Samir Geagea: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Person |
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|name = Samir Farid Geagea |
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|image = Samirgeageaa.jpg |
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|image_size = 200px |
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|caption = Samir Geagea during the [[Lebanese civil war]] |
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|birth_name = |
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|birth_date = {{Birth-date|October 25, 1952|October 25, 1952}} |
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|birth_place = Ain El Remmaneh |
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|death_date = |
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|death_place = |
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|death_cause = |
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|resting_place = |
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|resting_place_coordinates = |
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|residence = Maarab |
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|nationality = Lebanese |
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|other_names = |
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|education = Medical Doctor |
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|employer = |
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|occupation = [[Politician]] |
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|home_town = [[Bsharre]] |
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|title = [[Chairman]] of the Executive Committee of the Lebanese Forces |
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|salary = |
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|networth = |
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|height = |
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|weight = |
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|term = |
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|predecessor = [[Elie Hobeika]] |
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|successor = |
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|party = [[Lebanese Forces]] |
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|boards = |
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|religion = [[Maronite Christian]] |
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|spouse = [[Sethrida Geagea|Sethrida Taouk Geagea]] |
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|partner = |
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|children = |
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|parents = |
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|relatives = |
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|signature = |
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|website = http://www.lebanese-forces.com/ |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Samir Farid Geagea''' ([[Arabic]]: سمير فريد جعجع, also spelled '''Samir Ja`ja`'''), born October 25, 1952, is the current leader of the [[Lebanese Forces]] (LF) political party. He is also a senior figure in the [[March 14 Alliance]],<ref>{{Cite news | last = Abdul-Hussain, Hussain | title = Talking To: Samir Geagea | work = NOW Lebanon | accessdate = 2009-07-10 | date = 2008-03-17 | url = http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=34956 }}</ref> alongside [[Saad Hariri]] and [[Amine Gemayel]]. |
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He took leadership of the Lebanese Forces in 1986. |
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After the civil war, there was increased pressure by Syria on Geagea to accept the [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|Syrian presence]] or face charges.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Prior to his arrest, he was contacted by several sympathetic politicians and warned about the forthcoming proceedings and offered safe passage out of Lebanon.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In 1994, four years after the end of the [[Lebanese Civil War]], Geagea was tried for ordering four political assassinations, including the assassination of Lebanon's Prime Minister [[Rashid Karami]] in 1987, and the unsuccessful attempted assassination of Defense Minister [[Michel Murr]] in 1991.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4693091.stm Amnesty for Lebanese ex-warlord], ''BBC News'', July 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2009-07-07.</ref> <!-- It sounds like there were also charges about a church bombing that should be added here --> He denied all charges, but was found guilty and sentenced to four death sentences, each of which was commuted to life in prison.<ref name="BBC" /> Geagea was imprisoned in [[solitary confinement]] below the Lebanese Ministry of Defense building in Beirut for the next 11 years.<ref name="BBC" /> He is the only Lebanese militia leader to have been imprisoned for crimes committed during the Lebanese Civil War.<ref name="BBC" /> |
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Following the [[Cedar Revolution]], and the subsequent withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon, a [[Lebanese general election, 2005|newly-elected Lebanese Parliament]] voted to grant him amnesty on July 18, 2005.<ref name="BBC" /> |
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==Early life and education== |
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Geagea was born in Ain el Remmmaneh, a suburb of [[Beirut]] in 1952 to a modest [[Maronite]] family from the town of [[Bsharri]], Northern Lebanon.He's a maronite Christian. His father was an adjutant in the [[Lebanese Army]] and his mother a housewife. He attended "Ecole Bénilde" elementary and secondary school in Furn el-Chebek, which was a free private school. With the aid of a scholarship from the [[Gibran Khalil Gibran|Khalil Gibran]] association, he studied medicine for a few years at the [[American University of Beirut]] and [[Saint Joseph University]]. After the outbreak of civil war in 1975, Geagea interrupted his studies. Although he would later continue his studies at [[Université Saint-Joseph|Saint Joseph's University]], Geagea never practiced medicine.<ref name ="bio"/> He was an active member of the right-wing [[Kataeb Party (Lebanon)|Phalangist Party]], which became the main Christian fighting force upon the outbreak of the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in 1975.<ref name ="war">{{Cite book | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 0275953890, 9780275953898 | pages = 195 | last = Abraham | first = Antoine | title = The Lebanon war | accessdate = 2009-07-07 | year = 1996 }}</ref> |
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==War Period== |
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Geagea steadily rose through the ranks and led several operations at the request of [[Bachir Gemayel]], then commander of the Phalangist militia. In 1978, following the murder of a Phalangist party leader in the [[North Lebanon]] called [[Joud el Bayeh]] in a power struggle with former president [[Suleiman Frangieh]], [[Bachir Gemayel]] ordered Geagea and [[Elie Hobeika]] to co-lead a unit to capture the suspects who were taking cover in Frangieh's mansion in [[Ehden]].<ref name="LLcrime">{{Cite book | publisher = Editions Cheminements | isbn = 2844783686, 9782844783684 | pages = 765 | last = Azzam | first = Roger | title = Liban, l'instruction d'un crime: 30 ans de guerre | accessdate = 2009-07-07 | year = 2005 }}</ref><ref name="ehden">{{Cite book | publisher = I.B.Tauris | isbn = 1860647154, 9781860647154 | pages = 298 | last = Johnson | first = Michael | title = All honorable men : the social origins of war in Lebanon | year = 2001 }}</ref> The convoy was ambushed on the way and Geagea was hit and admitted to Hotel Dieu hospital in [[Achrafieh]] where ironically he was doing his internship, his right hand was partially paralyzed and he never continued his education while the military operation resulted in the murder of [[Tony Frangieh]] and his family. Geagea was later transported to a hospital in France. |
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Geagea was appointed head of the [[Lebanese Forces]]' militia northern Front in the early 1980s, where he commanded around 1,500 battle-hardened soldiers, drawn mainly from his native town of Bsharri and other towns and villages in Northern Lebanon. Geagea led his men in fierce battles against the Syrian Army in [[El-Koura]], [[Qnat]]. In 1982-1983, Geagea commanded the Lebanese Forces against Walid Jumblat's [[Progressive Socialist Party]] militia, the Palestinians, and the Syrians in a battle for control of the [[Chouf]] mountains in central Lebanon. |
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===Lebanese Forces=== |
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On March 12, 1985, Geagea and [[Elie Hobeika]] orchestrated an internal coup in order to end the leadership of [[Fouad Abou Nader]] in the [[Lebanese Forces]]. Abou Nader was considered to be too close to his uncle, president [[Amin Gemayel]] whose policies were not accepted by most LF leaders. On January 15, 1986, Geagea became head of the Lebanese Forces after overthrowing Hobeika, who was widely accused of treachery in the Lebanese Christian sector for agreeing to a Syrian-sponsored accord (the [[Tripartite Accord (Lebanon)|Tripartite Accord]]). During the following year, Geagea meticulously rebuilt the LF into an organized, well trained and equipped military force, one of the most advanced forces ever on Lebanese soil. He established social security and public services to fill the void that was created by the war-crippled state administration. He also extracted taxes from the Christian region, offered free open-heart operations and twinned Christians cities with foreign cities in Europe and America and tried to open an airport in the [[Halat]] region because the Beirut International Airport (located in the west suburb of Beirut) was under the control of the Syrian forces which made the access for Lebanese Christians almost impossible. |
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==The Post-War period== |
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On October 13, 1990, Syria ousted Aoun from the presidential palace in Baabda. With Aoun out of the picture, Geagea was now the only leader in the Christian heartland. Geagea was subsequently offered ministerial portfolios in the new Lebanese government (formed on [[Christmas Eve]]).<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDB133EF936A15751C1A966958260&scp=7&sq=geagea&st=nyt Lebanon's Cabinet Named, Then Boycotted]. ''The New York Times'', December 25, 1990. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.</ref> |
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===Relation with the Kataeb party=== |
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In addition to being the LF leader, Geagea retained his seat in the [[Kataeb]] [[Politburo]]. In 1993, he ran for the [[Kataeb]] presidential election but lost to [[Georges Saadeh]] with whom the conflict grew. Later that year, Saadeh dismissed Geagea and all members of what was known as the "Rescue Committee" from the party.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DD153AF935A25752C0A965958260 Split Threatens Lebanon's Biggest Christian Party]. ''The New York Times'', January 16, 1993. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.</ref> The committee was formed by several members of the Politburo and districts leaders loyal to the LF and Geagea. |
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===Arrest and trial=== |
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There was increased pressure by Syria on Geagea to accept the [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|Syrian presence]] or face charges. Prior to his arrest, he was contacted by several sympathetic politicians and warned about the forthcoming proceedings and offered safe passage out of Lebanon. Geagea refused to leave<ref name= "bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.meib.org/articles/0405_ld.htm |title=Dossier: Samir Geagea |
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Leader of the Lebanese Forces (LF) movement|accessdate=2008-07-05 |format=.html|author= Ziad K. Abdel Nour |work=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin}}</ref>. The Syrians exploited the vulnerabilities of the amnesty law promulgated by then president [[Elias Hrawi]] for all the crimes and atrocities committed before 1990. This law also stated that any crime committed after that date will void the effect of the amnesty. On February 27, 1994, a bomb exploded in the Church of Sayyidet Al Najet (Our Lady of Deliverance) in the locality of Zouk killing 9 worshipers and injuring many. It is unknown who perpretated the bombing and it was finally attributed to some groups, but he was accused just to bring down the effect of the amnesty law of which he benefited, like all the political and militia leaders from other communities and regions.<ref name="LLcrime"/><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E3DF143AF93BA15751C0A962958260 Blast in Lebanon Church Kills 9 and Injures 60], ''The New York Times'', February 28, 1994. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.</ref> |
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On March 23, 1994, the Lebanese government ordered the dissolution of the LF and Geagea's deputy Fouad Malek was taken into custody.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E6D8133CF937A15750C0A962958260 Lebanon Detains Christian in Church Blast], ''The New York Times'', March 24, 1994. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.</ref> Geagea himself was arrested on April 21, 1994, on charges of ordering the church bombing, of attempting to undermine government authority by "maintaining a militia in the guise of a political party", of instigating acts of violence, and of committing assassinations during the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. He was accused of the assassinations of Former Prime Minister [[Rashid Karami]], [[National Liberal Party (Lebanon)|National Liberal Party]] leader [[Dany Chamoun]] and his family, and former LF member Elias Al Zayek. He was also accused of attempting to kill Minister [[Michel Murr]]. He was acquitted in the church case but given four life sentences in the other cases. [[Amnesty International]] criticized Samir Geagea's trial and conviction, citing that it was politically motivated and unjust.<ref name = "bio"/><ref name="Amnesty">[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE18/003/2004/en/dom-MDE180032004en.html Samir Gea’gea’ and Jirjis al-Khouri: Torture and unfair trial], ''Amnesty International'' report, November 23, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.</ref><ref name = "LCHRF">{{Cite web | last = Amnesty International | title = Annual Report on Lebanon (1996) | work = Canadian Lebanese Human Rights Federation | accessdate = 2009-06-22 | url = http://www.clhrf.com/reports/amesty96.htm }}</ref> |
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===Imprisonment=== |
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[[Image:Freegeageagea.jpg|thumb|right|Protesters continuously demanded that Samir Geagea be released during his incarceration despite Lebanese Forces being a banned political group]] |
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Geagea was incarcerated for 11 years in a small windowless solitary cell in the third basement level of the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in [[Yarze]].<ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/thematic51/34.htm UN Commission on Human Rights - Torture - Special Rapporteur's Report]. ''United Nations Economic and Social Council'', January 12, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.</ref> His health status was jeopardized and he lost weight dramatically due to the unsanitary condition of the ill lit and poorly ventilated prison cell.<ref name ="USDS">{{Cite conference | publisher = U.S. Department of State | last = U.S. Department of State | title = Lebanon Human Rights Practices, 1995 | accessdate = 2009-07-11 | date = 1996-03 | url = http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_nea/Lebanon.html }}</ref> He was deprived of access to media and the outside world and was only allowed to see his wife and close relatives. All of Geagea’s conversations were monitored and he was barred from talking politics with anyone.<ref name="Lang">{{Cite journal | last = Daragahi | first = Borzou | title = In Lebanon, rivals unconvinced by warlord's apology | journal = Los Angeles Times | accessdate = 2009-07-11 | date = 2008-12-15 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/15/world/fg-warlord15}}</ref> |
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For the duration of his incarceration, Geagea maintained that he meditated and reviewed his actions during the war to determine if what he did was right. He had occupied himself in reading literature, [[Hindu philosophy]], [[Christian theology]] and [[Christian mysticism|mysticism]] namely the works of [[Jesuit]] priest [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Teilhard de Chardin]].<ref name="LLcrime"/><ref name="Lang"/> |
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===Release=== |
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Leaders of the [[Cedar Revolution]] considered the Geagea trials and sentences to be unjust, politically motivated, and orchestrated by the vassal regime that ruled Lebanon during the Syrian occupation to oust Geagea from the political scene and dismantle the [[Lebanese Forces]].<ref name="SB">{{Cite web | last = Radio Sawt Beirut International | title = Lebanese Political Parties- Lebanese Forces | format = SawtBeirut | accessdate = 2009-07-07 | url = http://www.sawtbeirut.com/lebanese-party/lebanese-forces.htm }}</ref> |
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When supporters of the Cedar Revolution won the majority in the [[Lebanese general election, 2005|2005 parliamentary elections]], they lobbied for an amnesty law to free Geagea from his disputed sentences.<ref name="SB"/> |
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[[Image:Geageabillboard.JPG|thumb|right||A billboard of Samir Geagea in [[Bcharre, Lebanon]].]] |
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The Lebanese Parliament passed an amnesty bill on 18 July 2005 to free Samir Geagea. It was subsequently signed by President [[Émile Lahoud]].<ref name="BBC" /> |
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Geagea was released from prison on July 26, 2005 and left Lebanon for medical care.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4716701.stm Lebanese ex-warlord is released], ''BBC News'', July 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-07-26.</ref> He returned to [[Lebanon]] on October 25 (his birthday), and lived in the Cedars region in northern Lebanon until December 11, 2006, after which he moved to a hotel in [[Bzoummar]] in [[Keserwan District|Keserwan]]. On June 30, 2007, he moved to a new residence in "Me'arab", Keserwan. |
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==Current political activity== |
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On the Lebanese political scene, Geagea and the LF are considered to be the main Christian component of the March 14 Alliance.<ref name="LP">{{Cite book | edition = 3 | publisher = Lonely Planet | isbn = 1741046092, 9781741046090 | pages = 436 | last = Carter .| first = Terry | coauthors = Lara Dunston, Amelia Thomas | title = Syria & Lebanon | accessdate = 2009-07-08 | year = 2008 }}</ref> |
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In September 2008, Geagea pronounced in front of thousands of rallying supporters in [[Jounieh]] a historical apology which stirred much polemic and controversy.<ref name="Lang"/> The apology read: |
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{{quotation|"I fully apologize for all the mistakes that we committed when we were carrying out our national duties during past civil war years,... I ask God to forgive, and so I ask the people whom we hurt in the past."<ref name ="dailys">{{Cite journal | last = Abdallah | first = Hussein | title = Geagea apologizes for LF's wartime 'mistakes' | journal = The Dialy Star | accessdate = 2009-07-11 | date = 2008-09-22 | url = http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=96198 }}</ref> }} |
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Internationally, Geagea is trying to renew his relations with influential countries such as the [[United States]] and [[France]]. On March 19, 2007, he met French president [[Jacques Chirac]] in the [[Élysée Palace]].<ref>[http://www.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=2076&EditionId=592&ChannelId=12833 Geagea meets Chirac (in Arabic)]. ''As-Safir Newspaper'', March 20, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-26.</ref> In March 2008, he held talks in the USA with officials at the [[White House]], including [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]], [[National Security Advisor (United States)|NSA]] [[Stephen Hadley]] and the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia [[Gary Ackerman]].<ref>[http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/0/76E6E6A2D31B9A67C225740A003B6355?OpenDocument Geagea from Washington: We Focused on Protection of Lebanon]. ''Naharnet Newsdesk'', March 12, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Lebanese Forces]] |
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*[[Sethrida Geagea]] |
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*[[Bashir Gemayel]] |
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==References== |
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Jean-Marc ARACTINGI,La Politique à mes trousses( Politics at my heels), Editions l'Harmattan, Paris, 2006,Lebanon Chapter (ISBN 978-2-296-004696). |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Wikiquotepar|Samir Geagea}} |
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*[http://www.lebanese-forces.org Lebanese Forces Party Official Website] |
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*[http://www.samirgeagea.com Website about Samir Geagea] |
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*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hussain-abdulhussain/lebanons-samir-geagea-a-m_b_530976.html Hussain Abdul-Hussain: Lebanon's Samir Geagea: A Maverick --Huffington Post--] |
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===Videos=== |
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=933z3gbrkJA Best of Hakim Fi Zanzana] Part of a documentary (in Arabic) on Samir Geagea's life in prison. It shows how raising a political issue between Geagea and his wife during her visit to him can result in the interruption of the visit. |
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*[http://www.lebanese-forces.com/ar/videoall.asp Archive of Samir Geagea's Speeches] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Geagea, Samir}} |
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[[Category:1952 births]] |
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[[Category:Lebanese politicians]] |
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[[Category:Lebanese Maronites]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[Category:People from Bsharri]] |
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[[ar:سمير جعجع]] |
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[[de:Samir Geagea]] |
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[[fr:Samir Geagea]] |
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[[hy:Սամիր Ջաաջաա]] |
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[[it:Samir Geagea]] |
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[[he:סמיר ג'עג'ע]] |
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[[pam:Samir Geagea]] |
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[[pl:Samir Geagea]] |
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[[sv:Samir Geagea]] |
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[[yi:סאמיר דזשאדזשא]] |
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Revision as of 15:43, 29 July 2010
Samir Farid Geagea | |
|---|---|
| File:Samirgeageaa.jpg Samir Geagea during the Lebanese civil war | |
| Born | October 25, 1952 Ain El Remmaneh |
| Nationality | Lebanese |
| Education | Medical Doctor |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Title | Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Lebanese Forces |
| Predecessor | Elie Hobeika |
| Political party | Lebanese Forces |
| Spouse | Sethrida Taouk Geagea |
| Website | http://www.lebanese-forces.com/ |
Samir Farid Geagea (Arabic: سمير فريد جعجع, also spelled Samir Ja`ja`), born October 25, 1952, is the current leader of the Lebanese Forces (LF) political party. He is also a senior figure in the March 14 Alliance,[1] alongside Saad Hariri and Amine Gemayel.
He took leadership of the Lebanese Forces in 1986. After the civil war, there was increased pressure by Syria on Geagea to accept the Syrian presence or face charges.[citation needed] Prior to his arrest, he was contacted by several sympathetic politicians and warned about the forthcoming proceedings and offered safe passage out of Lebanon.[citation needed] In 1994, four years after the end of the Lebanese Civil War, Geagea was tried for ordering four political assassinations, including the assassination of Lebanon's Prime Minister Rashid Karami in 1987, and the unsuccessful attempted assassination of Defense Minister Michel Murr in 1991.[2] He denied all charges, but was found guilty and sentenced to four death sentences, each of which was commuted to life in prison.[2] Geagea was imprisoned in solitary confinement below the Lebanese Ministry of Defense building in Beirut for the next 11 years.[2] He is the only Lebanese militia leader to have been imprisoned for crimes committed during the Lebanese Civil War.[2]
Following the Cedar Revolution, and the subsequent withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon, a newly-elected Lebanese Parliament voted to grant him amnesty on July 18, 2005.[2]
Early life and education
Geagea was born in Ain el Remmmaneh, a suburb of Beirut in 1952 to a modest Maronite family from the town of Bsharri, Northern Lebanon.He's a maronite Christian. His father was an adjutant in the Lebanese Army and his mother a housewife. He attended "Ecole Bénilde" elementary and secondary school in Furn el-Chebek, which was a free private school. With the aid of a scholarship from the Khalil Gibran association, he studied medicine for a few years at the American University of Beirut and Saint Joseph University. After the outbreak of civil war in 1975, Geagea interrupted his studies. Although he would later continue his studies at Saint Joseph's University, Geagea never practiced medicine.[3] He was an active member of the right-wing Phalangist Party, which became the main Christian fighting force upon the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975.[4]
War Period
Geagea steadily rose through the ranks and led several operations at the request of Bachir Gemayel, then commander of the Phalangist militia. In 1978, following the murder of a Phalangist party leader in the North Lebanon called Joud el Bayeh in a power struggle with former president Suleiman Frangieh, Bachir Gemayel ordered Geagea and Elie Hobeika to co-lead a unit to capture the suspects who were taking cover in Frangieh's mansion in Ehden.[5][6] The convoy was ambushed on the way and Geagea was hit and admitted to Hotel Dieu hospital in Achrafieh where ironically he was doing his internship, his right hand was partially paralyzed and he never continued his education while the military operation resulted in the murder of Tony Frangieh and his family. Geagea was later transported to a hospital in France.
Geagea was appointed head of the Lebanese Forces' militia northern Front in the early 1980s, where he commanded around 1,500 battle-hardened soldiers, drawn mainly from his native town of Bsharri and other towns and villages in Northern Lebanon. Geagea led his men in fierce battles against the Syrian Army in El-Koura, Qnat. In 1982-1983, Geagea commanded the Lebanese Forces against Walid Jumblat's Progressive Socialist Party militia, the Palestinians, and the Syrians in a battle for control of the Chouf mountains in central Lebanon.
Lebanese Forces
On March 12, 1985, Geagea and Elie Hobeika orchestrated an internal coup in order to end the leadership of Fouad Abou Nader in the Lebanese Forces. Abou Nader was considered to be too close to his uncle, president Amin Gemayel whose policies were not accepted by most LF leaders. On January 15, 1986, Geagea became head of the Lebanese Forces after overthrowing Hobeika, who was widely accused of treachery in the Lebanese Christian sector for agreeing to a Syrian-sponsored accord (the Tripartite Accord). During the following year, Geagea meticulously rebuilt the LF into an organized, well trained and equipped military force, one of the most advanced forces ever on Lebanese soil. He established social security and public services to fill the void that was created by the war-crippled state administration. He also extracted taxes from the Christian region, offered free open-heart operations and twinned Christians cities with foreign cities in Europe and America and tried to open an airport in the Halat region because the Beirut International Airport (located in the west suburb of Beirut) was under the control of the Syrian forces which made the access for Lebanese Christians almost impossible.
The Post-War period
On October 13, 1990, Syria ousted Aoun from the presidential palace in Baabda. With Aoun out of the picture, Geagea was now the only leader in the Christian heartland. Geagea was subsequently offered ministerial portfolios in the new Lebanese government (formed on Christmas Eve).[7]
Relation with the Kataeb party
In addition to being the LF leader, Geagea retained his seat in the Kataeb Politburo. In 1993, he ran for the Kataeb presidential election but lost to Georges Saadeh with whom the conflict grew. Later that year, Saadeh dismissed Geagea and all members of what was known as the "Rescue Committee" from the party.[8] The committee was formed by several members of the Politburo and districts leaders loyal to the LF and Geagea.
Arrest and trial
There was increased pressure by Syria on Geagea to accept the Syrian presence or face charges. Prior to his arrest, he was contacted by several sympathetic politicians and warned about the forthcoming proceedings and offered safe passage out of Lebanon. Geagea refused to leave[3]. The Syrians exploited the vulnerabilities of the amnesty law promulgated by then president Elias Hrawi for all the crimes and atrocities committed before 1990. This law also stated that any crime committed after that date will void the effect of the amnesty. On February 27, 1994, a bomb exploded in the Church of Sayyidet Al Najet (Our Lady of Deliverance) in the locality of Zouk killing 9 worshipers and injuring many. It is unknown who perpretated the bombing and it was finally attributed to some groups, but he was accused just to bring down the effect of the amnesty law of which he benefited, like all the political and militia leaders from other communities and regions.[5][9] On March 23, 1994, the Lebanese government ordered the dissolution of the LF and Geagea's deputy Fouad Malek was taken into custody.[10] Geagea himself was arrested on April 21, 1994, on charges of ordering the church bombing, of attempting to undermine government authority by "maintaining a militia in the guise of a political party", of instigating acts of violence, and of committing assassinations during the Lebanese Civil War. He was accused of the assassinations of Former Prime Minister Rashid Karami, National Liberal Party leader Dany Chamoun and his family, and former LF member Elias Al Zayek. He was also accused of attempting to kill Minister Michel Murr. He was acquitted in the church case but given four life sentences in the other cases. Amnesty International criticized Samir Geagea's trial and conviction, citing that it was politically motivated and unjust.[3][11][12]
Imprisonment
Geagea was incarcerated for 11 years in a small windowless solitary cell in the third basement level of the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in Yarze.[13] His health status was jeopardized and he lost weight dramatically due to the unsanitary condition of the ill lit and poorly ventilated prison cell.[14] He was deprived of access to media and the outside world and was only allowed to see his wife and close relatives. All of Geagea’s conversations were monitored and he was barred from talking politics with anyone.[15]
For the duration of his incarceration, Geagea maintained that he meditated and reviewed his actions during the war to determine if what he did was right. He had occupied himself in reading literature, Hindu philosophy, Christian theology and mysticism namely the works of Jesuit priest Teilhard de Chardin.[5][15]
Release
Leaders of the Cedar Revolution considered the Geagea trials and sentences to be unjust, politically motivated, and orchestrated by the vassal regime that ruled Lebanon during the Syrian occupation to oust Geagea from the political scene and dismantle the Lebanese Forces.[16] When supporters of the Cedar Revolution won the majority in the 2005 parliamentary elections, they lobbied for an amnesty law to free Geagea from his disputed sentences.[16]
The Lebanese Parliament passed an amnesty bill on 18 July 2005 to free Samir Geagea. It was subsequently signed by President Émile Lahoud.[2] Geagea was released from prison on July 26, 2005 and left Lebanon for medical care.[17] He returned to Lebanon on October 25 (his birthday), and lived in the Cedars region in northern Lebanon until December 11, 2006, after which he moved to a hotel in Bzoummar in Keserwan. On June 30, 2007, he moved to a new residence in "Me'arab", Keserwan.
Current political activity
On the Lebanese political scene, Geagea and the LF are considered to be the main Christian component of the March 14 Alliance.[18]
In September 2008, Geagea pronounced in front of thousands of rallying supporters in Jounieh a historical apology which stirred much polemic and controversy.[15] The apology read:
"I fully apologize for all the mistakes that we committed when we were carrying out our national duties during past civil war years,... I ask God to forgive, and so I ask the people whom we hurt in the past."[19]
Internationally, Geagea is trying to renew his relations with influential countries such as the United States and France. On March 19, 2007, he met French president Jacques Chirac in the Élysée Palace.[20] In March 2008, he held talks in the USA with officials at the White House, including Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, NSA Stephen Hadley and the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia Gary Ackerman.[21]
See also
References
Jean-Marc ARACTINGI,La Politique à mes trousses( Politics at my heels), Editions l'Harmattan, Paris, 2006,Lebanon Chapter (ISBN 978-2-296-004696).
- ^ Abdul-Hussain, Hussain (2008-03-17). "Talking To: Samir Geagea". NOW Lebanon. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ a b c d e f Amnesty for Lebanese ex-warlord, BBC News, July 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2009-07-07.
- ^ a b c Ziad K. Abdel Nour. "Dossier: Samir Geagea Leader of the Lebanese Forces (LF) movement" (.html). Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 22 (help) - ^ Abraham, Antoine (1996). The Lebanon war. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 0275953890, 9780275953898.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ a b c Azzam, Roger (2005). Liban, l'instruction d'un crime: 30 ans de guerre. Editions Cheminements. p. 765. ISBN 2844783686, 9782844783684.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Johnson, Michael (2001). All honorable men : the social origins of war in Lebanon. I.B.Tauris. p. 298. ISBN 1860647154, 9781860647154.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Lebanon's Cabinet Named, Then Boycotted. The New York Times, December 25, 1990. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
- ^ Split Threatens Lebanon's Biggest Christian Party. The New York Times, January 16, 1993. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
- ^ Blast in Lebanon Church Kills 9 and Injures 60, The New York Times, February 28, 1994. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
- ^ Lebanon Detains Christian in Church Blast, The New York Times, March 24, 1994. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
- ^ Samir Gea’gea’ and Jirjis al-Khouri: Torture and unfair trial, Amnesty International report, November 23, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
- ^ Amnesty International. "Annual Report on Lebanon (1996)". Canadian Lebanese Human Rights Federation. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ UN Commission on Human Rights - Torture - Special Rapporteur's Report. United Nations Economic and Social Council, January 12, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
- ^ U.S. Department of State (1996-03). Lebanon Human Rights Practices, 1995. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
{{cite conference}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Daragahi, Borzou (2008-12-15). "In Lebanon, rivals unconvinced by warlord's apology". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- ^ a b Radio Sawt Beirut International. "Lebanese Political Parties- Lebanese Forces" (SawtBeirut). Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ Lebanese ex-warlord is released, BBC News, July 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-07-26.
- ^ Carter ., Terry (2008). Syria & Lebanon (3 ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 436. ISBN 1741046092, 9781741046090.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Abdallah, Hussein (2008-09-22). "Geagea apologizes for LF's wartime 'mistakes'". The Dialy Star. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- ^ Geagea meets Chirac (in Arabic). As-Safir Newspaper, March 20, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-26.
- ^ Geagea from Washington: We Focused on Protection of Lebanon. Naharnet Newsdesk, March 12, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
External links
- Lebanese Forces Party Official Website
- Website about Samir Geagea
- Hussain Abdul-Hussain: Lebanon's Samir Geagea: A Maverick --Huffington Post--
Videos
- Best of Hakim Fi Zanzana Part of a documentary (in Arabic) on Samir Geagea's life in prison. It shows how raising a political issue between Geagea and his wife during her visit to him can result in the interruption of the visit.
- Archive of Samir Geagea's Speeches