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→‎Modified berries: added translated text from the Spanish page Falsa baya regarding false berries
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[[Image:true.berries.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Four fruits that are true berries (size not to scale). Clockwise from right:<br />[[Concord grapes]], [[persimmon]], [[gooseberry|red gooseberries]], [[redcurrant|red currants]] (top)]]
[[Image:true.berries.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Four fruits that are true berries (size not to scale). Clockwise from right:<br />[[Concord grapes]], [[persimmon]], [[gooseberry|red gooseberries]], [[redcurrant|red currants]] (top)]]


The botanical definition of a '''berry''' is a fleshy [[fruit]] produced from a single [[ovary (plant)|ovary]], such as a [[grape]]. The seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be '''bacciferous'''. Many species of plants produce fruit that are similar to berries but not actually berries, and these are said to be '''baccate'''.
The botanical definition of a '''berry''' is a fleshy [[fruit]] having seeds and pulp produced from a single [[ovary (plant)|ovary]], such as a [[grape]]. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels with a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be '''bacciferous'''. Many species of plants produce fruit that are similar to berries but not actually berries, and these are said to be '''baccate'''.
In everyday English, "berry" is a term for any small edible fruit. These "berries" are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and don't have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.
In everyday English, "berry" is a term for any small edible fruit. These "berries" are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and don't have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.

Revision as of 21:25, 13 August 2010

For other uses, see Berry (disambiguation).
Four fruits that are true berries (size not to scale). Clockwise from right:
Concord grapes, persimmon, red gooseberries, red currants (top)

The botanical definition of a berry is a fleshy fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary, such as a grape. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels with a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous. Many species of plants produce fruit that are similar to berries but not actually berries, and these are said to be baccate.

In everyday English, "berry" is a term for any small edible fruit. These "berries" are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and don't have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.

Many berries, such as the tomato, are edible, but others in the same family, such as the fruits of the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and the fruits of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) are poisonous to humans. Some berries such as Capsicum have space rather than pulp around their seeds.

Botanical berries

Several types of common "berries", only one of which (the blueberry) is a berry by botanical definition. Blackberries are aggregate fruit composed of many drupelets, and strawberries are aggregate accessory fruit.

In botanical language, a berry is a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary; the ovary can be inferior or superior.

Examples of botanical berries include:

Modified berries

The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior that is given the special name hesperidium.

Berries which develop from an inferior ovary are sometimes termed epigynous berries or false berries, as opposed to true berries which develop from a superior ovary. In so-called epigynous berries, the berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower besides the ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous berries include bananas, members of the genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the Cucurbitaceae family (e.g., cucumbers, melons and squash). Another specialized term is also used for Cucurbitaceae fruits, which are modified to have a hard outer rind. Berries with a hard outer rind are given the special name of pepo.

Not a botanical berry

Many fruits commonly referred to as berries are not actual berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories:

Drupes

Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded ovary with a hard stony layer (called the endocarp) surrounding the seed.

Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed, that lack the stony endocarp include:

Pomes

The pome fruits produced by plants in subtribe Pyrinae of family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) that clearly separates the seeds from the ovary tissue. However, some of the smaller pomes are sometimes referred to as berries. Bright red haws from Crataegus are sometimes called hawberries. Amelanchier pomes become so soft at maturity that they resemble a blueberry and are known as Juneberries or Saskatoon berries.

Compound fruits

Compound fruits are groups or aggregates of multiple parts, and include:

  • Aggregate fruits, which contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. Examples include blackberry, raspberry, and bayberry.
  • Multiple fruits, include the fruits of multiple flowers, that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit[1].

Accessory fruits

In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the ovary. Berry-like examples include:

Color and potential health benefits

By contrasting in color with their background, berries are more attractive to animals that eat them, and they therefore aid in the dispersal of the plant's seeds.

Berry colors are due to natural plant pigments, many of which are polyphenols such as the flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins localized mainly in berry skins and seeds. Berry pigments are usually antioxidants in vitro and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity ("ORAC") that is high among plant foods.[2] Together with good nutrient content, ORAC derived in the laboratory distinguishes several berries within a new category of functional foods called "superfruits". However, there is no physiological evidence established to date that berry polyphenols have actual antioxidant value within the human body and it remains invalid to claim that polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States and Europe.[3][4]

Alaska wild "berries" from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge.
Example of color contrast in these (mostly inedible) wild berries

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berries.

Notes

  1. ^ The American heritage science dictionary, Google Books
  2. ^ Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (2004-06-16). "Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States". J Agric Food Chem 2004 Jun 16;52(12):4026-37. Retrieved 2007-07-31. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Guidance for Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, June 2008
  4. ^ Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061, EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy, EFSA Journal 2010; 8(2):1489

External links

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