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The '''duduk''' ({{lang-hy|դուդուկ}}, {{lang-az|Balaban}}, {{lang-fa|نرمه‌نای Narmeh-ney}}, {{lang-tr|Balaban or Mey}}), traditionally known since antiquity as a Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh) is a traditional [[woodwind instrument]] indigenous to [[Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335|title=World music: the rough guide. |volume=1|first=Simon et al|last=Broughton|work=books.google.co.uk |year=1999|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Stokes">{{cite book|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA63|title=Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|first=Jamie|last=Stokes |work=books.google.co.uk |year=2008|ISBN=978-0816071586|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref> Variations of it are popular in the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Stokes"/><ref name=unescoduduk2>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001393/139314m.pdf] Dialog among civilizations Caucasus, Page 32</ref><ref name=Unesco>[http://www.unesco.ru/rus/articles/2004/Valya20082007123347.php]</ref><ref name=unsescoduduk>[http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3252&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html] UNESCO/Culture/Armenia</ref> The English word is often used generically for a family of ethnic instruments including the ''doudouk''<!--SPELLING FROM PETER GABRIEL PASSION'S LINER NOTES AS WELL AS FROM ARMENIAN WEBSITE STEPANYAN.COM--> or ''duduk'' ({{lang|hy|[[wikt:դուդուկ|դուդուկ]]}}), {{IPA-hy|duˈduk|pron}}, also ''tsiranapogh'' {{lang|hy|[[wikt:ծիրանափող|ծիրանափող]]}}, {{IPA-hy|ʦiɾɑnɑˈpʰoʁ|pron}}, literally "[[apricot]] horn" in [[Armenian language|Armenian]]), the ''balaban'' or ''mey'' in [[Turkey]], the ''duduki'' in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the ''balaban'' in [[Azerbaijan]],<ref name="Iranica">Albright, Ch. "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play BĀLĀBĀN]." [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]].</ref> the ''narmeh-ney'' in [[Iran]], the ''duduka'' or ''dudka'' in [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]. In the Balkans (see [[#Balkan duduk|below]]) a quite different instrument is called by the same name.
The '''duduk''' ({{lang-hy|դուդուկ}}, {{lang-az|Balaban}}, {{lang-fa|نرمه‌نای Narmeh-ney}}, {{lang-tr|Balaban or Mey}}), traditionally known since antiquity as a Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh) is a traditional [[woodwind instrument]] indigenous to [[Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335|title=World music: the rough guide. |volume=1|first=Simon et al|last=Broughton|work=books.google.co.uk |year=1999|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Stokes">{{cite book|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA63|title=Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|first=Jamie|last=Stokes |work=books.google.co.uk |year=2008|ISBN=978-0816071586|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref> Variations of it are popular in the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Stokes"/><ref name=unescoduduk2>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001393/139314m.pdf] Dialog among civilizations Caucasus, Page 32</ref><ref name=Unesco>[http://www.unesco.ru/rus/articles/2004/Valya20082007123347.php]</ref><ref name=unsescoduduk>[http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3252&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html] UNESCO/Culture/Armenia</ref> The English word is often used generically for a family of ethnic instruments including the ''doudouk''<!--SPELLING FROM PETER GABRIEL PASSION'S LINER NOTES AS WELL AS FROM ARMENIAN WEBSITE STEPANYAN.COM--> or ''duduk'' ({{lang|hy|[[wikt:դուդուկ|դուդուկ]]}}), {{IPA-hy|duˈduk|pron}}, also ''tsiranapogh'' {{lang|hy|[[wikt:ծիրանափող|ծիրանափող]]}}, {{IPA-hy|ʦiɾɑnɑˈpʰoʁ|pron}}, literally "[[apricot]] horn" in [[Armenian language|Armenian]]), the ''balaban'' or ''mey'' in [[Turkey]], the ''duduki'' in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the ''balaban'' in [[Azerbaijan]],<ref name="Iranica">Albright, Ch. "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play BĀLĀBĀN]." [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]].</ref> the ''narmeh-ney'' in [[Iran]], the ''duduka'' or ''dudka'' in [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]. In the Balkans (see [[#Balkan duduk|below]]) a quite different instrument is called by the same name.


The word itself is a loanword ultimately derived from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] "düdük",<ref name=GSE>{{ru icon}} "[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/034/454.htm Дудук]." [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]].</ref><ref>[http://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/05/ma145204.htm Russian language dictionary in 4 volumes. Volume 1. 1999]</ref> likely of [[onomatopoeic]] origin. During the Ottoman occupation of Armenia, usage of the word "duduk" displaced the original name of the instrument, which was known since antiquity as a Tsiranapogh ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Ծիրանափող).{{source?}} The word ''dudka'' in Slavic languages is a diminutive of ''duda'' and is of native [[Proto-Slavic language|Slavic]]<ref>[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=/usr/local/share/starling/morpho&morpho=0&basename=\usr\local\share\starling\morpho\vasmer\vasmer&first=3601 “дуда”] in М. Фасмер (1986), ''Этимологический Словарь Русского Языка'' (Москва: Прогресс), 2-е изд. — Перевод с немецкого и дополнения О.Н. Трубачёва</ref> origin. This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, [[#Balkan duduk|Balkan duduk]]). It is a distant relative of East Asian instruments, such as the Chinese [[Guan (instrument)|Guanzi]], the Korean [[Piri]] and the Japanese [[Hichiriki]]. Unlike other [[double reed]] instruments such as the [[oboe]] or [[shawm]], the Duduk has a very large (in proportion to the instrument) and unflattened reed, and is cylindrical in shape (not conical) giving it a quality closer to a [[clarinet]] or [[saxophone]] than a double-reed.
The word itself is a loanword ultimately derived from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] "düdük",<ref name=GSE>{{ru icon}} "[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article034454.html Дудук]." [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]].</ref><ref>[http://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/05/ma145204.htm Russian language dictionary in 4 volumes. Volume 1. 1999]</ref> likely of [[onomatopoeic]] origin. During the Ottoman occupation of Armenia, usage of the word "duduk" displaced the original name of the instrument, which was known since antiquity as a Tsiranapogh ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Ծիրանափող).{{source?}} The word ''dudka'' in Slavic languages is a diminutive of ''duda'' and is of native [[Proto-Slavic language|Slavic]]<ref>[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=/usr/local/share/starling/morpho&morpho=0&basename=\usr\local\share\starling\morpho\vasmer\vasmer&first=3601 “дуда”] in М. Фасмер (1986), ''Этимологический Словарь Русского Языка'' (Москва: Прогресс), 2-е изд. — Перевод с немецкого и дополнения О.Н. Трубачёва</ref> origin. This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, [[#Balkan duduk|Balkan duduk]]). It is a distant relative of East Asian instruments, such as the Chinese [[Guan (instrument)|Guanzi]], the Korean [[Piri]] and the Japanese [[Hichiriki]]. Unlike other [[double reed]] instruments such as the [[oboe]] or [[shawm]], the Duduk has a very large (in proportion to the instrument) and unflattened reed, and is cylindrical in shape (not conical) giving it a quality closer to a [[clarinet]] or [[saxophone]] than a double-reed.


In 2005, [[UNESCO]] proclaimed the Armenian duduk music as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity."<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/03eur_uk.htm The Armenian duduk as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity"]</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00092 UNESCO: The Armenian Duduk and its music]</ref><ref>Farmer, H.G. "Mizmār." [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], 2nd Ed., v. 7. P. Bearman et al. (eds.) Leiden: Brill, 1993, p. 209.</ref>
In 2005, [[UNESCO]] proclaimed the Armenian duduk music as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity."<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/03eur_uk.htm The Armenian duduk as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity"]</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00092 UNESCO: The Armenian Duduk and its music]</ref><ref>Farmer, H.G. "Mizmār." [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], 2nd Ed., v. 7. P. Bearman et al. (eds.) Leiden: Brill, 1993, p. 209.</ref>
Line 22: Line 22:
==Overview==
==Overview==
[[File:Duduk mouthpiece.png|thumb|left|150px|A duduk mouthpiece]]
[[File:Duduk mouthpiece.png|thumb|left|150px|A duduk mouthpiece]]
The duduk is a [[double reed]] instrument with ancient origins, said to be from 1500 to 3000 years old.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed.Duduks are mainly made from aged [[apricot]] wood. The duduk is originaly an Armenian instrument, but many countries use it.
The duduk is a [[double reed]] instrument with ancient origins, said to be from 1500 to 3000 years old.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed. Duduks are mainly made from aged [[apricot]] wood. The duduk is originaly an Armenian instrument, but many countries use it.


In Armenian the instrument is called "tsiranapogh" or "apricot pipe".<ref>[http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?id=1&sid=112&lang=eng Armenian apricot at welcomearmenia.com]</ref>
In Armenian the instrument is called "tsiranapogh" or "apricot pipe".<ref>[http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?id=1&sid=112&lang=eng Armenian apricot at welcomearmenia.com]</ref>

Revision as of 10:32, 27 March 2012

Duduk
A traditional duduk
Other namesBalaban, نرمه‌نای (Narmeh-ney), Mey, Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh)
Classification Wind instrument with double reed
Playing range
Musicians
Gevorg Dabaghyan, Djivan Gasparyan, Pedro Eustache, Vache Sharafyan, Alihan Samedov
A duduk

The duduk (Template:Lang-hy, Template:Lang-az, Template:Lang-fa, Template:Lang-tr), traditionally known since antiquity as a Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh) is a traditional woodwind instrument indigenous to Armenia.[1][2] Variations of it are popular in the Middle East and Central Asia.[2][3][4][5] The English word is often used generically for a family of ethnic instruments including the doudouk or duduk (դուդուկ), pronounced [duˈduk], also tsiranapogh ծիրանափող, pronounced [ʦiɾɑnɑˈpʰoʁ], literally "apricot horn" in Armenian), the balaban or mey in Turkey, the duduki in Georgia, the balaban in Azerbaijan,[6] the narmeh-ney in Iran, the duduka or dudka in Russia and Ukraine. In the Balkans (see below) a quite different instrument is called by the same name.

The word itself is a loanword ultimately derived from Turkish "düdük",[7][8] likely of onomatopoeic origin. During the Ottoman occupation of Armenia, usage of the word "duduk" displaced the original name of the instrument, which was known since antiquity as a Tsiranapogh (Armenian: Ծիրանափող).[citation needed] The word dudka in Slavic languages is a diminutive of duda and is of native Slavic[9] origin. This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, Balkan duduk). It is a distant relative of East Asian instruments, such as the Chinese Guanzi, the Korean Piri and the Japanese Hichiriki. Unlike other double reed instruments such as the oboe or shawm, the Duduk has a very large (in proportion to the instrument) and unflattened reed, and is cylindrical in shape (not conical) giving it a quality closer to a clarinet or saxophone than a double-reed.

In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk music as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity."[10][11][12]

Overview

A duduk mouthpiece

The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, said to be from 1500 to 3000 years old.[citation needed] The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed. Duduks are mainly made from aged apricot wood. The duduk is originaly an Armenian instrument, but many countries use it.

In Armenian the instrument is called "tsiranapogh" or "apricot pipe".[13]

The particular tuning depends heavily on the region which it is played. In the twentieth century the Armenian duduk began to be standardized diatonic in scale and single-octave in range. Accidentals, or chromatics are achieved using fingering techniques. The instrument's body also has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breath requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.

The performer uses air stored in his cheeks to keep playing the instrument while he inhales air into his lungs. This “circular” breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.[6] Duduk is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second 'dum Duduk,' which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal Duduk.[14]

History

Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old.[15] Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95–55 B.C.[16] According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Age. He also says:

The duduk is actually the only truly Armenian instrument that’s survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity. The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player.[17]

Balkan duduk

While the term duduk most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a different instrument of the same name played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute resembling the Serbian frula, known also as kaval or kavalče in a part of Macedonia,[18] and as duduk (дудук) in northwest Bulgaria.[19][20] Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 mm and 240–400 mm (duduce). The blocked end is flat. Playing this type of duduk is fairly straightforward and easy, and its sound is clean and pleasant.

Film music

The sound of the duduk, if not the instrument itself, has become known to a large audience through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others.[21] The duduk was also used extensively in Battlestar Galactica[22] The sound of the duduk was used in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. A Lullaby that Mr. Tumnus plays on a fictitious double flute.[23]

The 2010 Eurovision Song Contest entry from Armenia "Apricot Stone", which finished 7th in the final, featured prominent duduk played by Djivan Gasparyan.

Movie soundtracks
A duduk player
Television soundtracks


Video game scores

The duduk also appears on "Zachem Ya" by T.A.T.u. (from the album 200 Po Vstrechnoy, 2001), on "Jenny Wren" by Paul McCartney (2005), and "All That I Am" by Rob Thomas (from the album ...Something to Be, 2006).


Anime soundtracks
  • Tales from Earthsea by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".[35]

See also

Melody performed with duduk instrument by SERGO.TEL.
File:Azerbaijan traditional folk song Gözəlim Sənsən (Youre my bonny).ogg
Traditional folk song with balaban instrument, "Gözəlim Sənsən" ("Beloved Sweetheart")

Notes

  1. ^ Broughton, Simon; et al. (1999). "World music: the rough guide". books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  2. ^ a b Stokes, Jamie (2008). Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. ISBN 978-0816071586. Retrieved 8 March 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ [1] Dialog among civilizations Caucasus, Page 32
  4. ^ [2]
  5. ^ [3] UNESCO/Culture/Armenia
  6. ^ a b Albright, Ch. "BĀLĀBĀN." Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  7. ^ Template:Ru icon "Дудук." Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  8. ^ Russian language dictionary in 4 volumes. Volume 1. 1999
  9. ^ “дуда” in М. Фасмер (1986), Этимологический Словарь Русского Языка (Москва: Прогресс), 2-е изд. — Перевод с немецкого и дополнения О.Н. Трубачёва
  10. ^ The Armenian duduk as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity"
  11. ^ UNESCO: The Armenian Duduk and its music
  12. ^ Farmer, H.G. "Mizmār." Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Ed., v. 7. P. Bearman et al. (eds.) Leiden: Brill, 1993, p. 209.
  13. ^ Armenian apricot at welcomearmenia.com
  14. ^ [4] Duduk Info
  15. ^ Encyclopedia.com:DJIVAN GASPARYAN
  16. ^ "The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC)": "The Duduk and its Music. UNESCO. Accessed February 8, 2010.
  17. ^ Turpin, Andy. "Nothing Sounds Armenian Like a Duduk: ALMA Lecture". The Armenian Weekly. 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-02-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm
  19. ^ http://horo.bg/index.php?menunode=2&show=material&materialid=259
  20. ^ For a detailed description of the instrument (in Bulgarian), see http://www.bgjourney.com/Bit%20t%20Kultura/Old%20gloss/Old%20gloss%20Du.html
  21. ^ Gasparian article at imdb.com
  22. ^ Duduk article from composer Bear McCreary's Battlestar Galactica site
  23. ^ Harry Gregson-Williams Talks Narnia & Narnian Lullaby Clip
  24. ^ "Ararat". Filmtracks.com. 2002-11-05. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Chris Bleth Movie Credits". Chrisbleth.com. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  26. ^ Gladiator by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard
  27. ^ "Hotel Rwanda Film Music"http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html
  28. ^ "Hulk (Danny Elfman)". Filmtracks.com. 2003-06-17. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  29. ^ Other reviews by Mike Brennan (2005-12-02). "soundtrack.net". soundtrack.net. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  30. ^ Savita Gautham. "inese rhapsody". The Hindu. Retrieved 2003-10-23.
  31. ^ "Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk". Bearmccreary.com. 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  32. ^ Runner, Blade (2004-02-26). "Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry". Galactica-station.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  33. ^ "Battlestar Galactica: Season Two". Musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  34. ^ "Children of Dune". Cinemusic.net. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
  35. ^ Benoit Basirico (2005-11-14). "Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer)". Cinezik.org. Retrieved 2010-02-15.


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