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The Doom Bar (previously known as Dunbar sands or Dune-bar) is a sand bank in the estuary of the River Camel where it meets the Celtic Sea on Cornwall's north coast. Before the 20th century, it represented a significant hazard to shipping owing to the complicated route boats needed to take to reach Padstow harbour, and the gusting winds over the surrounding cliffs. There have been many shipwrecks there through the centuries, and many more ships have risked being wrecked on the coast rather than negotiating the entrance to the harbour. A House of Commons report on the Doom Bar could not find any way to remove the danger, but safety measures included the installation of capstans, bollards and mooring rings, as well as increased quarrying at Stepper Point to reduce eddying winds.

The bar formed in the 16th century from river sediment and sand from the sea. There are records of the sand in the bar being dredged for agricultural purposes as far back as 1602. Modern dredging has made the Doom Bar easier to negotiate, removing much of the danger. Even so, there have been deaths on the sand bank as recently as 1997. A Cornish folklore legend has grown around the origins of the Doom Bar; that a mermaid created it as a dying curse on the harbour after she was shot by a local man. The sand bank has been used in poetry to symbolise feelings of melancholy, and has also given its name to the flagship bitter beer from Sharp's Brewery.

History

The dangerous Doom Bar at low tide — The Doom Bar at low tide, with the river channel on the far side

The Doom Bar is a river sand bar, comprising sediment from the River Camel and sand from the Celtic Sea. At high tide, the waves from the sea deposit sand as they lose energy when forced against the flow of the river. The varying directions of the sediment-filled water create a process of forced diffusion,^[1] scattering the sedimentary deposits at the river mouth. In addition, the sediment held by the river whilst it is flowing along the channel is deposited on the bar as the river widens and loses energy.^[2]

It is unclear exactly when the Doom Bar formed, but the nearby port of Padstow was prosperous in Saxon times.^[3] Although its fortunes had waned by the time of Edward III, it was still able to send "two high-sterned turreted vessels"^[3]^[4] to the Siege of Calais in 1346. The Doom Bar began to form much later, during the reign of Henry VIII (1491–1547).^[4]

The name "Doom Bar" is a corruption of the Gaelic word dunbar^[5] or dune-bar^[6] a combination of two words "dun" and "bar". Both can mean hill or summit,^[7] and are associated with sand. Although the name "Dunbar sands" was common prior to 1900, "Doom Bar" was used in poetry and House of Commons papers as far back as 1860.^[8]^[9]

Dredging

The sand found on the bank is mostly made up of seashells; in the 19th century, analysis showed that 60–64% was calcium carbonate (carbonate of lime).^[10] A more recent study by J.R. Merefield revealed that the Doom Bar contained significant "skeletal debris of consistent composition" and was primarily made up of "molluscan sand".^[11] The high calcium levels, combined with the natural sea salt, made the sand valuable to farmers as an alkaline fertiliser when mixed with manure.^[6]

There is evidence of sand being dredged from the Doom Bar as early as 1602.^[12] A study published by Sir Henry De la Beche in 1839 showed that around 80 men were permanently employed to dredge the Doom Bar from several barges,^[13] removing an estimated 100,000 tons of sand per year.^[10] In the 50 years prior to 1836, the Doom Bar lost between 6 and 8 feet (180 and 240 cm) in height due to this dredging. Sir Henry also estimated that the sand from the Doom Bar accounted for between a fifth and a quarter of the sand used for agriculture in Devon and Cornwall.^[13] The Doom Bar is still regularly dredged for sand, and in 2009 an estimated 120,000 tons of sand were removed from the bar and the surrounding estuary.^[14]

Shipwrecks

For centuries, the Doom Bar was regarded as a significant danger to ships—to be approached with caution to avoid running aground. It has accounted for over 600 beachings, wrecks and capsizings since records began early in the 19th century,^[15] with about 300 being wrecks.^[16] When sails were the main source of power, ships would come round Stepper Point and would then lose the wind, leaving them to drift onto the Doom Bar. Sometimes, gusts of wind known colloquially as "flaws"^[7] blew over the top of Stepper Point and pushed the hapless vessels in the direction of the sand bank.^[17] They could not even drop anchor, as it would gain no purchase on the sand.^[18] According to one report, the Doom Bar was regarded as so dangerous that vessels would risk being wrecked on the coast in a storm, rather than negotiate the entrance to Padstow.^[19]

In 1761, there were recommended methods for entering the Camel estuary during rough weather. The London Chronicle published a letter explaining the difficulty of reaching the harbour whilst north-northwest winds were blowing.^[20] Safety features were installed, such as three capstans at Stepper Point, and bollards along the cliffs, which could warp the boats safely into the estuary and past the Doom Bar.^[21] A number of mooring rings were also attached to the cliff, to be used instead of an anchor.^[22]

When larger boats wanted to enter Padstow they were offered help, generally by pilots who would wait at Stepper Point when a ship signalled it would be entering. If a boat was foundering, salvors would step in and help. There were cases where salvors attempted to overstate the danger in court, so as to extort more money from the owners. An example was the Towan, which was not in significant danger and did not need assistance, but salvors interfered and then attempted to claim a large amount from the owner.^[23]

In 1827, the Life-boat Institution helped fund a permanent lifeboat at Padstow, a 23 feet (7.0 m) rowboat with four oars. The lifeboat house at Hawker's Cover was erected two years later by the Padstow Harbour Association for the Preservation of Life and Property from Shipwreck. Reverend Charles Prideaux-Brune of Prideaux Place was set up as the patron.^[24] In 1879, four of his grand-daughters along with their friend, were rowing on the Doom Bar and saw a craft go down. They rowed out to save the drowning sailor. As it was so unusual for women to rescue men in these circumstances, all five girls received a RNLI Silver Medal for their bravery.^[25]

Despite the safer channel and improvements in maritime technology, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution still have to deal with incidents at the Doom Bar. The most recent deaths were in February 1997, when two fishermen who were not wearing lifejackets drowned after their boat capsized.^[26] Two anglers were killed in a similar incident in 1994.^[27] On 25 June 2007, the Padstow lifeboat and a rescue helicopter rescued the crews of two yachts in separate incidents from the area of the Doom Bar.^[28]

HMS Whiting

The only warship reported wrecked on the Doom Bar was HMS Whiting. She was a 12-gun schooner, originally Arrow, a cargo ship which travelled from USA to France, until she was captured by the Royal Navy on 8 May 1812 and renamed.^[29] On 15 September 1816, she ran aground on the Doom Bar as the tide was ebbing, and the wind not blowing in a direction that could help. According to court martial transcripts, an attempt to move her was made at the next high tide, but she was taking on water and it became impossible to save her.^[30]

Whiting was abandoned over the next few days, with the crew salvaging whatever they could. The officer in charge, Lieutenant John Jackson, lost one year's seniority for negligence, and three crewmen were given "50 lashes with nine tails" for desertion. The wreck was sold to salvors and, despite correspondence requesting her move eleven years later, the Navy took no further interest in her.^[31] The Royal Navy attempted to survey the wreck in June 1830, by which time the sand bank had covered the majority of the wreck.^[32] In May 2010, ProMare and the Nautical Archaeology Society, with the help of Padstow Primary School, mounted a search to find the ship.^[33]^[34]

Antoinette

The largest ship wrecked on the Doom Bar is believed to be the 1874 barque, Antoinette.^[35] On New Year's Day 1895, the Antoinette set off from Newport laden with coal, destined for Brazil. She foundered near Lundy Island, losing parts of her masts.^[36] She was towed towards a safe port, but broke free and drifted. Eventually, she broke up, with a large portion of her wreck lodging on the Doom Bar. The wreckage was causing a hazard to shipping, so a miner named Pope was called in. He filled the wreck with gelignite, and detonated it after clearing the area. The resulting explosion was so violent that reports claim every window in Padstow was blown in, and the smoke could be seen three miles away.^[36]

Although the Antoinette was the largest wreck on the Doom Bar, all fourteen crew and three stranded pilots were rescued.^[35] Over 100 years later, a wreck surfaced on the Doom Bar. It was initially uncertain which ship had appeared, owing to the sheer number of ships that have been wrecked there, but the harbour master believed that the wreck was the remains of the Antoinette.^[35] The Royal Navy Bomb Disposal Unit attempted to demolish the wreck in 2010, but failed to do so. It was then marked with a buoy, and in March 2011 work started to demolish the remainder of it using saws.^[37]

1911 lifeboat incident

On 12 November 1911, two ships were wrecked on the Doom Bar. The first was a schooner named Island Maid which had hit the Doom Bar and was in distress, heading towards the harbour. The lifeboat team mounted a rescue and all five crew were brought safely to the shore.^[38] The Island Maid sank near the Doom Bar, where it still rests, and is visited by diving expeditions.^[39]

The Angele, a brigantine, ran aground soon after, but as the tide had turned and the evening was drawing in, the lifeboat crew refused to mount a rescue.^[40] The lifeboat coxswain had to raise a new crew from nearby villages, as well as some crew from a passing steam liner from Milford Haven in Wales.^[41] On reaching the Angele, only one survivor was found, the ship's captain.^[38]^[42] For their rescue of the captain, three members of the lifeboat crew, Mr J. Horst, Mr F. Reynolds and Mr. W. Cook, were awarded the thanks of the National Lifeboat Institution on 28 February 1912.^[41] The coxswain did not criticise the crew who refused to go out, explaining that he would rather they lost heart on the shore than near the stricken ship. The coroner returned a verdict of "Accidental Drowning", attributing no fault to the lifeboat crew.^[40]

Partial removal

In 1846, the Plymouth and Padstow Railway company took an interest in trying to remove the Doom Bar, hoping to increase the trade through the harbour at Padstow. The plan was to create a breakwater on the bar, which would stop the build up of sand.^[43] Although the breakwater never came to fruition, the issue was looked at again when a British Parliamentary select committee on Harbours for Refuge was set up in 1858. The select committee created Padstow Harbour Commission, which was tasked with making Padstow suitable for large ships regardless of the tide. Without the removal of the Doom Bar, such ships could only use the harbour in emergencies at high tide.^[9]

The select committee report concluded that the bar would build up again through re-silting if it were dredged, and that there were not enough resources to prevent this. A number of alternative solutions were discussed, including the construction of two guide walls, which would have the effect of sluicing the water across the Doom Bar, thereby removing it. However, there were concerns at the time that the bar was made up of "hard sand" and therefore would be difficult to remove.^[9] There were also discussions about removing part of Stepper Point to stop the eddying winds, and ensure a true wind into the harbour.^[19] During the course of the discussions, it was concluded that while the Doom Bar could be removed by a variety of methods, it would not improve the harbour sufficiently, and that a harbour of refuge would be better on the Welsh coast.^[9]

Despite the conclusions of the report, the quarrying at Stepper Point increased, and before long a small part had been cut down, which improved the situation.^[19] Combined with the capstans, the bollards and the mooring rings, the Doom Bar posed much less of a risk. During the 20th century, the Doom Bar was regularly dredged to create a much easier entrance to Padstow, and to reduce the number of ships wrecked. By the 1930s, when Commander H E Turner surveyed the area, there were two channels round the Doom Bar.^[44] By 2010 the original channel had disappeared, and the Camel estuary is still regularly dredged by the Padstow Harbour Commission's two dredgers, Sandsnipe and Mannin.^[45]

Legend

"[The mermaid legend] is doubtless a myth, but it is a fact that a wailing cry is sometimes heard on the Doombar after a fearful gale and loss of life on that fateful bar, like a woman bewailing the dead."

Enys Tregarthan's notes on Doom Bar legend^[46]

According to local folklore, the Doom Bar was created by the Mermaid of Padstow as a dying curse after she was shot. In 1906, Enys Tregarthen wrote that a Padstow local named Tristam Bird bought a new gun and wanted to shoot something "worthy" of it, so went looking for seals at Hawker's Cove. There, he found a young woman brushing her hair on a rock, who revealed herself to be a mermaid. When she turned down his offer of marriage, he threatened to shoot her instead—which he promptly did. The mermaid used her dying breath to curse the harbour with a "bar of doom", from Hawker's Cove to Trebetherick Bay opposite.^[46]

The ballad, The Mermaid of Padstow,^[47] tells a similar story of a local named Tom Yeo, who shot the mermaid because he thought she was a seal.^[48] John Betjeman, who lived in the area as a child, wrote that the mermaid met a local man and fell in love with him. When she could not bear living without him any longer, she tried to lure him beneath the waves and he escaped by shooting her. In her rage she threw a handful of sand towards Padstow, which started the Doom Bar.^[49] In other versions of the tale, the mermaid would sing upon the rocks and a youth shot at her with a crossbow,^[50] or a greedy man shot her with a longbow.^[51]

The mermaid legend carried on beyond the creation of the Doom Bar—in 1939, Samuel Williamson explained that there are mermaids comparable to Sirens in the area, who lie in the shallow waters and draw ships in to be wrecked.^[52] In addition, storms in the area supposedly sound like "the distressful cry of a woman bewailing her dead", and the noise is heard every time lives are lost on the sand bar.^[46]

Legacy

The mermaid legend has also been written about in poems such as The Coastguard, which tells of ships getting caught on a "Sorrowful Bar of Doom".^[53] Rosamund Watson's Ballad of Pentyre Town used the Doom Bar for imagery to elicit feelings of melancholy^[54] when talking of giving up everything for love.^[55]

The Doom Bar was the subject of a Victorian poem by Alice E. Gillington, The Doom-Bar. It relates the story of a girl who gave an engraved ring to the man she loved, who then sailed away across the Doom Bar, breaking her heart. Four years later, when the tide was lower than they had ever seen it, her friends persuaded her to come out and walk upon the Doom Bar, where she found the ring inside a scallop. Realising that he must have tossed it aside on the night he left, she resolved not to remain heart-broken, but to sail across the Doom Bar herself.^[8]

A play entitled The Doom Bar, about smuggling and wrecking in the area, was written in the early 1900s by Arthur Hansen Bush. Although there was no interest in London, it was well received in America, and was scheduled to tour in cities including Chicago and New York. However, there were a series of mishaps, blamed on the legendary wrecker Cruel Coppinger, culminating in a fire at Baltimore, after which the play was considered by America's actors' union to be cursed, and was banned.^[56]

Doom Bar bitter

Doom Bar bitter ale is brewed by Sharp's Brewery, based in Cornwall. It is the brewery's flagship beer, with an output of 24 million pints in 2010.^[57] Unlike most cask ales, Doom Bar bitter does not leave the brewery until it is almost fully conditioned, which makes the beer easier for landlords to handle and ensures a consistent flavour.^[58]

Doom Bar bitter is popular in London due to sponsorship of The Boat Race, and has been exported worldwide to countries such as Japan and Canada.^[58] The beer was a finalist at the Campaign for Real Ale's Great British Beer Festival in 2004 and 2005, before winning Bronze in 2006.^[59] Securing the "Doom Bar brand" was cited as the reason that Molson Coors spent £20m on their takeover of Sharp's Brewery in 2011, and Doom Bar is now the largest cask ale brand in Molson Coors' portfolio.^[60]

References

^ Yu, Jie; Mei, Chiang C. (2000). "Formation of sand bars under surface waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 416 (1): 315–348. doi:10.1017/S0022112000001063. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Hancock, M.J.; Mei, Chiang C. (2008). "Sandbar formation under surface waves: Theory and experiments" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. C07022. 113: 23. Bibcode:2008JGRC..11307022H. doi:10.1029/2007JC004374. Retrieved 29 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Stone, John Harris. England's Riviera: a topographical and archaeological description of Land's End, Cornwall and adjacent spots of beauty and interest. K Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 339.
^ ^a ^b Dickens, Charles (10 April 1869). "As the crow flies: Bodmin to Padstow". All the Year Round. 1: 453. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ ,Paris, Thomas Clifton (1863). A handbook for travellers in Devon and Cornwall. J. Murray. p. 215.
^ ^a ^b Millward, Roy; Robinson, Adrian (1983). The Shell book of the British coast. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-7153-8150-2.
^ ^a ^b Polwhele, Richard (1836). A Cornish-English vocabulary: a vocabulary of local names, chiefly Saxon, and a provincial glossary. Polybank. pp. 12, 30, 77.
^ ^a ^b Gillington, Alice E.; Stedman, Edmund Clarance (1895). "A Victorian Anthology, 1837 – 1895". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d House Of Commons, Great Britain. Parliament (1858). House of Commons papers, Volume 17. pp. 100–101.
^ ^a ^b De La Beche, Henry Thomas (1839). Report on the geology of Cornwall, Devon and west Somerset. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 479.
^ Merefield, J R (1982). "Modern Carbonate Marine-Sands in Estuaries of Southwest England". Geological Magazine. 119 (6): 567–580. doi:10.1017/S0016756800027059.
^ Journal of the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, And Commerce Work and Learn. BiblioBazaar. 2008. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-554-46856-3.
^ ^a ^b The Farmer's Magazine: Economic Geology – Agriculture. Rogerson and Tuxford. 1839. pp. 45–50.
^ "About Padstow Harbour". Port of Padstow official site. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ French, Brian (2007). "Wrecks & Rescues Around Padstow's Doom Bar". Lodenek Press. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Carter, Clive (1970). Cornish shipwrecks, Volume 2, The North Coast. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7153-4796-6.
^ The new seaman's guide and coaster's companion, improved from the original work of J. Chandler. Oxford University. 1809. pp. 52–53.
^ "Time Team – Sailing the Doom Bar". Retrieved 3 February 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c REPORTS FROM COMMISSIONERS: HARBOURS OF REFUGE. Her Majesty's Stationary Office. 1858. pp. 293, 302, 308.
^ Griffin, John (16–19 May 1761). "Directions for entering the Port of Padstow in a letter to Capt. Durand, in Dublin". London Chronicle. Retrieved 23 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Rainsley, Mark (2008). South west sea kayaking. Pesda. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-906095-05-5.
^ Hitchens, Fortescue; Drew, Samuel (1824). The history of Cornwall: from the earlist records and traditions, to the present time, Volume 1. William Penula. p. 528.
^ English Admiralty Reports: 1843–1850. Little, Brown. 1853. pp. 259–270.
^ Noall, Cyrill; Farr, Grahame (1964). Wreck and Rescue round the Cornish Coast – Volume 1: The Story of the North Coast Lifeboats. D. Bradford Barton Ltd. pp. 38–89.
^ Larn, Richard; Larn, Bridget (2006). Wreck & Rescue round the Cornish Coast. Tor Mark. pp. 33–36. ISBN 978-0-85025-406-8.
^ Lakeman, Geoffry (10 February 1997). "2 anglers drown after ignoring sea warning". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 27 April 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Walsh, John (28 December 2006). "Small pond, big fish". The Independent. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ "Awards for Lifeboat Rescuers". This Is Cornwall. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ "Arrow to Whiting". The Search for HMS Whiting. Nautical Archaeology Society. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Court Martial papers regarding HMS Whiting (Report). The National Archive. 1816. archive reference ADM 1/5455.
^ Petition to remove HMS Whiting (Report). The National Archive. 1827. archive reference ADM 1/4985.
^ RN Survey of the wreck (Report). Cornwall Record Office. 1830. archive reference V/BO/38/6.
^ "The search for HMS Whiting is due to begin". Cornish Guardian. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "The Search for HMS Whiting". ProMare. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mysterious shipwreck appears in Padstow". BBC News. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Omorse (15 February 2010). "Mystery wreck hands harbour a big headache". This Is Cornwall. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
^ Johns, Charles; Camidge, Kevin (14 March 2011). Wreck of the Barque Antionnette, Camel Estuary, Padstow, Cornwall: Undesignated Site Assessment and Emergency Recording (PDF) (Report). Cornwall Council: Historic Environments Projects. Report ID – 2010R101. Retrieved 27 April 2012. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Gallant Lifeboat Rescue". Poverty Bay Herald. 28 December 1911. Retrieved 19 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Shipwrecks around the Cornish Coast". Cornwall in focus. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Lifeboatmen who refused". Grey River Argus. 10 January 1912. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Presentation to Brave Milford Fishermen". Haverfordwest & Milford Haven Telegraph. 28 February 1912.
^ "BBC special report on Padstow Lifeboat". Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ Clarke, Hyde (1846). The Railway register and record of public enterprise for railways, mines, patents and inventions. Oxford University. pp. 107–109.
^ Morris, Roger O. (1995). Charts and surveys in peace and war : the history of the Royal Navy's Hydrographic Service, 1919–1970. London: H.M.S.O. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-11-772456-3.
^ "Stepper Point Newsletter 12, Summer 2008" (PDF). http://www.stepper-point.co.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Tregarthen, Enys (1906). North Cornwall fairies and legends. Wells Gardner, Darton & Co. pp. 51–69.
^ R Garnett (2001) [1894]. Brimley Johnson, R (ed.). Popular British Ballads: Ancient and Modern. Adegi Graphics. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-4021-6949-6.
^ Andrews, Robert (2004). A Rough Guide to England. Rough Guides. p. 523. ISBN 978-1-84353-249-1.
^ Betjeman, John (1969). First and last loves. Arrow Books. pp. 168–169.
^ Alness, Baron Robert Munro (1930). Looking back: fugitive writings and sayings. Nelson. p. 83.
^ Berry, Claude (1949). Cornwall. R. Hale. p. 10.
^ Williamson, Samuel Charles Wathen (1939). The English tradition in the world. Hutchinson & Co. p. 15.
^ Wedmore, Millicent (2008) [1913]. Chiefly of Heroes. READ BOOKS. ISBN 978-1-4097-9360-1.
^ Hughes, Linda (2005). Graham R.: Rosamund Marriott Watson, woman of letters. Ohio University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8214-1629-7.
^ Watson, Rosamund (2009). The Call of the Homeland: A Collection of English Verse. BiblioBazaar. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-103-14171-5. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ Macklin, John (30 May 1981). "When a ghost took a starring role". Weekend Times. p. 6. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ "Doom Bar doubles to reach 24 million pints". The Publican. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b McFarland, Ben (2009). World's best beers : one thousand craft brews from cask to glass. New York, NY: Sterling Innovation. pp. 86, 87. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7.
^ "Campaign for real ale awards list". CAMRA. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ McCann, John (2 February 2011). "'Sharp' Practice by Molson Coors". CAMRA press release. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

[1] Yu, Jie; Mei, Chiang C. (2000). "Formation of sand bars under surface waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 416 (1): 315–348. doi:10.1017/S0022112000001063. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[2] Hancock, M.J.; Mei, Chiang C. (2008). "Sandbar formation under surface waves: Theory and experiments" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. C07022. 113: 23. Bibcode:2008JGRC..11307022H. doi:10.1029/2007JC004374. Retrieved 29 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Riviera-3] Stone, John Harris. England's Riviera: a topographical and archaeological description of Land's End, Cornwall and adjacent spots of beauty and interest. K Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 339.

[Dickens-4] Dickens, Charles (10 April 1869). "As the crow flies: Bodmin to Padstow". All the Year Round. 1: 453. Retrieved 22 November 2010.

[5] ,Paris, Thomas Clifton (1863). A handbook for travellers in Devon and Cornwall. J. Murray. p. 215.

[shell-6] Millward, Roy; Robinson, Adrian (1983). The Shell book of the British coast. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-7153-8150-2.

[Cornish_Vocab-7] Polwhele, Richard (1836). A Cornish-English vocabulary: a vocabulary of local names, chiefly Saxon, and a provincial glossary. Polybank. pp. 12, 30, 77.

[victorian_anthology-8] Gillington, Alice E.; Stedman, Edmund Clarance (1895). "A Victorian Anthology, 1837 – 1895". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Committee_Report-9] House Of Commons, Great Britain. Parliament (1858). House of Commons papers, Volume 17. pp. 100–101.

[De_La_Beche-10] De La Beche, Henry Thomas (1839). Report on the geology of Cornwall, Devon and west Somerset. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 479.

[11] Merefield, J R (1982). "Modern Carbonate Marine-Sands in Estuaries of Southwest England". Geological Magazine. 119 (6): 567–580. doi:10.1017/S0016756800027059.

[Encouragement-12] Journal of the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, And Commerce Work and Learn. BiblioBazaar. 2008. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-554-46856-3.

[Farmer-13] The Farmer's Magazine: Economic Geology – Agriculture. Rogerson and Tuxford. 1839. pp. 45–50.

[14] "About Padstow Harbour". Port of Padstow official site. Retrieved 27 April 2012.

[15] French, Brian (2007). "Wrecks & Rescues Around Padstow's Doom Bar". Lodenek Press. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[16] Carter, Clive (1970). Cornish shipwrecks, Volume 2, The North Coast. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7153-4796-6.

[seaman's_guide-17] The new seaman's guide and coaster's companion, improved from the original work of J. Chandler. Oxford University. 1809. pp. 52–53.

[18] "Time Team – Sailing the Doom Bar". Retrieved 3 February 2009.

[Harbour_Report-19] REPORTS FROM COMMISSIONERS: HARBOURS OF REFUGE. Her Majesty's Stationary Office. 1858. pp. 293, 302, 308.

[20] Griffin, John (16–19 May 1761). "Directions for entering the Port of Padstow in a letter to Capt. Durand, in Dublin". London Chronicle. Retrieved 23 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[21] Rainsley, Mark (2008). South west sea kayaking. Pesda. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-906095-05-5.

[22] Hitchens, Fortescue; Drew, Samuel (1824). The history of Cornwall: from the earlist records and traditions, to the present time, Volume 1. William Penula. p. 528.

[23] English Admiralty Reports: 1843–1850. Little, Brown. 1853. pp. 259–270.

[Noall-24] Noall, Cyrill; Farr, Grahame (1964). Wreck and Rescue round the Cornish Coast – Volume 1: The Story of the North Coast Lifeboats. D. Bradford Barton Ltd. pp. 38–89.

[Larn_Larn-25] Larn, Richard; Larn, Bridget (2006). Wreck & Rescue round the Cornish Coast. Tor Mark. pp. 33–36. ISBN 978-0-85025-406-8.

[26] Lakeman, Geoffry (10 February 1997). "2 anglers drown after ignoring sea warning". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 27 April 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[pond-27] Walsh, John (28 December 2006). "Small pond, big fish". The Independent. Retrieved 27 April 2012.

[28] "Awards for Lifeboat Rescuers". This Is Cornwall. Retrieved 19 November 2010.

[29] "Arrow to Whiting". The Search for HMS Whiting. Nautical Archaeology Society. Retrieved 4 May 2012.

[30] Court Martial papers regarding HMS Whiting (Report). The National Archive. 1816. archive reference ADM 1/5455.

[31] Petition to remove HMS Whiting (Report). The National Archive. 1827. archive reference ADM 1/4985.

[32] RN Survey of the wreck (Report). Cornwall Record Office. 1830. archive reference V/BO/38/6.

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[37] Johns, Charles; Camidge, Kevin (14 March 2011). Wreck of the Barque Antionnette, Camel Estuary, Padstow, Cornwall: Undesignated Site Assessment and Emergency Recording (PDF) (Report). Cornwall Council: Historic Environments Projects. Report ID – 2010R101. Retrieved 27 April 2012. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Gallant_Rescue-38] "Gallant Lifeboat Rescue". Poverty Bay Herald. 28 December 1911. Retrieved 19 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

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[legends-46] Tregarthen, Enys (1906). North Cornwall fairies and legends. Wells Gardner, Darton & Co. pp. 51–69.

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[Betjeman-49] Betjeman, John (1969). First and last loves. Arrow Books. pp. 168–169.

[50] Alness, Baron Robert Munro (1930). Looking back: fugitive writings and sayings. Nelson. p. 83.

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[52] Williamson, Samuel Charles Wathen (1939). The English tradition in the world. Hutchinson & Co. p. 15.

[53] Wedmore, Millicent (2008) [1913]. Chiefly of Heroes. READ BOOKS. ISBN 978-1-4097-9360-1.

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v t e Ceremonial county of Cornwall
Cornwall Portal
Unitary authorities	Cornwall Council Council of the Isles of Scilly
Major settlements (cities in italics)	Bodmin Bude Callington Camborne Camelford Falmouth Fowey Hayle Helston Hugh Town Launceston Liskeard Looe Lostwithiel Marazion Newlyn Newquay Padstow Penryn Penzance Porthleven Redruth St Austell St Blazey St Columb Major St Ives St Just in Penwith Saltash Stratton Torpoint Truro Wadebridge See also: List of civil parishes in Cornwall
Rivers	Allen Camel Carnon Cober De Lank Fal Fowey Gannel Gover Hayle Helford Inny Kensey Lerryn Looe Lynher Menalhyl Ottery Par Pont Pill Port Navas Red St Austell Seaton Tamar Tiddy Truro Valency full list...
Topics	History (Civil War) Status debate Flag Culture Economy Fishing Flora and fauna Places List of farms Population of major settlements Demography Notable people The Duchy Diocese Politics Schools Hundreds/shires Places of interest Outline of Cornwall Index of Cornwall-related articles