Assassination of John F. Kennedy

This article is about the assassination of John F. Kennedy. For the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, see Robert F. Kennedy assassination.

File:JFKmotorcade.jpg

President Kennedy, with his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, and Texas Governor John Connally in the Presidential limousine shortly before the assassination.

The assassination of John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, USA at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC). Kennedy was fatally wounded by gunshots while riding with his wife in a presidential motorcade within Dealey Plaza. He was the fourth U.S. President to be assassinated, and the eighth to die while in office.

An official investigation by the Warren Commission was conducted over a 10-month period, and its report was published in September 1964, with the commissioners concluding that the assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee of the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza. According to some polls, about 70% to 90% of the American public do not accept some of the basic conclusions of the Warren Commission, [1] and this skepticism was shared by some prominent government officials including those who served on the Warren Commission itself.[2]

A later official investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) was conducted from 1976 to 1979, when it concluded that Kennedy was assassinated "probably... as a result of a conspiracy". The assassination is still the subject of widespread speculation, and has spawned a number of Kennedy assassination theories.

Background to the Texas trip

A handbill circulated on November 21, 1963 In Dallas, Texas, one day before the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Kennedy had chosen to visit Dallas on November 20 for three main reasons: to help raise more Democratic Party presidential campaign fund contributions in advance of the November 1964 presidential election; to begin his quest for re-election; and, as the Kennedy-Johnson ticket had barely won Texas (and had lost Dallas) in 1960, to mend political fences among several leading Texas Democratic Party members who appeared to be fighting politically amongst themselves.

There were concerns about security because as recently as October 24, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson had been jeered, jostled, struck by a protest sign, and spat upon during a visit to Dallas. The danger from a concealed sniper on the Dallas trip was also of concern. President Kennedy himself had mentioned it the morning he was assassinated, as had the Secret Service agents when they were fixing the motorcade route.

Dallas police Sgt. Davis had prepared the most stringent security precautions in the city's history, so that the demonstrations like those marking the Stevenson visit would not happen again. But, then, Winston Lawson of the Secret Service who was in charge of the planning told the Dallas Police Department not to assign its usual squad of experienced homicide detectives to follow immediately behind the President's car. This police protection was routine for both visiting presidents and for motorcades of other visiting dignitaries. Police Chief Jesse Curry later testified that had his men been in place, the murder might have been prevented, because they carried submachine guns and rifles to take out any attackers, or at least they might have been able to stop Oswald before he left the Texas Schoolbook Depository. [3]

It was planned that Kennedy would travel from Love Field airport in a motorcade through downtown Dallas (including Dealey Plaza) to give a speech at the Dallas Trade Mart. The car in which he was traveling was a 1961 Lincoln Continental, open-top, modified limousine. No presidential car with a bulletproof top was yet in service in 1963, though plans for such a top were presented in October 1963.

In a November 22 Dallas newspaper there appeared a black-bordered, full-page advertisement paid for by Kennedy critics who were associated with the conservative John Birch Society. Throughout Dallas, and especially along the motorcade route, several groups critical of Kennedy expressed their views and handed out flyers. A smattering of handmade protest signs were held aloft by motorcade viewers, but there were no major disturbances. The presidential motorcade traveled nearly its entire route without incident, stopping twice so Kennedy could shake hands with some Catholic nuns, then some school children. Shortly before the limousine turned onto Main Street, a man ran towards the limousine but was thrust to the ground by a Secret Service agent and hustled away.

Just before 12:30 p.m. CST, Kennedy slowly approached the Texas School Book Depository head-on, then the limousine slowly turned the 120-degrees directly in front of the depository, now only 65 feet (20 m) away. A clip by Zapruder when Kennedy was assassinated is available. File:Jfk assassination(zapruder).ogg.

The assassination

The route taken by the motorcade within Dealey Plaza. North is towards the almost direct-left

Further information: Detailed timeline of the assassination of John F. Kennedy

When the limousine had passed the depository, shots were fired at Pres. Kennedy for an estimated timespan of 6 to 24 seconds. During the shooting, the limousine is calculated to have slowed from over 13 mph (20 km/h) to only 9 mph (15 km/h).

The shooting took place in front of Abraham Zapruder who was filming the President as he passed below his position, and the transcript from his secret testimony has now been released and can be read in full. [4] At one point he testifies to the shock, disbelief and, then, horror of seeing the President murdered right in front of where he was standing. Governor Connally was also seriously wounded by a bullet.[5]

Secret Service agent Clinton J. Hill was riding on the left front running board of the car immediately behind the Presidential limousine. After Kennedy was first hit, Hill jumped off and ran to overtake the limousine. He jumped on to the back and clung to the car as it exited Dealey Plaza and sped to Parkland Memorial Hospital.

There was hardly any reaction in the crowd to the first shot, many later saying they thought they had heard a firecracker or a car's exhaust backfire.

Others wounded

Texas Governor John Connally, riding in the same limousine in a seat in front of the President, was also critically injured but survived. Doctors later stated that after the Governor was shot, Mrs. Connally pulled the Governor onto her lap, and the resulting posture helped close his front chest wound (which was causing air to be sucked directly into his chest around his collapsed right lung). The action helped save his life. [6]

James Tague, a spectator and witness to the assassination, also received a minor wound to his right cheek while standing 270 feet (82 meters) in front of where Kennedy was hit, presumably from debris that shot up when a bullet had hit the curb.

Kennedy declared dead in the emergency room

Further information: Detailed timeline of the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Staff at Parkland Hospital's Trauma Room 1 who treated Kennedy observed that his condition was "moribund", meaning that he had no chance of survival upon arrival at the hospital.

Dr. Robert Nelson McClelland, was one of the doctors that treated President Kennedy in the emergency room in Dallas. Dr. McClelland testified before both the Warren Commission, and then many years later, to the Assassination Records Review Board. He approved of a sketch of the head wound, cited here; [7]. This drawing portrays a large wound, at the back of Kennedy's head [8] Dr. Charles J. Carrico was also present. His description of the fatal head wound is similar to Dr. McClelland's.[9]

This testimony by the two physicians contradicts the results of the autopsy that would take place later that night by military doctors.

Dr. Gregory Burkley, the President's personal physician arrived at the Parkland emergency room where the President was located, five minutes after the President arrived. Dr. Burkely observed both the head wound and a wound to the back of the President and determined the head wound was the cause of death. Dr. Burkley signed President Kennedy's Death Certificate. A full copy is attached. [10]

At 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00 UTC), after all heart activity had ceased and after a priest administered the last rites, the president was pronounced dead. "We never had any hope of saving his life", one doctor said.[11]

The priest who administered the last rites to Kennedy told The New York Times that the President was already dead by the time the priest arrived at the hospital, and he had to draw back a sheet covering the President's face to administer the sacrament of Extreme Unction. Kennedy's death was officially announced some time later, at 1:38 p.m. CST (19:38 UTC). Governor Connally, meanwhile, was soon taken to emergency surgery where he underwent two operations that day.

A few minutes after 2:00 p.m. CST (20:00 UTC), and after a confrontation between Dallas police and Secret Service agents, Kennedy's body was taken from Parkland Hospital and driven to Air Force One. The body was removed before undergoing a forensic examination by the Dallas coroner, which was against Texas state law (the murder was a state crime, and occurred under Texas legal jurisdiction.) At that time, it was not legally a federal offense to kill the President.

Lyndon Johnson taking the oath of office on Air Force One following the Assassination of John Kennedy.

Lyndon B. Johnson (who had been riding two cars behind Kennedy in the motorcade through Dallas and was not injured) was first in line of succession to become President of the United States upon Kennedy's death. Johnson took the oath of office on board Air Force One just before it departed Love Field. Because the oath took place before leaving the ground, the airplane's call sign was "Air Force One" throughout flight. [Technically, since by constitutional law the vice president automatically becomes president the moment the president dies, the flight should have been "Air Force One" whether Johnson had taken the oath or not. The constitution (where the oath occurs) does not specify exactly when the oath of office must be taken, merely that it shall be taken. There is certainly no law that the president in such circumstances is not president until the oath of office is taken-- this is merely a tradition].

The autopsy

After Air Force One landed at Andrews Air Force Base, just outside Washington DC, Kennedy's body was taken to Bethesda Naval Hospital for an autopsy.

The autopsy of President Kennedy performed on the night of November 22 at the Bethesda Naval Hospital led the three examining pathologists to conclude that a small hole was found in the scalp in the rear of the President's head, with a large lateral defect in the underlying skull beneath, and that this was the point of entry and that a large opening on the right side of his head was the point of exit. [12][13]

This finding on the description of the head wound is held by some to be different from that described by the doctors who treated President Kennedy in the hospital in Dallas, who observed a massive wound in the back of the president's head. However, the Bethesda autopsy only describes a small wound in the scalp, which was capable of being moved to show a larger defect beneath. The Bethesda autopsy did find a large wound in the underlying bone at the right rear of the head, and also absense of skull along the parietal area of the right side of the head, above the ear. [14]; [15]; [16]

Regarding the bullet that struck Kennedy's upper back, there was one description of the bullet's location by Dr. Burkley, the President’s personal physician, and another location provided by the Warren Report. Dr. Burkely was the only doctor present at both Parkland Hospital and the Bethesda autopsy. He also signed the President’s death certificate, indicating he believed a bullet to have hit Kennedy at "about" the level of the third thoracic verteba. [17] Supporting this location is a diagram from the autopsy report of Kennedy, [18] which shows a bullet hole in the upper back, along with the bullet hole in the shirt worn by Kennedy [19] and the bullet hole in the suit jacket worn by Kennedy [20] which show bullet holes between 5 and 6 inches below Kennedy's collar[21]. At Bethesda, the official autopsy report on the president, Warren Exhibit CE 386 [22] described the back wound as being oval, 6 x 4 mm, and located "above the upper border of the scapula" [shoulder blade] at a location 14 cm (5.5 in) from the tip of the right acromion process, and 14 cm (5.5 in) below the right mastoid process (the boney prominance behind the ear). The report also reported contusion (bruise) of the apex (top tip) of the right lung in the region where it rises above the clavicle, and noted that although the apex of the right lung and the parietal pleural membrane over it had been bruised, they were not penetrated. The report also noted that the thoracic cavity was not penetrated. The bullet wound in the back was probed but could not be probed through the neck muscle, and the doctors, having no exit wound, did not do a dissection. The concluding page of the Bethesda autopsy report [23] was writen after the autopsy physicians had been made aware of the neck bullet wound destroyed by the tracheostomy. It states: "The other missile entered the right superior posterior thorax above the scapula, and traversed the soft tissues of the supra-scapular and the supra-clavicular portions of the base of the right side of the neck. This missile produced contusions of the right apical parietal pleura and of the apical portion of the right upper lobe of the lung. The missle contused the strap muscles of the right side of the neck, damaged the trachea, and made its exit through the anterior surface of the neck." The single bullet theory places a bullet wound at the sixth cervical vertebra of the vertebral column, which is consistent with 5.5 inches (14 cm) below the ear. It is unclear from the Warren Report what evidence was used to conclude bullet entry at the sixth cervical vertebra, but this conclusion was actually made in a 1979 report on the Kennedy assassination by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), which noted a defect in the C6 vertebra in the Bethesday X-rays, which the Bethesda autopsy physicians had missed. Moreover, this position is consistent with publicly available autopsy photographs [24] although these themselves have been disputed because they have not officially been released and therefore, cannot be confirmed. Many years after the Warren Commission report, Representative Gerald Ford stated he changed a draft of the Warren Report to indicate the bullet entered the President's neck, rather than lower down on his back, but said he did not do it as part of a conspiracy. [25]. However, the original Bethesda autopsy report, included in the Warren Commission report, did conclude from the data it had, that this bullet passed through the president's neck. [26].

Dr. Burkley was never called to testify before the Warren Commission. The Commission included Burkley's statement of general events that happened at the time of the assassination and afterwards in its report, but did not include the Death Certificate that he signed with his findings, and doesn't refer to him in its findings. In March of 1977, Dr. Burkley's lawyer contacted the House Select Committee on Assassinations. The note stated that “others besides Oswald must have participated.” [27] Dr. Burkley included no such information or ideas in his general 10-page statement in 1963. [28]

Reaction to the assassination

Main article: Reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy

The first hour after the shooting, before Kennedy's death was announced, was a time of great confusion. As it took place during the Cold War, some people at first wondered if the shooting were not part of a larger attack upon the USA, and there was concern about Vice-President Johnson's safety. People began to huddle around radios and TVs for the latest bulletins.

The news of Kennedy's death by assassination shocked the world. In cities around the world, people wept openly. People clustered in department stores to catch TV coverage, and others prayed. Motor traffic in some areas came to a halt as the news of Kennedy's death spread literally from car to car. Most schools across the USA and Canada dismissed students early. A misguided fury against Texas and Texans was reported from some individuals. All three TV networks cancelled regular programs scheduled for the next three days in order to provide non-stop news coverage of the assassination. The television coverage of the assassination was the longest uninterrupted news coverage of one event until the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Radio stations also cancelled their regular programming; a few of which provided non-stop coverage of the assassination for days; others either went off the air or aired funeral music. Not all recreational and sporting events were cancelled the day of the assassination and during the weekend after. Those that went on made clear the reason NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle decided to play NFL games that weekend: "It has been traditional...to perform in times of great personal tragedy...He (Kennedy) thrived on competition." [29]

Memorial services for Kennedy were held worldwide. The US Government declared a day of national mourning and sorrow for the day of state funeral, Monday, November 25. Many other countries did the same.

Funeral

File:JFKFuneralSt.Matthew'sCathedral.jpg

The funeral of John F. Kennedy

Main article: State funeral of John F. Kennedy

After the autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital, Kennedy's body was prepared for burial and then brought back to the White House and placed in the East Room for 24 hours. The Sunday following the assassination, his flag-draped coffin was moved to the Capitol for public viewing. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.

Representatives from over 90 countries, including the Soviet Union, attended the funeral on November 25 (which was his son's third birthday). After the service, the casket was taken by caisson to Arlington National Cemetery for burial.

Lee Harvey Oswald

File:LHO14.jpg

Color mugshot, Dallas PD

Main article: Lee Harvey Oswald

Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested eighty minutes after the assassination for killing Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit. He was charged with murders of Tippit and Kennedy later that evening. Oswald denied shooting the president and claimed he was a patsy. Oswald's case never came to trial because two days later, while in police custody, he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby.

The Carcano rifle

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination:Rifle

A rifle was found on the 6th Floor of the Texas Book Depository by Deputy Constable Seymour Weitzman and Deputy Sheriff Eugene Boone soon after the assassination of President Kennedy.[30]. The recovery was filmed by Tom Alyea of WFAA-TV. This footage shows the rifle to be a Mannlicher-Carcano.[31] There was some initial confusion regarding if the rifle was a Mauser or a Mannlicher. Weitzman glimpsed the rifle underneath a stack of boxes; he described it as the more common 'Mauser', a German make nearly identical to the Italian Mannlicher-Carcano.[32] The following photo shows a Mauser, a Mannlicher-Carcano, and Oswald's purported rifle.[33] Weitzman testified to the Warren Commission that he never handled the rifle or got a close look at it. [34] The rifle was later identified, by police authorities, as a 6.5 x 52 mm Italian Mannlicher-Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle with a six-round magazine serial number C2766.

A 6.5 mm 160 gr. round-nosed fully copper-jacketed military-type bullet, of a type normally used in 6.5 mm military rifles (such as the Mannlicher-Carcano) was found on Connally's stretcher. This bullet (CE 399, see single bullet theory) was ballistically matched to the rifle found in the book depository building. The previous March, this rifle had been sold by mail-order to an "A. Hidell," with the Dallas address being a post office box which had been rented October 9, 1962, by Lee Harvey Oswald in his own name. Oswald was arrested with a forged identity card for "Alek James Hidell." A partial palm print of Oswald was also found on the barrel of the gun.[35]

Recordings of the assassination

The location of the assassination and Zapruder recording, this is the Elm Street of Dallas, Texas as of 2006.

No radio or television stations broadcast the assassination live, because the area through which the motorcade was traveling was not considered important enough for a live broadcast. Most media crews were not even with the motorcade but were waiting instead at the Trade Mart in anticipation of Kennedy's arrival. Those members of the media that were with the motorcade were riding at the rear of the procession.

However, Kennedy's last seconds traveling through Dealey Plaza were recorded on silent 8 mm film for the 26.6 seconds before, during, and immediately following the assassination. This famous film footage was taken by garment manufacturer and amateur cameraman Abraham Zapruder, in what became known as the Zapruder film. It is famous to the general public for an appearance of the President's head to be moving backward and to his left at the moment of one of the bullets' impacts.[36] The cause and nature of this movement have been topics for much debate and analysis. The 486 frames of this film have been used in many studies, but the film has not been able to settle disputes concerning whether or not Oswald was the sole assassin.

Zapruder was not the only one who photographed or filmed at least part of the assassination. Bystanders with still or motion cameras included Robert Hughes, Orville Nix, Charles Bronson, Elsie Dorman, Tina and Jim Towner, Philip Willis and Mary Moorman. The lone professional in Dealey Plaza who was not in the press car was Ike Altgens, photo editor for the Associated Press in Dallas.

An unknown woman, nicknamed the Babushka Lady by researchers, might have been filming the presidential motorcade during the assassination because she was seen apparently doing so on film and photographs taken by the others. Her identity is still unknown.

For several minutes around the time of the assassination, a Dallas police motorcycle man's radio microphone was stuck in the 'transmit' position and was recorded back at the police radio dispatcher's room on a dictabelt. The Dictabelt evidence has been the subject of numerous studies, but their conflicting results are still hotly disputed to this day.

A Dallas radio station KBOX-AM did recreate the sounds of the shooting on a Long playing record and it released the record album with excerpts of news coverage of that day, but it was not an original recording of the shooting.

Sealing of assassination records

Just before the 1964 presidential election, President Johnson ordered the Warren Commission documentations to be sealed against public availability for 75 years (until 2039). However, in 1992 Congress enacted the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. Congress questioned the legitimate need for continued protection of such records, after three decades of secrecy. The purpose of the Act was to gather and accelerate the public release of assassination related documents.

The Act requires all documents related to the assassination that have not been destroyed to be released to the public by no later than 2017.

From 1992 until 1998, the Assassination Records Review Board gathered and unsealed many documents. However, tens of thousands of pages of other documents will remain classified and sealed, away from the public until 2017, including:

• 3+% of all Warren Commission documents
• 21+% of the House Select Committee on Assassinations documents
• An undeterminable percentage of CIA, FBI, Secret Service, National Security Agency, State Department, US Marine Corps, Naval Investigative Service, Defense Investigative Service, and many other US government documents.

Additionally, several key pieces of evidence and documentation are described to have been lost or cleaned, or missing from the original chain of evidence (e.g., limousine cleaned out at hospital, Connally's suit dry-cleaned, Oswald's Marine Corps service record file lost, President Kennedy's brain missing, Connally's Stetson hat and shirt sleeve gold cufflink missing, forensic autopsy photos missing, etc.)

On May 19, 2044, the 50th anniversary of the death of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, if her last child has died, the Kennedy library will release to the public a 500-page transcript of an oral history about John F. Kennedy given by Mrs. Kennedy before her death in 1994.

Official investigations

Dallas Police

After arresting Oswald and collecting physical evidence at the crime scenes, the Dallas Police held Oswald at the police headquarters for interrogation. Then, at 10:30 p.m., that evening, Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry was ordered by, in his words, "people in Washington" to send all of the physical evidence that had been collected, but not Oswald, to FBI headquarters in Washington.

Before Oswald himself was murdered at the police headquarters, he was interrogated, but the interrogation of him, according to Chief Curry, "was just against all principles of good interrogation practice." Chief Curry said: "Ordinarily an interrogator in interrogating a suspect will have him in a quiet room alone or perhaps with one person there," In contrast, the interrogation room of Oswald was filled with FBI agents, Secret Service Agents, agents from other federal agencies and the homicide detectives. The authorities announced that Oswald simply denied everything. [37]

The Captain of the Dallas homicide detectives, J.W. Fritz, was in charge of interrogating Oswald, and he also testified to the Warren Commission that no record was kept of the interrogation sessions, but instead he prepared notes several days later. Captain Fritz’s sworn testimony was contradicted by his actual handwritten notes by him of the interrogation sessions that were turned over to the Assassination Records Review Board in 1997. [38]

FBI investigation

The FBI was the first authority to complete an investigation. On November 24, 1963, just hours after Lee Harvey Oswald was murdered, FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, said that he wanted "something issued so we can convince the public that Oswald is the real assassin." [39]

On December 9, 1963, only 17 days after the assassination, the FBI report was issued and given to the Warren Commission. Then the FBI stayed on as the primary investigating authority for the commission. The FBI stated that only three bullets were fired during the assassination; that the first shot hit President Kennedy, the second shot hit Governor Connally, and the third shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The FBI stated that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots.

This contrasts with the conclusion of the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), which later concluded that four shots had been fired during the assassination of the president.

The Warren Commission agreed with the FBI investigation that only three shots were fired, but disagreed with the FBI report on which shots hit Kennedy and which hit Governor Connally. The FBI report claimed that the first shot hit President Kennedy, the second shot hit Governor Connally, and the third shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The Warren Commission concluded that one of the three shots missed, one of the shots hit Kennedy and then struck Connally, and a third shot struck Kennedy in the head, killing him. The FBI report was consistent with the later Warren Commission Report stating that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots.

The destruction of evidence

The FBI's role in the murder investigation has come under criticism for destroying evidence. The name and phone number of an FBI agent, James Hosty, appeared in Oswald's address book. The FBI provided a typewritten transcription of the document in which Hosty's name and phone number were deleted. Two days before the murder, Oswald went to the FBI office in Dallas to meet with Hosty, and when he found that Hosty was not in the office at the time, Oswald left an envelope for Hosty with a letter inside.

When Oswald was arrested and then himself immediately murdered, Hosty's supervisor ordered him to destroy the letter, and Hosty did so. Months later, when Hosty testified before the Warren Commission, Hosty failed to mention Oswald coming to the office and leaving a letter, and then Hosty being ordered to destroy the letter. He did this by tearing it up and flushing it down the toilet. This information only became public much later. [40]

The Warren Commission

Main article: Warren Commission

The first official investigation of the assassination was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29 1963, a week after the assassination. The commission was headed by Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States and became universally (but unofficially) known as the Warren Commission.

In late September 1964, after a 10 month investigation, the Warren Commission Report was published. The Commission reported that it could not find any persuasive evidence of a domestic or foreign conspiracy involving any other person(s), group(s), or country(ies), that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murder of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. The theory that Oswald acted alone is also informally called the Lone Gunman Theory.

The commission also concluded that only three bullets were fired during the assassination, and that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three bullets from the Texas School Book Depository behind the motorcade. The commission's determination was that:

• one shot likely missed the motorcade (it could not determine which of the three),
• the first shot to hit anyone struck Kennedy in the upper back, exited near the front of his neck and likely continued on to cause all of Governor Connally's injuries, and
• the last shot to hit anyone struck Kennedy in the head, fatally wounding him.

It noted that three empty shells were found in the sixth floor in the book depository, and a rifle identified as the one used in the shooting - Oswald's Italian military surplus 6.5x52 mm Model 91/38 Carcano - was found hidden nearby. The Commission offered as a likely explanation that the same bullet that wounded Kennedy also caused all of Governor Connally's wounds. This single bullet then backed out of Connally's left thigh and was found on a stretcher in the hospital. This theory has become known as the "Single Bullet Theory" or, the "Magic" Bullet Theory (as it is commonly referred to by its critics and detractors). Some ballistic evidence has suggested that such a bullet trajectory was possible, but this point is a source of much debate.

Photo enhancements made long ago purport to show that Kennedy and Connally were positioned in such a way that one bullet could have inflicted the injuries to Kennedy and Connally.

The Commission also looked into other matters beside who killed the president and criticized weaknesses in security, which has resulted in greatly increased security whenever the President travels. The supporting documents for the Warren Commission Report are not all due to be released until 2017.

Public response to the Warren Report

After the Warren Report was issued, skeptics began questioning its conclusions. A multitude of books and articles criticizing the Warren Commission's findings have been published in the four decades since the Commission's report was issued.

The Commission's Report that Oswald was the lone gunman has not gained widespread acceptance from the American public. Most polls show that most people do not agree with the Warren Commission's finding that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone, but no single alternative suspect or theory is accepted either.

The Ramsey Clark Panel

In 1968 The Ramsey Clark Panel met in Washington, DC to examine various photographs, X-ray films documents and other evidence pertaining to the death of President Kennedy. The chain of custody of this evidence has been called into question since the panel reached its conclusions.

It determined that President Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side [41][42][43].

The House Select Committee on Assassinations

Main article: House Select Committee on Assassinations

Fifteen years after the Warren Commission issued its report, a congressional committee, named the House Select Committee on Assassinations reviewed the Warren Commission report and the underlying FBI report on which the Commission heavily relied.

The Committee criticized the performance of both the Warren Commission and the FBI for failing to investigate whether other people conspired with Oswald to murder President Kennedy. [44] The committee concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots at President John F. Kennedy. The second and third shots he fired struck the President. The third shot he fired killed the President. The HSCA agreed with the single bullet theory, but concluded that it occurred at a time point during the assassination that differed from what the Warren Commission had theorized. Their theory, based primarily on dictabelt evidence, was that President Kennedy was assassinated probably as a result of a conspiracy. They proposed that four shots had been fired during the assassination; Oswald fired the first, second, and fourth bullets, and that (based on the acoustic evidence) there was a high probability that an unnamed second assassin fired the third bullet, but missed, from President Kennedy's right front, from a location concealed behind the Grassy Knoll picket fence.

Response to the Dictabelt Evidence

The sole acoustic evidence relied on by the committee to support its theory of a fourth gunshot (and a gunman on the grassy knoll) in the JFK assassination, was a Dictabelt recording alleged to be from a stuck transmitter on a police motorcycle in Dealey Plaza during the assassination.[45] After the committee finished its work, however, an amateur researcher listened to the recording and discovered faint crosstalk of transmissions from another police radio channel known to have been made a minute after the assassination. [46]Further, the Dallas motorcycle policeman thought to be the source of the sounds followed the motorcade to the hospital at high speed, his siren blaring, immediately after the shots were fired. Yet the recording is of a mostly idling motorcycle, eventually determined to have been at JFK's destination, the Trade Mart, miles from Dealey Plaza.

Several years later, in 1981, a special panel of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) disputed the evidence of a fourth shot, contained on the police dictabelt [47]. The panel concluded it was simply random noise, perhaps static, recorded about a minute after the shooting while Kennedy's motorcade was en route to Parkland Hospital.

The NAS experts, headed by physicist Norman F. Ramsey of Harvard, reached that conclusion after studying the sounds on the two radio channels Dallas police were using that day. Routine transmissions were made on Channel One and recorded on a dictabelt at police headquarters. An auxiliary frequency, Channel Two, was dedicated to the president's motorcade and used primarily by Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry; its transmissions were recorded on a separate Gray Audograph disc machine.

The conclusion by the NAS was then rebutted in 2001 in a Science and Justice article by D.B. Thomas, a government scientist and JFK assassination researcher. Mr. Thomas concluded the HSCA finding of a second shooter was correct and that the NAS panel's study was flawed. Thomas surmises that the Dictaphone needle jumped and created an overdub on Channel One.[48]

In reponse to Thomas's findings, Michael O'Dell concluded in his report[49] that the prior reports relied on incorrect timelines and made unfounded assumptions that, when corrected, do not support the identification of gunshots on the recording. However, Thomas claimed those findings to be false at a conference in DC in 2005, and provided what he said was further support for evidence of at least four shots. [50]

In addition, a 2003 ABCNEWS investigation into the assassination, using computer diagrams based on footage from the available video recordings of the assassination, concluded that the sound recordings could not have come from Dealey Plaza.

The Assassination Records Review Board

The Assassination Records Review Board was created under federal law to gather and preserve the documents relating to the assassination. [51] The autopsy photographs of the President’s brain are apparently missing; in 1998, the ARRB concluded that it was very likely that another person's brain was substituted and examined by doctors at Bethesda Naval Hospital after the assassination. The Board's chief analyst for military records, Douglas Horne, believed that the substitution of the brain of another cadaver was probably part of a coverup to make it seem as if President Kennedy had not been the victim of a conspiracy. Horne contended that the damage to the second brain examined at Bethesda reflected a shot from behind, while Kennedy's brain reflected a shot from the front. However, the full board did not take a position on Mr. Horne's theory.[52] The Assassination Records Review Board looked over the autopsy records and took testimony of the participants and determined that the autopsy of the murdered president was handled in such an unprofessional manner that it termed it a "tragedy." [53]

Assassination theories

Main article: Kennedy assassination theories

An official investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), conducted from 1976 to 1979, concluded that Oswald assassinated President Kennedy as a result of a probable conspiracy. This conclusion of a conspiracy contrasts with the earlier conclusion by the Warren Commission that the President was assassinated by a lone gunman. It should therefore be noted that the US government now holds two 'official positions' with regards the assassination, with both the Warren Commission's findings and the HSCA findings both standing as official explanations, despite the obvious contradictions and discrepancies in their findings, including the key conclusion of 'single lone assassin' (Warren Commission) and 'Probably Conspiracy' (HSCA). These are clearly mutually exclusive conclusions .

The perception of a conspiracy was widespread even at the time. A source considered reliable by the FBI, related that Colonel Boris Ivanov, Chief of the Soviet Committee for State Security (KGB) Residency in New York City at the time of the assassination, stated that it was his personal feeling that the assassination of President Kennedy had been planned by an organized group rather than being the act of one individual assassin. [54]

Many not only dispute the conclusion that Oswald was the lone assassin (claiming that there was a conspiracy), but also claim that Oswald was not involved at all. Shortly after his arrest, Oswald insisted he was a "patsy." Oswald never admitted any participation in the assassination, and was murdered two days after being taken into police custody. Some polls indicate a large number of Americans are suspicious of official government conclusions regarding the assassination. A 2003 ABC News poll found that 70% of respondents suspected there was an assassination plot. [55] These same polls also show that there is no agreement on who else may have been involved.

Similarities to other Presidential deaths in office

Every United States president elected or reelected in 20-year intervals beginning with 1840 (beginning with William Henry Harrison) had died in office (Harrison 1840, Lincoln 1860, Garfield 1880, McKinley 1900, Harding 1920, Roosevelt 1940). John F. Kennedy's assassination continued this pattern. It ultimately broke with Ronald Reagan who, elected in 1980, survived being shot in a March 1981 assassination attempt. This pattern of Presidential deaths has been referred to as Tecumseh's curse, the 20-year curse, or the zero factor.

After JFK's assassination, numerous similarities between Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln were noted.

Further information: Lincoln-Kennedy coincidences

The JFK assassination is also compared to the assassination of other prominent figures in the 1960s for which the lone gunman theory is also disputed, such as the assassination of JFK's brother, Bobby Kennedy, and the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King.

Film portrayals

Kennedy's life and the subsequent conspiracy theories surrounding his death have been the topic for many films, including Mark Lane's 1966 Rush to Judgment, Executive Action in 1973, NBC TV's 1983 mini series Kennedy, Nigel Turner's 1988, 1991, 1995, and 2003's continuing documentary The Men Who Killed Kennedy, Oliver Stone's 1991 JFK, and the 1993 JFK: Reckless Youth (which looked at Kennedy's early years).

In 1975, a San Francisco-based group of artists called Ant Farm reenacted the Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza and documented it in a video piece called "The Eternal Frame".

External links

• Who Planned The Murder Of JFK, Who Carried It Out, And Who Covered It Up lecture by Dr. Joan Mellen recorded on January 24, 2006 at The New York Society for Ethical Culture, mp3 format
• John F. Kennedy Assassination Homepage
• Frontline: Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?
• JFK Collection at the National Archives
• Assassination of President Kennedy Encyclopaedia
• JFK Assassination Timeline and Research
• JFK/ The Kennedy Assassination Home Page (John McAdams' Lone Assassin Site)
• Photographs of the assassination
• BBC article on Kennedy's assassination
• BBC article on Kennedy's funeral
• Museum.tv archives
• JFK: Bullet Trajectory and Autopsy
• article: Facts and Fiction in the Kennedy Assassination
• History Matters
• Mary Ferrell Foundation
• Google Map showing the location of assassination
• Information on President Kennedy and Kennedy Dynasty Newsletter
• Kennedy Assassination Newspaper Articles Archive More than 50,000 searchable newspaper pages about the Kennedy Assassination
• JFK Assassination Resources Online
• Google Video link to on-line version of JFK II: The Bush Connection