev referred to the theory of Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky as a "pure conspiracy", albeit stating that every theory should be checked.[116]
Other investigations
Maura Reynolds from Los Angeles Times investigated Ryazan events by interviewing and quoting Alexei Kartofelnikov, one of the 2 residents who persisted in calling militia, Tatyana Borycheva, Tatyana Lukichyova, also residents, Lt. Col. Sergei Kabashov, Yuri Bludov, the spokesman for the regional FSB.[28]
Helen Womack from The Independent quoted Alexei Kartofelnikov's daughter Yulia, police officer Major Vladimir Golev, Lt. Col. of the Ryazan police Sergei Kabashov.[29]
John Sweeney a journalist at Observer, later for BBC, quoted Vladimir Vasiliev, one of the 2 Ryazan apartment residents who tipped militsia, an "inspector" "from the local police" Andrei Chernyshev, "grandmother Clara Stepanovna", "head of the local bomb squad" Yuri Tkachenko, head of the regional FSB Alexander Sergeyev and others.[30]
Statements in support
U.S. Senator and presidential candidate John McCain said that there remained "credible allegations that Russia's FSB had a hand in carrying out these [Moscow apartment bombing] attacks".[137]
Paul Khlebnikov wrote that former Security Council chief Alexandr Lebed in his 17 February 1997 interview with Le Figaro was almost convinced that the government organized the terrorist attacks against its own citizens.[139]
According to Johann Hari, "the FSB is simply the renamed KGB, whose raison d'etre for decades was essentially institutional terror in the service of the government. Putin is himself an ex-KGB man, and he has twice blocked, through the Duma, any independent investigation into the bombings. No evidence of Chechen involvement has ever been forthcoming, and the Chechen groups have claimed that they were not responsible — although they admit to other acts of violence. The Ryazan "training exercise" excuse is preposterous. It does seem to suggest that the Russian secret services were caught red-handed".[140]
Criticism
Officials
In 2000, Russia's President Vladimir Putin dismissed the allegations of FSB involvement in the bombings as "delirious nonsense." "There are no people in the Russian secret services who would be capable of such crime against their own people. The very allegation is immoral," he said.[141] An FSB spokesman said that "Litvinenko's evidence cannot be taken seriously by those who are investigating the bombings".[142]
Sergei Markov, an advisor to the Russian government, criticized the film Assassination of Russia which supported the FSB involvement theory. Markov said that the film was "a well-made professional example of the propagandist and psychological war that Boris Berezovsky is notoriously good at." Markov found parallels between the film and the conspiracy theory that the United States and/or Israel organized the 9/11 attacks to justify military actions.[143]
Scholars
According to researcher Gordon Bennett, the conspiracy theory that the FSB was behind the bombings is kept alive by the Russian oligarch and Kremlin-critic Boris Berezovsky. Bennett points out that neither Berezovsky nor his team (which includes Alexander Litvinenko) have provided any evidence to support their claims. In the BBC World Hard Talk interview on 8 May 2002, Berezovsky was also unable to present any evidence for his claims, and he did not suggest he was in possession of such evidence which he would be ready to present in a court.[144] Bennett also points out that Putin's critics often forget that the decision to send troops to Chechnya was taken by Boris Yeltsin — not Vladimir Putin — with the wholehearted support of all power structures.[144]
Professor Richard Sakwa has commented on the claims of Berezovsky and Litvinenko, saying that the evidence they presented was at best circumstanstial.[145]
Dr. Mike Bowker, from the University of East Anglia, has said that the inference that the bombings were carried out by the Russian authorities is uncorrobated by evidence. According to Bowker, the theory also ignores the history of Chechen terrorism and public threats by various Chechen rebels following their defeat in Dagestan – which included Khattab telling a Czech and a German newspaper, a few days before the bombings in Moscow, that "Russian women and children will pay for the crimes of Russian generals." and that "this will not happen tomorrow, but the day after tomorrow" [146][147]
Dr. Vlad Sobell has pointed out that the proponents of the theory that the second invasion of Chechnya was a plot by Putin to get elected regularly ignore the key fact that Putin's attack on Chechnya in 1999 was preceded by a Chechen insurrection in Dagestan, whose objective was to turn it into another unstable Chechnya.[148]
According to Associate Professor Henry E. Hale of Harvard University, one thing that remains unclear about the "FSB did it" theory: If the motive was to get an FSB-friendly man installed as president, why would the FSB have preferred Putin, a little-known "upstart" who had leapt to the post of FSB director through outside political channels, to Primakov, who was certainly senior in stature and pedigree and who was also widely reputed to have a KGB past?[149]
According to Dr. Robert Bruce Ware of Southern Illinois University, "The assertions that Russian security services are responsible for the bombings is at least partially incorrect, and appears to have given rise to an obscurantist mythology of Russian culpability. At the very least, it is clear that these assertions are incomplete in so far as they have not taken full account of the evidence suggesting the responsibility of Wahhabis under the leadership of Khattab, who may have been seeking retribution for the federal assault upon Dagestan's Islamic Djamaat."[72]
Dr. Kirill Pankratov, in a 2003 letter to the Johnson's Russia List, spoke against Satter's and Putley's theory. He noted that 1) there was no need for "another pretext for military operation in Chechnya at the time of the Ryazan incident", but there were already a "plenty of reasons for decisive military response", 2) the FSB of other security service[clarification needed] was institutionally incapable of such a conspiracy after years of decline in the 1990s, 3) the conspirators were not actually trying to blow a building up in Ryazan; however, their sloppy actions are "consistent with the training exercise version of events", 4) the FSB did not have to declare the incident a "training exercise", but "it was much easier to show great relief... and continue trying to find the perpetrators of the bombing attempt." [150]
Security and policy analysts Simon Saradzhyan and Nabi Abdullaev noted that Litvinenko and Felshtinsky did not provide any direct evidence to back up their claims about FSB involvement in the bombings.[151]
Analysts
Andrey Soldatov is skeptical about Mikhail Trepashkin's awareness of the details of the Russian apartment bombings. According to Soldatov, the Russian government's suppression of the discussion of the FSB involvement theory reflects paranoia rather than guilt on its part. He points out that, ironically, the paranoia produced the conspiracy theories that the government was keen to stamp out.[152]
In 2009, Russian journalist and radio host Yulia Latynina, commenting on Scott Anderson's article "Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power" noted that deaths of Sergey Yushenkov and Yury Schekochihin "in any case, had no relation to bombings in Moscow". Latynina opined, that the version that FSB did the bombings was not only absurd, but purposefully invented by Berezovsky after he was deprived of the power. Her major argument was, that since Berezovsky was one of the key figures to push Putin into the power, he knew for certain the theory was wrong. If Berezovsky felt that "there are some people else beyond Putin, some fearsome siloviks who can explode houses, they [the Family] would throw Putin away, as a hot potato".[153]
Theory of Ibn Al Khattab's Involvement
Paul J. Murphy, a former US counterterrorism expert stated that "the evidence that Al-Khattab was responsible for the apartment building bombings in Moscow is clear".[87] Murphy also states "the findings by the Russian government prove that the Liberation Army of Dagestan, which claimed responsibility for the attacks, is the same as Al-Khattab's Islamic Army of Dagestan, which launched the invasion of Dagestan from Chechnya in August, 1999".[87]
Professor Peter Reddaway and researcher Dmitri Glinski described the involvement of the Liberation Army of Dagestan as the best explanation for the bombings.[149]
According to Dr. Robert Bruce Ware, an associate professor of Southern Illinois University, the best explanation for the apartment block blasts is that they were perpetrated by Wahhabis under the leadership of Khattab, as retribution for the federal attacks on Karamachi, Chabanmakhi, and Kadar. "If the blasts were organized by Khattab and other Wahhabis as retribution for the federal attacks on Dagestan's Islamic Djamaat, then this would explain the timing of the attacks, and why there were no attacks after the date on which fighting in Dagestan was concluded. It would explain why no Chechen claimed responsibility. It would account for Basayev's reference to Dagestani responsibility, and it would be consistent with Khattab's vow to set off bombs everywhere... blasting through [Russian] cities."[72]
Chronology of events of June–October of 1999
- 18 June, — attacks on two pickets of Interior troops at the Chechnya-Dagestan were performed from the side of Chechnya, as well as offense against a company of Cossacks in Stavropol Krai took place. Russian authorities closed most of checkpoints on the Chechen border.[154]
- 23 June, — shooting of an Interior troops picket at Pervomaiskoe village of Khasavyurtovsky District in Dagestan from Chechnya.[155]
- 23 July, — Chechen militants attacked an Interior troops pictet in Dagestan which defended Kopaevsky Hydro Scheme. MVD of Dagestan claimed that "this time Chechens performed a reconnaissance in force, and soon large scale actions by armed gangs will take place along the whole Dagestan-Chechen border." [156]
- 29 July, — Aslan Maskhadov accused Western security services of exacerbating tensions at Chechen-Dagestan border.[154]
- 1 August, — Dagestani Wahhabis and Chechens who supported them claimed that Sharia governing was introduced in Dagestan.[154]
- 2 August, — first clashes in Tsumadinsky District of Dagestan between local Wahhabis and militia moved from Makhachkala.[citation needed]
- 7 August, — massive intrusion into Dagestan from Chechnya by Chechen militants under the command of deputy commander in chief of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Basayev and field commander Khattab (400 people). [citation needed]
- 9 August, — heads of Shura of Muslims of Chechnya and Dagestan Shamil Basayev, Dokku Umarov, Khattab, Adallo Mukhammed declared establishment of an independent Islamic state of Dagestan, which included settlements in Tsumadinsky and Botlikhsky districts captured by militants [154]. An unofficial television studio started operating in Chechnya and broadcasting video recordings of events in Tsumadinsky and Botlikhsky Districts, calls to jihad and other kind of Wahhabi propaganda on Khasaviurtovsky District and Kizilyurtovsky District of Dagestan [157].
- 9 August, — Sergey Stepashin was dismissed from the position of the chairman of the Russian Government, and Vladimir Putin was appointed instead of him. [citation needed]
- 10 August, — President of CRI Aslan Maskhadov claimed that only Dagestani are fighting in Dagestan and citizens of Chechnya do not participate in the offensive, "although several misguided ones can be there". Replying to the question about his attitude towards the "Declaration of Independence of Dagestan" approved by the Islamic Shura of Dagestan Maskhavod claimed that it's a purely internal affair of Russia and Dagestan that Chechnya had no relation to. He failed to explain participation of citizens of the Chechen Republic Shamil Basayev, his brother Shirvani, Khattab, Khunker Israpilov and other Chechen field commanders in military actions in Dagestan. [157]
- 12 August, — deputy head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia I. Zubov stated that a letter with a proposal to perform a joint operation with Federal troops against islamists in Dagestan was sent to the President of CRI Maskhadov. Zubov also proposed Maskhadov to "solve the problem of liquidating bases, places for stogare and resort of unlawful militant formations, that the Chechen leadership refused to have anything to do with." [158][159]
- 14 August, — former president of CRI Yandarbiyev, a head of the union "Caucasian Confederation" and of the Organization of Islamic Unity of Caucasus claimed that "events that are currently developed in Dagestan may become the major and decisive stage on the way to liberate the Caucasus". He called Muslims of Caucasus to support the "jihad of Dagestan", claiming that "there will be no mercy for those who will not acknowledge their mistakes and won't take an active position on the side of Muslims". [citation needed]
- 16 August, — speaking on a rally in Grozny Aslan Maskhadov blamed Russia's leadership of destabilizing situation in Dagestan. According to him, the conflict in Dagestan is developed according to the "plot of Moscow", which is looking for a pretext for military (enforced) pressure against Chechnya. [160] Maskhadov declared a state of military emergency in Chechnya for a term of 30 days, and announced partial mobilization of reservists and participants of the First Chechen War. [161][162]
To be completed...
See also
References
- ^ a b Template:Ru iconVolgodonsk (Rostov region) apartment bombing; criminal investigation of Moscow and Buynaksk apartment bombings, an interview with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and MVD head of information Oleg Aksyonov by Vladimir Varfolomeyev, Echo of Moscow, 16 September 1999. computer translation
- ^ a b Ethnic War, Holy War, War O' War: Does the Adjective Matter in Explaining Collective Political Violence?, Edward W. Walker, University of California, Berkeley, 1 February 2006
- ^ a b Chechen president advocates joint action with Russia against terrorism, Newsline, RFERL, 15 September 1999
- ^ a b Ответ Генпрокуратуры на депутатский запрос о взрывах в МосквеTemplate:Ru icon, machine translation.
- ^ Take care Tony, that man has blood on his hands
- ^ Britain's Observer newspaper suggests Russian secret service involvement in Moscow bombings, Julie Hyland, World Socialist Web Site, 15 March 2000
- ^ a b Putin critic loses post, platform for inquiry, The Baltimore Sun, 11 December 2003
- ^ a b Boris Kagarlitsky, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Comparative Politics, writing in the weekly Novaya Gazeta, says that the bombings in Moscow and elsewhere were arranged by the GRU
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Satter 2003, pp. 24–33 and 63–71
- ^ a b c d e f g h Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007
- ^ a b c d Dr Mark Smith, A Russian Chronology July 1999 – September 1999
- ^ a b c Blast rocks Moscow, BBC News, 1 September 1999
- ^ a b Russia hit by new Islamic offensive
- ^ 6 Convicted in Russia Bombing That Killed 68, Patrick E. Tyler, The New York Times, 20 March 2001
- ^ Vladimir Putin and his corporate gangsters
- ^ a b Felshtinsky & Pribylovsky 2008, pp. 105–111
- ^ a b c Russia mourns blast victims
- ^ Russian blast deaths blamed on terrorism, Helen Womack, The Independent, 10 September 1999
- ^ Satter 2003, p. 65
- ^ Dozens dead in Moscow blast
- ^ Ex-Agent Presents Pieces of a Puzzle, Oksana Yablokova, The Moscow Times, 2002-07-26
- ^ Felshtinsky & Litvinenko 2007, chapter 6
- ^ Satter 2003, pp. 24–33 and 63–71
- ^ a b Russia hits back over blasts claims
- ^ Achemez Gochiyaev: I’ve been framed up by a FSB agent by Prima News, 25 July 2002
- ^ Template:Ru iconЯ Хочу Рассказать О Взрывах Жилых Домов, Novaya Gazeta No. 18, 14 March 2005 (computer translation)
- ^ a b c ANOTHER BOMBING KILLS 18 IN RUSSIA
- ^ a b Fears of Bombing Turn to Doubts for Some in Russia, Maura Reynolds, LA Times, 15 January 2000
- ^ a b Did Alexei stumble across Russian agents planting a bomb to justify Chechen war?, Helen Womack, The Independent, 27 January 2000
- ^ a b The Fifth Bomb: Did Putin's Secret Police Bomb Moscow in a Deadly Black Operation?, John Sweeney, Cryptome, 24 November 2000
- ^ a b c Таймер остановили за семь часов до взрыва: Теракт предотвратил водитель автобуса, Sergey Topol, Nadezhda Kurbacheva, Kommersant, 24 September 1999 Cite error: The named reference "ReferenceA" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b terror1999.narod.ru/ryazan/press/ort230999.html
- ^ a b old.russ.ru/politics/news/1999/09/23.htm
- ^ a b www.chas-daily.com/win/1999/09/24/v_42.html
- ^ Template:Ru icon ORT newscast on 23.09.99, at 09:00
- ^ www.lenta.ru/russia/1999/09/23/ryazan/
- ^ politcom.ru/2002/aaa_skandal20.php
- ^ Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007, p. 196
- ^ a b Edward Lucas, The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West , Palgrave Macmillan (19 February 2008), ISBN 0230606121, page 25
- ^ Russia's terrorist bombings, WorldNetDaily, 27 January 2000
- ^ The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin’s government legitimate?, National Review Online, 30 April 2002
- ^ Ryazan 'bomb' was security service exercise
- ^ a b Russian Says Kremlin Faked 'Terror Attacks'
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
prosecutorlenta
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Answer of the General Prosecutor's office on the deputy request (on explosions in Moscow)
- ^ " The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin's government legitimate?", David Satter, National Review, 30 April 2002.
- ^ a b Template:Ru iconToday is the Federal Security Service Employee Day: Satisfied with the year summary, Ryazanskie Vedomosti, 20 December 2001, computer translation
- ^ a b Template:Ru icon Two life sentences for 246 murders, Kommersant, 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры"
- ^ a b c d e f g Only one explosions suspect still free, Kommersant, 10 December 2002.
- ^ "The Age of Assassins", pages 127–129
- ^ a b "Death of a Dissident", page 265
- ^ HAUNTING YUSHENKOV LECTURE BROADCAST, The Jamestown Foundation, 12 June 2003
- ^ CDI
- ^ Template:Ru icon Геннадия Селезнева предупредили о взрыве в Волгодонске за три дня до теракта ("Gennadiy Seleznyov was warned of the Volgodonsk explosion three days in advance"), NewsRu.com, 21 March 2002
- ^ Vladimir Zhirinovsky said in the Russian Duma: "Remember, Gennadiy Nikolaevich, how you told us that a house has been blown up in Volgodonsk, three days prior to the blast? How should we interpret this? The State Duma knows that the house was destroyed on Monday, and it has indeed been blown up on Thursday [same week]... How come... the state authorities of Rostov region were not warned in advance [about the future bombing], although it was reported to us? Everyone is sleeping, the house was destroyed three days later, and now we must take urgent measures..." [Seleznev turned his microphone off].[1]
- ^ a b "Darkness at Dawn", page 269.
- ^ Template:Ru icon Reply of the Public Prosecutor Office of the Russian Federation to a deputy inquiry
- ^ "Death of a Dissident", page 266
- ^ a b Duma Rejects Move to Probe Ryazan Apartment Bomb, Terror-99, 21 March 2000
- ^ a b Duma Vote Kills Query On Ryazan, The Moscow Times, 4 April 2000
- ^ a b For Trepashkin, Bomb Trail Leads to Jail, The Moscow Times, 14 January 2004
- ^ a b Russian Ex-Agent's Sentencing Called Political Investigator was about to release a report on 1999 bombings when he was arrested, The Los Angeles Times, 20/05/2004
- ^ a b Russian Federation: Amnesty International calls for Mikhail Trepashkin to be released pending a full review of his case
- ^ a b Template:Ru icon Interview with Mikhail Trepashkin, RFE/RL, 1 December 2007. "давай вместе работать против Литвиненко и уйди из комиссии по взрывам домов и тогда тебя никто не тронет. Я говорил со своими шефами, совершенно точно, тебя не тронут. Кончай с Ковалевым Сергеем Адамовичем контактировать в Госдуме и так далее."
- ^ a b Template:Ru icon The bombing case. Victims ask the president to resume the investigation (Russian), RFE/RL, 2 June 2008 Cite error: The named reference "RFL" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Trepashkin's letter to Novaya Gazeta
- ^ Media mystified by mall blast
- ^ Template:Ru icon The explosion of an apartment house in Moscow put an end to calm in the capital, A. Novoselskaya, S. Nikitina, M. Bronzova, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 September 1999 (computer translation)
- ^ Russia's bombs: Who is to blame?
- ^ a b AUTUMN 1999 TERRORIST BOMBINGS HAVE A MURKY HISTORY, Monitor, Volume 8, Issue 27, Jamestown Foundation, 7 February 2002
- ^ Rebel Chief, Denying Terror, Fights to 'Free' Chechnya, Carlotta Gall, The New York Times, 16 October 1999
- ^ a b c d (Sakwa 2005)
- ^ Al-Khattab: From Afghanistan to Dagestan, Reuven Paz, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 20 September 1999
- ^ Warlord Becoming Most Feared Man In Russia, Greg Myre, The AP, 15 September 1999
- ^ Russia caught in sect's web of terror
- ^ ’’Islam in Russia’’ by Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, J. Collins. P.91
- ^ Russia: Dagestani official denies existence of Dagestan Liberation Army
- ^ a b "Darkness at Dawn", page 267
- ^ "Darkness at Dawn", page 63
- ^ a b Reddaway 2001, pp. 615–616
- ^ a b Template:Ru icon Results of the investigation of explosions in Moscow and Volgodonsk and an incident in Ryazan. The answer of the Russian state Prosecutor office to the inquiry of Gosduma member A. Kulikov, circa March 2002 (computer translation)
- ^ Chechens 'confirm' warlord's death
- ^ http://www.religioscope.info/article_88.shtml
- ^ http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=640#4
- ^ RUSSIA: THE FSB VOWS TO CAPTURE THE REMAINING CO-CONSPIRATORS IPR Strategic Business Information Database. 2004-01-13
- ^ Two life sentences for 246 murders, Kommersant, 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Murphy, Paul (2004). The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror. Potomac Books Inc. p. 106. ISBN 978-1574888300.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ a b c Moscow court rulings
- ^ DOCUMENTS AND TESTIMONIES
- ^ Hexogen trail, Novaya Gazeta, 09.12.2002
- ^ a b c Apartment houses-blasts defendants sentenced to life imprisonment
- ^ Agence France-Presse 8 September 2002 Alleged suspect for 1999 bombings hiding in Georgia: Russian FSB CORRECTION: ATTENTION – ADDS background
- ^ Convicted Terrorists Sentenced to Long Prison Terms
- ^ Chechens rounded up in Moscow, The Guardian, 18 September 1999
- ^ a b ACHIMEZ GOCHIYAYEV: RUSSIA’S TERRORIST ENIGMA RETURNS
- ^ Gochiyayev's wanted page on FSB web site
- ^ Russia: Grasping the Reality of Nuclear Terror
- ^ Putin’s defense sector appointees
- ^ Karachayev terrorists found in the morgue, Kommersant, 8 June 2004.
- ^ Процесс о взрывах жилых домов: адвокат Адама Деккушева просит его полного оправдания
- ^ a b Court starts hearings into 'hexogen case'
- ^ http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/094.htm Separatists Tied to '99 Bombings.
- ^ Two life sentences for 246 murders, Kommersant, 13 January 2004.
- ^ A terrorist has imprisoned a policeman, Kommersant, 15 May 2003.
- ^ a b c d e f ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ К ВЗРЫВАМ В МОСКВЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНЫ, FSB website
- ^ NEWS FROM RUSSIA",Vol.VI, Issue No.18, dated 1 May 2003
- ^ a b c Disrupting Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catastrophic Attacks
- ^ a b c d e f Buinaksk terrorists sentenced to life, Kommersant, 20 March 2001.
- ^ Suspect in 1999 Buinaksk bombing brought to Russia, Jurist, 13 November 2004
- ^ Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect, Lenta.Ru, 2006 Jan 24.
- ^ Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect again, Lenta.Ru, 2006 November 13.
- ^ Khattab said: Your task is small, Kommersant, 13 November 2006.
- ^ One More Participant of Terrorist Act in Buinaksk, Dagestan, Detained in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- ^ They should be blown up, not put on trial, Kommersant, 10 April 2002
- ^ Russian court rejects action over controversial "anti-terrorist exercise", Interfax, 3 April 2003
- ^ a b c Template:Ru icon Litvinenko's details on apartment bombings in Moscow, an interview with Sergei Kovalev, radio Echo of Moscow, 25 July 2002, computer translation
- ^ Chronology of events. State Duma Deputy Yushenkov shot dead, Centre for Russian Studies, 17 April 2003
- ^ Worries Linger as Schekochikhin's Laid to Rest, The Moscow Times, 7 July 2003
- ^ Template:Ru icon В Москве жестоко избит Отто Лацис, NewsRU, 11 November 2003
- ^ Template:Ru icon Скончался известный российский журналист Отто Лацис, 3 November 2005
- ^ Refutation, Novaya Gazeta, September 2009
- ^ Template:Ru iconTenth anniversary of the "black autumn" in Russia, Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr. interviews Mikhail Trepashkin and others, Radio Liberty, 4 September 2009, computer translation
- ^ Template:Ru icon FSB is blowing up Russia: Chapter 5. FSB vs the People, Alexander Litvinenko, Yuri Felshtinsky, Novaya Gazeta, 27 August 2001 (computer translation)
- ^ Caucasus Ka-Boom, Miriam Lanskoy, 8 November 2000, Johnson's Russia List, Issue 4630
- ^ Template:Ru iconGrigory Yavlinsky's interview, TV6 Russia, 11 March 2000 (computer translation)
- ^ Russian crash: search for terrorist link, BBC News, 10 March 2000
- ^ Template:Ru iconPresidential election is our last chance to learn the truth, Anna Politkovskaya, Novaya Gazeta, № 2, 15 January 2004 (computer translation)
- ^ David Satter – House committee on Foreign Affairs
- ^ Felshtinsky & Pribylovsky 2008, pp. 105–111
- ^ Video on YouTubeIn Memoriam Aleksander Litvinenko, Jos de Putter, Tegenlicht documentary VPRO 2007, Moscow, 2004 Interview with Anna Politkovskaya
- ^ Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin – Amnesty International
- ^ Bomb Blamed in Fatal Moscow Apartment Blast, Richard C. Paddock, Los Angeles Times, 10 September 1999
- ^ At least 90 dead in Moscow apartment blast, from staff and wire reports, CNN, 10 September 1999
- ^ Evangelista 2002, p. 81
- ^ Did Putin's Agents Plant the Bombs?, Jamie Dettmer, Insight on the News, 17 April 2000.
- ^ ’’The consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia’’ by Joel M. Ostrow, Georgil Satarov, Irina Khakamada p.96
- ^ a b McCain decries "new authoritarianism in Russia", John McCain's press release, 4 November 2003
- ^ Satter House Testimony, 2007.
- ^ p. 304 (Khlebnikov 2000)
- ^ Johann Hari (16 December 2002). "Conspiracy theories: a guide". London: New Statesman. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
- ^ Russia charges bombing suspects
- ^ Olga Nedbayeva. "Conspiracy theories on Russia's 1999 bombings gain ground". Agence France-Presse.
- ^ "Assassination of Russia"- Film Screening and Panel Discussion, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 24 April 2002.
- ^ a b Vladimir Putin & Russia's Special Services Gordon Bennet, 2002
- ^ Sakwa 2008, pp. 333–334
- ^ Bowker, Mike (2005). "Western Views of the Chechen Conflict". In Richard Sakwa (ed.). Chechnya: From Past to Future (1st ed.). London: Anthem Press. pp. 223–238. ISBN 9781843311645.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Berliner Zeitung 06.09.1999
- ^ Vlad Sobell on 'confusing Russia'
- ^ a b Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency: The Role of Contingency in Party-System Development
- ^ Re: 7727 #11, Jeremy Putley's review of "Darkness at Dawn" by D. Satter, by Dr. Kirill Pankratov, 10 August 2003
- ^ Disruption Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catashtrophic Attacks
- ^ "The Truth Russians Can't Know". Russia Profile. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Access code (Yulia Latynina's radio program), September 2009
- ^ a b c d Veteran assotiation — Second Chechen campaign (in Russian)
- ^ In 23 June 1999 in village Pervomaiskoye (Dagestan), again a picket of interior troops was shooted at (in Russian)
- ^ Chechens are preparing an offensive against Dagestan (in Russian)
- ^ a b Chronicles of war in Dagestan by Rasul Gajiyev (or an older link from the web archive) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal authorities proposed A. Maskhadov to perform a joint military operation in Dagestan (in Russian)
- ^ Dagestan: who and where, Rossiyskaya gazeta (in Russian)
- ^ Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in August-September 1999, by Timur Muzayev (in Russian)
- ^ Russians pound Dagestan rebels, BBC, August 16, 1999
- ^ Partial mobilization of reservists announced in Chechnya (in Russian)
Bibliography
- Khlebnikov, Paul (2000), Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia, Harcourt, p. 400, ISBN 9780151006212
- Goldfarb, Alexander; Litvinenko, Marina (2007), Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9781416551652
- Felshtinsky, Yuri; Litvinenko, Alexander (2007), Blowing up Russia: Terror from within (2nd ed.), Gibson Square Books, ISBN 9781903933954
{{citation}}
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ignored (|others=
suggested) (help) - Satter, David (2003), Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09892-8
- Felshtinsky, Yuri; Pribylovsky, Vladimir (2008), The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin, London: Gibson Square Books, ISBN 9781906142070
- Litvinenko, Alexander (2002), LPG: Lubianskaia Prestupnaia Gruppirovka: Ofitser FSB Daet Pokazaniia (in Russian), Grani, p. 255, ISBN 9780972387804
- Evangelista, Matthew (2002), The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 9780815724995
- Jack, Andrew (2005), Inside Putin's Russia: Can There Be Reform Without Democracy?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195189094
- Sakwa, Richard (2005), Checnya: From Past to Future, Anthem Press, ISBN 9781843311645
- Sakwa, Richard (2008), Putin, Russia's choice (2nd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-40765-6
- Reddaway, Peter (2001), The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms: Market Bolshevism Against Democracy, United States Institute of Peace Press, ISBN 1-929223-06-4
{{citation}}
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