List of movements of the human body: Difference between revisions
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The major muscles involved in retraction include the [[rhomboid major muscle]], [[rhomboid minor muscle]] and [[trapezius muscle]],<ref>{{DartmouthAnatomy|shoulder/surface/scsurface4}}</ref><ref>[http://www.exrx.net/Articulations/Scapula.html#anchor71014 Scapula & Clavicle Articulations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> whereas the major muscles involved in protraction include the [[Serratus anterior muscle|serratus anterior]] and [[Pectoralis minor muscle|pectoralis minor]] muscles.<ref>{{DartmouthAnatomy|shoulder/surface/scsurface3}}</ref><ref>[http://www.exrx.net/Articulations/Scapula.html#anchor70306 Animation at exrx.net]</ref> |
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===Elbow=== |
===Elbow=== |
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Revision as of 03:48, 9 March 2014
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 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
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| Part of a series of lists about |
| Human anatomy |
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The list below describes such skeletal movements as normally are possible in particular joints of the human body. Other animals have different degrees of movement at their respective joints; this is because of differences in positions of muscles and because structures peculiar to the bodies of humans and other species block motions unsuited to their anatomies.
Certain movements, such as of the carpal bones of the hand or the tarsal bones of the foot, are difficult to classify. In most fields of medical practice there is little need of terminology for such movements; the terms occur mainly in the vocabulary of practitioners of hand surgery or other branches of orthopedic surgery. [citation needed]
Arm and shoulder-girdle
SC and AC joint
| Scapula and clavicula | Abduction (Protraction) | Adduction (Retraction) |
| Depression | Elevation | |
| Rotation Upward (Superior Rotation) | Rotation Downward (Inferior Rotation) |
Shoulder
| Glenohumeral joint - shoulder | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
| Transverse Adduction | Transverse Flexion | |
| Transverse Abduction | Transverse Extension | |
| Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) | Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) |
| Movement | Muscles | Origin | Insertion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flexion (150°–170°) |
Anterior fibers of deltoid | Clavicle | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
| Clavicular part of pectoralis major | Clavicle | Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Long head of biceps brachii | Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula | Tuberosity of radius, Deep fascia of forearm | |
| Short head of biceps brachii | Coracoid process of scapula | ||
| Coracobrachialis | Coracoid process | Medial aspect of shaft of humerus | |
| Extension (40°) |
Posterior fibers of deltoid | Spine of scapula | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
| Latissimus dorsi | Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3–4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula | Floor of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres major | Lateral border of scapula | Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Abduction (160°–180°) |
Middle fibers of deltoid | Acromion process of scapula | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
| Supraspinatus | Supraspinous fossa of scapula | Greater tuberosity of humerus | |
| Adduction (30°–40°) |
Sternal part of pectoralis major | Sternum, upper six costal cartilages | Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus |
| Latissimus dorsi | Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula | Floor of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres major | Lower third of lateral border of scapula | Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres minor | Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula | Greater tuberosity of humerus | |
| Lateral rotation (in abduction: 95°; in adduction: 70°) |
Infraspinatus | Infraspinous fossa of scapula | Greater tuberosity of humerus |
| Teres minor | Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula | Greater tuberosity of humerus | |
| Posterior fibers of deltoid | Spine of scapula | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus | |
| Medial rotation (in abduction: 40°–50°; in adduction: 70°) |
Subscapularis | Subscapular fossa | Lesser tuberosity of humerus |
| Latissimus dorsi | Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula | Floor of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Teres major | Lower third of lateral border of scapula | Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus | |
| Anterior fibers of deltoid | Clavicle | Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus |
The major muscles involved in retraction include the rhomboid major muscle, rhomboid minor muscle and trapezius muscle,[2][3] whereas the major muscles involved in protraction include the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor muscles.[4][5]
Elbow
| Joint | From | To | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Humeroulnar joint | trochlear notch of the ulna | trochlea of humerus | Is a simple hinge-joint, and allows of movements of flexion and extension only. |
| Humeroradial joint | head of the radius | capitulum of the humerus | Is a ball-and-socket joint. |
| Superior radioulnar joint | head of the radius | radial notch of the ulna | In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includespronation and supination. |
Wrist and fingers
| Wrist & Midcarpals | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Adduction (Ulna Deviation) | Abduction (Radial Deviation) |
| Metacarpophalangeal(finger) | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Adduction | Abduction |
| Interphalangeal (finger) | Flexion | Extension |
| Carpometacarpal (thumb) | Flexion | Extension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
| Opposition |
| Metacarpophalangeal (thumb) | Flexion | Extension |
| Adduction | Abduction |
| Interphalangeal (thumb) | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
Neck
| Neck (Atlantoccipital & Antlantoaxial) | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation |
Spine
| Cervical spine | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation |
| Thoracic spine | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation |
| Lumbar spine | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Lateral Flexion (Abduction) | Reduction (Adduction) | |
| Rotation |
| Hip (acetabulofemoral joint - art.coxae) | Flexion | Extension |
| Adduction | Abduction | |
| Transverse Adduction | Transverse Abduction | |
| Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) | Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) |
| Knee - atriculatio genus | Flexion | Extension |
| Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation) | Lateral Rotation (External Rotation) |
| Ankle | Plantar Flexion | Dorsi Flexion |
Lower limb
Feet
| Intertarsal - (foot) | Inversion | Eversion |
| Plantarflexion |
| Metatarsophalangeal (toes) | Flexion | Extension / Hyperextension |
| Abduction | Adduction |
| Interphalangeal (toes) | Flexion | Extension |
The muscles tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior invert the foot. Some sources also state that the triceps surae and extensor hallucis longus invert.[6]: 123 Inversion occurs at the subtalar joint and transverse tarsal joint.[7]
Eversion of the foot occurs at the subtalar joint. The muscles involved in this include Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis, which are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve. Some sources also state that the fibularis tertius everts.[6]: 108
-
Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis (centre left), the primary muscles involved in eversion -
Tibialis anterior and posterior (centre top), the primary muscles involved in inversion
Dorsiflexion of the foot: The muscles involved include those of the Anterior compartment of leg, specifically tibialis anterior muscle, extensor hallucis longus muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, and peroneus tertius. The range of motion for dorsiflexion indicated in the literature varies from 12.2[8] to 18[9] degrees.[10] Foot drop is a condition, that occurs when dorsiflexion is difficult for an individual who is walking.
Plantarflexion of the foot: Primary muscles for plantar flexion are situated in the Posterior compartment of leg, namely the superficial Gastrocnemius, Soleus and Plantaris (only weak participation), and the deep muscles Flexor hallucis longus, Flexor digitorum longus and Tibialis posterior. Muscles in the Lateral compartment of leg also weakly participate, namely the Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis muscles. Those in the lateral compartment only have weak participation in plantar flexion though. The range of motion for plantar flexion is usually indicated in the literature as 30° to 40°, but sometimes also 50°. The nerves are primarily from the sacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in plantarflexion; these nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. [citation needed]
References
- ^ Snell, Richard S. Clinical Anatomy by Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 427–428.
- ^ Template:DartmouthAnatomy
- ^ Scapula & Clavicle Articulations
- ^ Template:DartmouthAnatomy
- ^ Animation at exrx.net
- ^ a b Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.
- ^ "Gross Anatomy: Functional Anatomy Of The Ankle And Foot". Retrieved December 18, 2013.
- ^ Boone, Donna C.; Azen, Stanley P. (July 1979). "Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 61-A: 756–759. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1965). Joint Motion: Method of Measuring and Recording. Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
- ^ Roaas, Asbjørn; Andersson, Gunnar B. J. (1982). "Normal Range of Motion of the Hip, Knee and Ankle Joints in Male Subjects, 30–40 Years of Age". Acta Orthopaedica. 53 (2): 205–208. doi:10.3109/17453678208992202.