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{{Infobox disease
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
| Name = Digestive disease
'''Gastrointestinal cancer''' refers to [[malignant]] conditions of the [[gastrointestinal tract]], including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires [[endoscopy]], followed by [[biopsy]] of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis.
| Image = File:Blausen 0316 DigestiveSystem.png
| Caption = [[Organ (anatomy)|Organs]] of the [[gastrointestinal tract]]
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|00||k|00}}-{{ICD10|K|93||k|93}} |
| ICD9 =
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 007447
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D004066
}}
'''Gastrointestinal diseases''' refer to diseases involving the [[gastrointestinal tract]], namely the [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[small intestine]], [[large intestine]] and [[rectum]], and the [[accessory organs of digestion]]s, the [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], and [[pancreas]]. {{citation needed|date=November 2013}}


==Types==
==Oral disease==
:''main article: [[Oral and maxillofacial pathology]], see also: [[Tongue disease]], [[Salivary gland disease]]''
Types of gastrointestinal cancer include:
Even though anatomically part of the GI tract, diseases of the mouth are often not considered alongside other gastrointestinal diseases. By far the most common oral conditions are [[dental plaque|plaque]]-induced diseases (e.g. [[gingivitis]], [[periodontitis]], [[dental caries]]). Some diseases which involve other parts of the GI tract can manifest in the mouth, alone or in combination, including:
* upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers


* Gastroesophageal reflux disease can cause [[acid erosion]] of the teeth and [[halitosis]].<!-- <ref name=Yamada2009 > -->
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
* [[Gardner's syndrome]] can be associated with failure of [[tooth eruption]], [[supernumerary teeth]], and [[dentigerous cyst]]s.<!-- <ref name=Yamada2009 > -->
*[[Stomach cancer]] (also called gastric cancer)
* [[Peutz–Jeghers syndrome]] can cause dark spots on the [[oral mucosa]] or on the lips or the skin around the mouth.<!-- <ref name=Yamada2009 > -->
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma|Liver cancer]] (also called hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, and hepatoma)
* Several GI diseases, especially those associated with [[malabsorption]] can cause recurrent [[mouth ulcer]]s, [[atrophic glossitis]], [[angular cheilitis]]. E.g. [[Crohn's disease]] is sometimes termed [[orofacial granulomatosis]] when it involves the mouth alone.<!-- <ref name=Yamada2009 > -->
*[[Gallbladder cancer]]
* [[Sideropenic dysphagia]] can cause glossitis, angular cheilitis.<ref name=Yamada2009 >{{cite book|last=Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al.|title=Textbook of gastroenterology|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4051-6911-0|edition=5th|pages=2774–2784}}</ref>
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]


==Oesophageal disease==
* lower gastrointestinal (GI) cancers
{{main|Oesophageal disease}}


<!--Intro-->Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the [[oesophagus]]. <!--Common-->The most common condition of the oesophagus in developing countries is [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the [[epithelium]] of the oesophagus, known as [[Barrett's oesophagus]]. {{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
*[[Colorectal cancer]]


<!--Acute & Chronic-->[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]] disease might include [[infection]]s such as [[oesophagitis]], or rupture of [[blood vessel]]s such as [[oesophageal varices]], [[Boerhaave syndrome]] or [[Mallory-Weiss tear]]s. Chronic diseases might include [[congenital]] diseases such as [[Zenker's diverticulum]] and [[Plummer–Vinson syndrome|esophageal webbing]], and o[[esophageal motility disorder]]s including the [[Nutcracker oesophagus]], [[achalasia]], [[diffuse oesophageal spasm]], and [[oesophageal stricture]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
==Prognosis==
Prognosis is variable, and depends almost entirely on the specific type of cancer. Esophageal cancer has a dismal prognosis because it is often detected late; colon cancer has a comparatively good prognosis when detected early. Pancreatic cancer also has a very poor prognosis, with only 5% of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis.


<!--Symptoms & Ix -->Oesophageal disease may result in a [[sore throat]], [[haemoptysis|throwing up blood]], or difficulty [[swallowing]]. Chronic or congenital diseases might be investigated using [[Barium swallow]]s, whereas acute diseases such as reflux may be investigated and diagnosed based on [[symptoms]] and a [[medical history]] alone. {{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
There are many similarities between esophageal and colorectal cancer. We recognize increasingly the importance of early detection of these lesions, and their precursors. There is much debate about the best methods, and the effectiveness and costs of screening programs.
Early malignant and premalignant lesions of the colorectum, esophagus (and stomach) can be removed by endoscopic techniques such as polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection. The validity of these "non-surgical" methods is enhanced by intraluminal staging through endoscopic ultrasound. Most invasive disease requires surgical resection (where possible) and a team approach involving the optimal application of all techniques including chemotherapy and radiation. Helping anxious patients through this minefield of tests and treatments is an important role for the section coordinators. <ref>http://www.ddc.musc.edu/professional/clinicalAreas/GIcancer.cfm</ref>


==References==
==Gastric disease==
{{main|Stomach disease}}
{{reflist}}
<!--Intro-->Stomach diseases refer to diseases affecting the [[stomach]]. <!--Common-->Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called [[gastritis]], and when including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract called [[gastroenteritis]]. When gastritis is persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including [[atrophic gastritis]], [[pyloric stenosis]], and [[gastric cancer]]. Another common condition is [[gastric ulcer]]ation. This erodes the [[gastric mucosa]], which protects the tissue of the stomach from the stomach acids. Gastric ulcers are most commonly caused by the [[infectious disease]] ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010>{{cite book|first=the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustated by Robert Britton|title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine.|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|edition=21st ed.}}</ref> {{rp|870-871}}


As well as gastric ulcers, [[haematemesis|vomiting blood]] may result from abnormal arteries or veins that have ruptured, including [[Dieulafoy's lesion]] and [[Gastric antral vascular ectasia]]. Congenital disorders of the stomach include [[pernicious anaemia]], in which a targeted [[immune]] response against [[parietal cell]]s results in an inability to absorb vitamin [[B12]]. Other common symptoms that stomach disease might cause include [[indigestion]] or [[dyspepsia]], [[vomiting]], and in chronic disease, digestive problems leading to forms of [[malnutrition]].<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010/> {{rp|850-853}} In addition to routine tests, an [[endoscopy]] might be used to examine or take a [[biopsy]] from the stomach.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010/> {{rp|848}}
{{Digestive system neoplasia}}


==Intestinal disease==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gastrointestinal Cancer}}
[[Category:Gastrointestinal cancer| ]]


* [[Enterocolitis]]
** [[Necrotizing enterocolitis|Necrotizing]]
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]
** [[Crohn's disease]]
* ''[[vascular disease|vascular]]''
** [[Abdominal angina]]
** [[Mesenteric ischemia]]
** [[Angiodysplasia]]
* [[Bowel obstruction]]
** [[Ileus]]
** [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]]
** [[Volvulus]]
** [[Fecal impaction]]
* [[Constipation]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
** [[Infectious diarrhea|Infectious]]


===Small intestine===
{{Oncology-stub}}
* [[Enteritis]]
** [[Duodenitis]]
** [[Jejunitis]]
** [[Ileitis]]
* [[Peptic ulcer|Peptic (duodenal) ulcer]]
** [[Curling's ulcer]]
* [[Malabsorption]]
** [[coeliac disease|Coeliac]]
** [[Tropical sprue]]
** [[Blind loop syndrome]]
** [[Whipple's disease|Whipple's]]
** [[Short bowel syndrome]]
** [[Steatorrhea]]
** [[Milroy disease]]

===Large intestine===
[[File:Medical X-Ray imaging ALP02 nevit.jpg|left|thumb|[[Abdominal X-ray]]s may be used to visualise the [[large intestine]].]]
<!--Intro-->Diseases that affect the [[large intestine]] may affect it in whole or in part. [[Appendicitis]] is one such disease, caused by inflammation of the [[appendix (anatomy)|appendix]]. <!--Acute & Chronic-->Generalised inflammation of the large intestine is referred to as [[colitis]], which when caused be the bacteria ''[[Clostridium difficile]]'' is referred to as [[Pseudomembranous colitis]]. [[Diverticulitis]] is a common cause of abdominal pain resulting from outpouchings that particularly effects the colon. [[Functional colonic disease]]s refer to disorders without a known cause, and include [[irritable bowel syndrome]] and [[Intestinal pseudoobstruction]]. [[Constipation]] may result from lifestyle factors, [[faecal impaction|impaction of a rigid stool]] in the rectum, or in [[neonate]]s, [[Hirschprung's disease]].<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010 />{{rp|913-915}}

<!--Symptoms & Ix -->Diseases affecting the large intestine may cause to be passed with stool, may cause [[constipation]], or may result in [[abdominal pain]] or a fever. Tests that specifically examine the function of the large intestine include barium swallows, [[abdominal x-ray]]s, and [[colonoscopy]].<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010 />{{rp|913-915}}

===Rectum and anus===
<!--Intro-->Diseases affecting the [[rectum]] and [[anus]] are extremely common, especially in older adults. <!--Acute & Chronic--> [[Hemorrhoid]]s, vascular outpouchings of skin, are very common, as is [[pruritis ani]], referring to anal itchiness. Other conditions, such as [[anal cancer]] may be associated with [[sexually transmitted infection]]s such as [[HIV]] or [[ulcerative colitis]]. Inflammation of the rectum is known as [[proctitis]], one cause of which is radiation damage associated with [[radiotherapy]] to other sites such as the [[prostate]]. [[Faecal incontinence]] can result from mechanical and neurological problems, and when associated with a lack of voluntary voiding ability is described as [[encopresis]]. Pain on passing stool may result from [[anal abscess]]es, small inflammed nodules, [[anal fissure]]s, and [[anal fistula]]s.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010 /> {{rp|915-916}}

<!--Symptoms & Ix -->Rectal and anal disease may be asymptomatic, or may present with pain when passing stools, [[haematochezia|fresh blood in stool]], [[tenesmus|a feeling of incomplete emptying]], or pencil-thin stools. In addition to regular tests, medical tests used to investigate the anus and rectum include the [[digital rectal exam]] and [[proctoscopy]].

==Accessory digestive gland disease==

===Hepatic===
{{main|Liver disease}}
* [[Hepatitis]]
** [[Viral hepatitis]]
** [[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
** [[Alcoholic hepatitis]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
** [[Primary biliary cirrhosis|PBC]]
* [[Fatty liver]]
** [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|NASH]]
* ''[[vascular disease|vascular]]''
** [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease]]
** [[Portal hypertension]]
** [[Nutmeg liver]]
* [[Alcoholic liver disease]]
* [[Liver failure]]
** [[Hepatic encephalopathy]]
** [[Acute liver failure]]
* [[Liver abscess]]
** [[Pyogenic liver abscess|Pyogenic]]
** [[Amoebic liver abscess|Amoebic]]
* [[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
* [[Peliosis hepatis]]
* [[Hemochromatosis]]
* [[Wilson's Disease]]

===Pancreatic===
{{main|pancreatic disease}}
* [[Pancreatitis]]
** [[Acute pancreatitis|Acute]]
** [[Chronic pancreatitis|Chronic]]
** [[Hereditary pancreatitis|Hereditary]]
* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
* [[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
* [[Pancreatic fistula]]

===[[Gall Bladder]] and [[Bile Ducts]]===

* [[Cholecystitis]]
* [[Gallstone]]s/[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
* [[Cholesterolosis of gallbladder|Cholesterolosis]]
* [[Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses]]
* [[Postcholecystectomy syndrome]]
* [[Cholangitis]]
** [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis|PSC]]
** [[Ascending cholangitis|Ascending]]
* [[Cholestasis]]/[[Mirizzi's syndrome]]
* [[Biliary fistula]]
* [[Haemobilia]]
* [[Gallstone]]s/[[Cholelithiasis]]
* ''[[common bile duct]]''
** [[Choledocholithiasis]]
** [[Biliary dyskinesia]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Uncategorized|date=November 2013}}

Revision as of 17:13, 22 November 2013

Gastrointestinal disease
SpecialtyGastroenterology Edit this on Wikidata

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestions, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. [citation needed]

Oral disease

main article: Oral and maxillofacial pathology, see also: Tongue disease, Salivary gland disease

Even though anatomically part of the GI tract, diseases of the mouth are often not considered alongside other gastrointestinal diseases. By far the most common oral conditions are plaque-induced diseases (e.g. gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries). Some diseases which involve other parts of the GI tract can manifest in the mouth, alone or in combination, including:

Oesophageal disease

Main article: Oesophageal disease

Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus. The most common condition of the oesophagus in developing countries is gastroesophageal reflux disease, which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus. [citation needed]

Acute disease might include infections such as oesophagitis, or rupture of blood vessels such as oesophageal varices, Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tears. Chronic diseases might include congenital diseases such as Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal webbing, and oesophageal motility disorders including the Nutcracker oesophagus, achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, and oesophageal stricture.[citation needed]

Oesophageal disease may result in a sore throat, throwing up blood, or difficulty swallowing. Chronic or congenital diseases might be investigated using Barium swallows, whereas acute diseases such as reflux may be investigated and diagnosed based on symptoms and a medical history alone. [citation needed]

Gastric disease

Main article: Stomach disease

Stomach diseases refer to diseases affecting the stomach. Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteritis. When gastritis is persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic gastritis, pyloric stenosis, and gastric cancer. Another common condition is gastric ulceration. This erodes the gastric mucosa, which protects the tissue of the stomach from the stomach acids. Gastric ulcers are most commonly caused by the infectious disease Helicobacter pylori.[2] : 870–871 

As well as gastric ulcers, vomiting blood may result from abnormal arteries or veins that have ruptured, including Dieulafoy's lesion and Gastric antral vascular ectasia. Congenital disorders of the stomach include pernicious anaemia, in which a targeted immune response against parietal cells results in an inability to absorb vitamin B12. Other common symptoms that stomach disease might cause include indigestion or dyspepsia, vomiting, and in chronic disease, digestive problems leading to forms of malnutrition.[2] : 850–853  In addition to routine tests, an endoscopy might be used to examine or take a biopsy from the stomach.[2] : 848 

Intestinal disease

Small intestine

Large intestine

Abdominal X-rays may be used to visualise the large intestine.

Diseases that affect the large intestine may affect it in whole or in part. Appendicitis is one such disease, caused by inflammation of the appendix. Generalised inflammation of the large intestine is referred to as colitis, which when caused be the bacteria Clostridium difficile is referred to as Pseudomembranous colitis. Diverticulitis is a common cause of abdominal pain resulting from outpouchings that particularly effects the colon. Functional colonic diseases refer to disorders without a known cause, and include irritable bowel syndrome and Intestinal pseudoobstruction. Constipation may result from lifestyle factors, impaction of a rigid stool in the rectum, or in neonates, Hirschprung's disease.[2]: 913–915 

Diseases affecting the large intestine may cause to be passed with stool, may cause constipation, or may result in abdominal pain or a fever. Tests that specifically examine the function of the large intestine include barium swallows, abdominal x-rays, and colonoscopy.[2]: 913–915 

Rectum and anus

Diseases affecting the rectum and anus are extremely common, especially in older adults. Hemorrhoids, vascular outpouchings of skin, are very common, as is pruritis ani, referring to anal itchiness. Other conditions, such as anal cancer may be associated with sexually transmitted infections such as HIV or ulcerative colitis. Inflammation of the rectum is known as proctitis, one cause of which is radiation damage associated with radiotherapy to other sites such as the prostate. Faecal incontinence can result from mechanical and neurological problems, and when associated with a lack of voluntary voiding ability is described as encopresis. Pain on passing stool may result from anal abscesses, small inflammed nodules, anal fissures, and anal fistulas.[2] : 915–916 

Rectal and anal disease may be asymptomatic, or may present with pain when passing stools, fresh blood in stool, a feeling of incomplete emptying, or pencil-thin stools. In addition to regular tests, medical tests used to investigate the anus and rectum include the digital rectal exam and proctoscopy.

Accessory digestive gland disease

Hepatic

Main article: Liver disease

Pancreatic

Main article: pancreatic disease

Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts

References

  1. ^ Yamada T, Alpers DH; et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 2774–2784. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |first= has generic name (help); |first= missing |last= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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