Breast-conserving surgery: Difference between revisions
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'''Breast-conserving surgery''' is a less radical cancer surgery than [[mastectomy]]. Breast-conserving surgery, as in a [[lumpectomy]] removes part of the breast tissue during surgery, as opposed to the entire breast. |
'''Breast-conserving surgery''' is a less radical cancer surgery than [[mastectomy]]. Breast-conserving surgery, as in a [[lumpectomy]] removes part of the breast tissue during surgery, as opposed to the entire breast. |
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==Indications== |
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For clinical stages I and II breast cancer, breast-conserving surgery and [[chemotherapy]] may be indicated if one or two [[sentinel lymph nodes]] are found to have cancer which is not extensive.<ref name="ACSfive">{{Citation |author1 = American College of Surgeons |author1-link = American College of Surgeons |date = September 2013 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Surgeons |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |page = |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-surgeons/ |accessdate = 2 January 2013}}, which cites various primary research studies.</ref> In this case, the sentinel lymph nodes would be examined, and [[lymphadenectomy]] as further evaluation is not indicated as this result from the sentinel lymph nodes is sufficient to recommend treatment.<ref name="ACSfive"/> |
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==Contraindications== |
==Contraindications== |
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Revision as of 20:22, 11 February 2014
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 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2012) |
| Breast-conserving surgery | |
|---|---|
| ICD-9-CM | 85.21-85.23 |
| MeSH | D015412 |
Breast-conserving surgery is a less radical cancer surgery than mastectomy. Breast-conserving surgery, as in a lumpectomy removes part of the breast tissue during surgery, as opposed to the entire breast.
Indications
For clinical stages I and II breast cancer, breast-conserving surgery and chemotherapy may be indicated if one or two sentinel lymph nodes are found to have cancer which is not extensive.[1] In this case, the sentinel lymph nodes would be examined, and lymphadenectomy as further evaluation is not indicated as this result from the sentinel lymph nodes is sufficient to recommend treatment.[1]
Contraindications
In the selection of patients for breast conservation treatment with radiation, there are some absolute and relative contraindications.
Absolute contraindications
Absolute contraindications, which are reasons why the procedure absolutely cannot be done, include:[2]
1. Pregnancy is an absolute contraindication to the use of breast irradiation. In some cases, it may be possible to perform breast-conserving surgery in the third trimester and treat the patient with radiation after delivery.
2. Two or more primary tumors in separate quadrants of the breast or with diffuse malignant-appearing microcalcifications.
3. A history of prior therapeutic irradiation to the breast that would require re-treatment to an excessively high total dose.
4. Persistent positive margins after reasonable surgical attempts: the importance of a single focally positive microscopic margin needs further study and may not be an absolute contraindication.
Relative contraindications
1. A history of collagen vascular disease is a relative contraindication to breast conservation treatment because published reports indicate that such patients tolerate irradiation poorly. Most radiation oncologists will not treat patients with scleroderma or active lupus erythematosus, considering it an absolute contraindication. In contrast, rheumatoid arthritis is not a relative or an absolute contraindication.
2. The presence of multiple gross tumors in the same quadrant and indeterminate calcifications must be carefully assessed for suitability because studies in this area are not definitive.
3. Tumor size is not an absolute contraindication to breast conservation treatment, although there is little published experience in treating patients with tumor sizes greater than four to five cm. However, a relative contraindication is the presence of a large tumor in a small breast in which an adequate resection would result in significant cosmetic alteration. In this circumstance, preoperative chemotherapy should be considered.
4. Breast size can be a relative contraindication. Treatment by irradiation of women with large or pendulous breasts is feasible if reproducibility of patient set-up can be assured and the technical capability exists for greater than or equal to six MV photon beam irradiation to obtain adequate dose homogeneity.
References
- ^ a b American College of Surgeons (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Surgeons, retrieved 2 January 2013, which cites various primary research studies.
- ^ DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA: Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 8th Ed. 2008, pp 1624-1625; Lippincott, Phila.