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The continued imprisonment of López Rivera has been both opposed as well as supported by groups and individuals representing political, religious, and other various establishments. While some call him a [[Terrorism|terrorist]], others call him as a [[political prisoner]].
The continued imprisonment of López Rivera has been both opposed as well as supported by groups and individuals representing political, religious, and other various establishments. While some call him a [[Terrorism|terrorist]], others call him as a [[political prisoner]].


Starting in 2013, several U.S. Congressmen have shown their support for his release from prison, with a few contacting President Obama asking for his release.<ref name="ny1.com">[http://www.ny1.com/content/politics/political_news/204262/brooklyn-group-rallies-for-release-of-puerto-rican-political-prisoner ''Brooklyn Group Rallies for Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoner.''] Jeanine Ramirez. NY1 Warner Cable News. 25 February 2014.</ref><ref name="grayson.house.gov">[http://grayson.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/grayson-letter-requesting-release-of-oscar-l-pez-rivera ''Grayson Letter Requesting Release of Oscar López-Rivera.''] Congressman Alan Grayson. 3 January 2004.</ref><ref name="pierluisi.house.gov">[http://pierluisi.house.gov/sites/pierluisi.house.gov/files/2.21.13%20Rep.%20Pierluisi%20Letter%20to%20President%20Obama%20Regarding%20Oscar%20Lopez%20Rivera.pdf ''Letter to President Obama Regarding Oscar López Rivera.''] Congressman Pedro Pierluisi. 21 February 2013.</ref><ref name="serrano.house.gov">[http://serrano.house.gov/press-release/serrano-sends-letter-support-release-oscar-lopez-rivera ''Serrano Sends Letter in Support of the Release of Oscar Lopez Rivera.''] Congressman Jose E. Serrano. 22 November 2013.</ref><ref name="wnpr.org">[http://wnpr.org/post/rep-gutierrez-its-time-release-oscar-l-pez-rivera ''Rep. Gutierrez: "It's Time" to Release Oscar López Rivera.''] John Dankosky. NPR News. 14 November 2013.</ref> Meanwhile, others including family members of people killed or injured by the FALN organization continue to oppose Lopez Rivera's release.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/us/11chicago.html?_r=0 ''Behind a Push for Parole in Chicago, a Prisoner’s Old Neighborhood''.] Emma Graves Fitzsimmons. 11 February 2011.</ref>
Starting in 2013, several U.S. Congressmen have shown their support for his release from prison, with a few contacting President Obama asking for his release.<ref name="ny1.com">[http://www.ny1.com/content/politics/political_news/204262/brooklyn-group-rallies-for-release-of-puerto-rican-political-prisoner ''Brooklyn Group Rallies for Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoner.''] Jeanine Ramirez. NY1 Warner Cable News. 25 February 2014.</ref><ref name="grayson.house.gov">[http://grayson.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/grayson-letter-requesting-release-of-oscar-l-pez-rivera ''Grayson Letter Requesting Release of Oscar López-Rivera.''] Congressman Alan Grayson. 3 January 2004.</ref><ref name="pierluisi.house.gov">[http://pierluisi.house.gov/sites/pierluisi.house.gov/files/2.21.13%20Rep.%20Pierluisi%20Letter%20to%20President%20Obama%20Regarding%20Oscar%20Lopez%20Rivera.pdf ''Letter to President Obama Regarding Oscar López Rivera.''] Congressman Pedro Pierluisi. 21 February 2013.</ref><ref name="serrano.house.gov">[http://serrano.house.gov/press-release/serrano-sends-letter-support-release-oscar-lopez-rivera ''Serrano Sends Letter in Support of the Release of Oscar Lopez Rivera.''] Congressman Jose E. Serrano. 22 November 2013.</ref><ref name="wnpr.org">[http://wnpr.org/post/rep-gutierrez-its-time-release-oscar-l-pez-rivera ''Rep. Gutierrez: "It's Time" to Release Oscar López Rivera.''] John Dankosky. NPR News. 14 November 2013.</ref> The offer of clemency in 1999 to former FALN members, including Lopez Rivera, was strongly opposed by overwhelming bipartisan majorities in both the US House of Representatives (311-41)<ref name="frwebgate.access.gpo.gov">[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=H8019&position=all Congressional Record &mdash; House H8019]</ref> and the Senate (95-2).<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=S10818&position=all "Congressional Record &mdash; Senate S18018]</ref><ref name="The Clintons' Terror Pardons">[http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB120277819085260827 ''The Clintons' Terror Pardons''] by Debra Burlingame, for Wall Street Journal, updated Feb. 12, 2008.</ref> The elected representative of Puerto Rico also opposed clemency to those who did not forswear violence, which is what Lopez Rivera sought. In addition, others including family members and supporters of persons and law enforcement officers killed or injured by the FALN organization continue to oppose Lopez Rivera's release.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/us/11chicago.html?_r=0 ''Behind a Push for Parole in Chicago, a Prisoner’s Old Neighborhood''.] Emma Graves Fitzsimmons. 11 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/12-accept-faln-clemency-deal/ 12 Accept FALN Clemency Deal], CBS News article, September 7, 1999.</ref>


==Early years and personal life==
==Early years and personal life==
Line 97: Line 97:
==Terrorist==
==Terrorist==
===Congress===
===Congress===
His continued incarceration of OLR has been supported by many in the United States, including the most in congress, including the representative of Puerto Rico in Congress. President [[Bill Clinton Pardon Controversy|Clinton's offer of clemency]] to former FALN members, including Oscar, was strongly opposed by overwhelming bipartisan majorities in both the US House of Representatives (311-41)<ref name="frwebgate.access.gpo.gov">[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=H8019&position=all Congressional Record &mdash; House H8019]</ref> and the Senate (95-2).<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=S10818&position=all "Congressional Record &mdash; Senate S18018]</ref><ref name="The Clintons' Terror Pardons">[http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB120277819085260827 ''The Clintons' Terror Pardons''] by Debra Burlingame, for Wall Street Journal, updated Feb. 12, 2008.</ref> Lopez Rivera and the other FALN prisoners were labelled as terrorists by the U.S. Congress.
His continued incarceration of OLR has been supported by many in the United States, including the most in congress, including the representative of Puerto Rico in Congress. Lopez Rivera and the other FALN prisoners were labelled as terrorists by the U.S. Congress.


On 21 September 1999, the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico]] [[Carlos Romero Barcelo]] testified that he "did not oppose the conditional release of these criminals, but (he) did oppose their unconditional release."<ref>[http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/gro/hgo60935.000/hgo60935_0f.htm Hearing before the Committee on Government reform on the FALN Clemency], Carlos Romero Barcelo testimony, page 24.</ref> Lopez Rivera had sought unconditional release. In making the statement to a committee evaluating the pardons, he stated: "Between 1974 and 1983, a small group of political extremists waged an armed campaign of terror and violence that shocked, horrified and even humiliated Puerto Rico ... they carried out over 100 major armed attacks in the mainland and in Puerto Rico with the purpose of imposing independence for the island by means of violence, threats and terror. I would like to stress that their aim was to obtain independence by force, by terror and by violence."
On 21 September 1999, the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico]] [[Carlos Romero Barcelo]] testified that he "did not oppose the conditional release of these criminals, but (he) did oppose their unconditional release."<ref>[http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/gro/hgo60935.000/hgo60935_0f.htm Hearing before the Committee on Government reform on the FALN Clemency], Carlos Romero Barcelo testimony, page 24.</ref> Lopez Rivera had sought unconditional release. In making the statement to a committee evaluating the pardons, he stated: "Between 1974 and 1983, a small group of political extremists waged an armed campaign of terror and violence that shocked, horrified and even humiliated Puerto Rico ... they carried out over 100 major armed attacks in the mainland and in Puerto Rico with the purpose of imposing independence for the island by means of violence, threats and terror. I would like to stress that their aim was to obtain independence by force, by terror and by violence."

Revision as of 03:22, 2 June 2014

Oscar López Rivera
Oscar López Rivera
Born
Oscar López Rivera

(1943-01-06) 6 January 1943 (age 81)
San Sebastián, Puerto Rico
Known forLongest-incarcerated advocate for Puerto Rico's independence
Criminal charge(s)Seditious conspiracy,[1] weapons violations,[2] conspirancy to transport explosives[2]
Criminal penaltyPrison for 70 years
Criminal statusIncarcerated by the U.S. Government
AwardsBronze Star
Co-founder of the Rafael Cancel Miranda High School, now (the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School)
Co-founder of the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center.
Former community organizer for the Northwest Community Organization (NCO), ASSPA, ASPIRA and the 1st Congregational Church of Chicago.
Co-founder of FREE, a half-way house for convicted drug addicts, and ALAS, an educational program for Latino prisoners at Stateville Prison in Illinois.
Notes
Has been incarcerated for 43 years, 5 months and 18 days

Oscar López Rivera is a Puerto Rican nationalist[3] and one of the leaders of the FALN. In 1981, López Rivera was convicted and sentenced to 55 years[4] in federal prison for seditious conspiracy,[5] use of force to commit robbery,[6] interstate transportation of firearms,[7] and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property.[2] In 1988 he was sentenced to an additional 15 years in prison for conspiring to escape from prison.[8]

López Rivera was among the 14[9] convicted FALN members offered conditional clemency by U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1999, but rejected the offer. His sister, Zenaida López, said he refused the offer because on parole, he would be in "prison outside prison."[2][10] Congressman Pedro Pierluisi, has stated that "the primary reason that López Rivera did not accept the clemency offer extended to him in 1999 was because it had not also been extended to fellow independence prisoner Carlos Alberto Torres (who was subsequently released from prison in July 2010)."[11]

The continued imprisonment of López Rivera has been both opposed as well as supported by groups and individuals representing political, religious, and other various establishments. While some call him a terrorist, others call him as a political prisoner.

Starting in 2013, several U.S. Congressmen have shown their support for his release from prison, with a few contacting President Obama asking for his release.[12][13][14][15][16] The offer of clemency in 1999 to former FALN members, including Lopez Rivera, was strongly opposed by overwhelming bipartisan majorities in both the US House of Representatives (311-41)[17] and the Senate (95-2).[18][19] The elected representative of Puerto Rico also opposed clemency to those who did not forswear violence, which is what Lopez Rivera sought. In addition, others including family members and supporters of persons and law enforcement officers killed or injured by the FALN organization continue to oppose Lopez Rivera's release.[20][21]

Early years and personal life

Oscar López Rivera was born in San Sebastián, Puerto Rico,[22][23][24] on 6 January 1943. His family moved to the U.S. when he was nine years old. At the age of 14, he moved to Chicago to live with a sister. At age 18 he was drafted into the army and served in Vietnam and awarded the Bronze Star. When he returned to Illinois from the war in 1967, he found that drugs, unemployment, housing, health care and education in the Puerto Rican community had reached dire levels and set to work in community organizations to improve the quality of life for his people.[25]

He was a well-respected community activist and an independence leader for many years prior to his arrest.[26] Oscar worked in the creation of both the Puerto Rican High School and the Puerto Rican Cultural Center. He was also involved in the struggle for bilingual education in public schools and to force universities to actively recruit Latino students, staff, and faculty. He worked on ending discrimination in public utilities like Illinois Bell, People's Gas, and Commonwealth Edison.[25]

López Rivera was one of the founders of the Rafael Cancel Miranda High School, now known as the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School and the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center. He was a community organizer for the Northwest Community Organization (NCO), ASSPA, ASPIRA and the 1st Congregational Church of Chicago. He helped to found FREE, a half-way house for convicted drug addicts, and ALAS, an educational program for Latino prisoners at Stateville Prison in Illinois.[27]

Criminal convictions

The U.S. Government describes López Rivera as one of the leaders of the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN), a Puerto Rican nationalist group[28] linked to more than 100 bombings and five deaths in the 1970s. López Rivera will neither confirm nor deny his affiliation with the FALN and disowns any personal involvement in the bombing deaths.[29]

At his trial 1980–81, López Rivera and the other Chicago-based FALN defendants were not tied to specific bombings. Claiming status as a prisoner of war, he refused to participate in the proceedings.[29]

In August 1981, Lopez Rivera was convicted of "seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms and ammunition to aid in the commission of a felony, and interstate transportation of stolen vehicles".[30]

In 1988, López Rivera was convicted of conspiracy to escape and given an additional 15 years.[26] After spending twelve years in maximum security prisons in Marion, Illinois and Florence, Colorado, he was transferred to the general prison population at the federal correctional facility in Terre Haute, Indiana, where he remains today.

Political prisoner

Self declaration

At the time of their arrest López Rivera and the others declared themselves to be combatants in an anti-colonial war against the United States to liberate Puerto Rico from U.S. domination and invoked prisoner of war status, claiming that the U.S. courts did not have jurisdiction to try them as criminals and petitioned for their cases to be handed over to an international court that would determine their status. The U.S. Government, however, did not recognize their request.[31]

Supporters

For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized López Rivera' incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment.[32] Luis Nieves Falcón, a social science professor at the University of Puerto Rico, San Piedras, has said that López Rivera is "among the longest held political prisoners in the history of Puerto Rico and in the world."[33] He has been jailed for 43 years, 5 months and 18 days.[34]

Cases involving the release of other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have been categorized as cases of political prisoners, with some[35][36][37][38] being more vocal than others.[39][40][41]

On 7 June 2012, Puerto Rican activist Tito Kayak started a two-leg lone high seas voyage from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and then from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Washington, D.C., to protest the U.S. incarceration of Puerto Rican political prisoner López Rivera.[42][43]

In 1999, speaking on the FALN's charge of seditious conspiracy, Congressman Luis Gutierrez stated that the charge was "a political charge",[44] and Congressman John J. LaFalce added that it represented [Lopez Rivera's] "desire to have independence for Puerto Rico from the United States".[45] The charge of seditious conspiracy refers to participation in plots aiming to "overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States".[46]

Prison experience

Supporters of López Rivera have accused the U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons of isolating López Rivera on the basis of his political beliefs.[47] Twelve of his 32 years in prison, López Rivera has been held in solitary confinement in maximum security prisons in the United States.[29] According to People's Law Office, in 2011, "the FBI actively intervened to prevent his release on parole, hijacking the hearing by anti-terrorist fear-mongering in order to influence an adverse decision, all the while attempting to humiliate Oscar."[48]

There were reports that Lopez Rivera's human rights were violated while under the custody of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons.[49] The prisoners were placed in prisons far from their families, some were sexually assaulted by prison personnel, some were denied adequate medical attention, and others were kept in isolated underground prison cells for no reason. Amnesty International and the House of Representatives' Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Administration of Justice both criticized the conditions. The conditions were found to be in violation of the U.N. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.[50]

In 2006, a special committee of the United Nations called for the release of the remaining Puerto Rican political prisoners in United States prisons.[35]

Terrorist

Congress

His continued incarceration of OLR has been supported by many in the United States, including the most in congress, including the representative of Puerto Rico in Congress. Lopez Rivera and the other FALN prisoners were labelled as terrorists by the U.S. Congress.

On 21 September 1999, the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Carlos Romero Barcelo testified that he "did not oppose the conditional release of these criminals, but (he) did oppose their unconditional release."[51] Lopez Rivera had sought unconditional release. In making the statement to a committee evaluating the pardons, he stated: "Between 1974 and 1983, a small group of political extremists waged an armed campaign of terror and violence that shocked, horrified and even humiliated Puerto Rico ... they carried out over 100 major armed attacks in the mainland and in Puerto Rico with the purpose of imposing independence for the island by means of violence, threats and terror. I would like to stress that their aim was to obtain independence by force, by terror and by violence."

Barcelo went on further to comment on the convictions of Lopez and others that the[52]:

individuals involved were not tried or convicted in Federal court for any act of murder or act of violence against another person, because for one, those were not crimes at the times when they were convicted. They were not Federal crimes. The Antiterrorism Act was not enacted until 1990, and further amended in 1996. All of these terrorists were tried on or before 1983, so they could not have been indicted by the Federal Government for those crimes nor for being accessories or accomplices to those crimes. However, they have been members of a terrorist organization. They have never denied as having been part of the FALN or Los Macheteros, and if they didn't participate directly in any of the deaths or injuries, they remained as active members of the organizations and applauded, encouraged and supported those crimes both personally and financially.

Continued incarceration support by the families of the death and injured

While López Rivera does not deny of confirm his affiliation with the FALN, and yet disowns any personal involvement in the bombing deaths, the FALN was involved in more than 100 bombings in New York, Chicago and other cities. The 1975 bombing at Fraunces Tavern in Manhattan killed four people, among them was Frank Connor, age 33. His son, Joseph F. Connor, has played an instrumental role in blocking the release of Lopez Rivera, the man he considers partly responsible for his father's death.[53]

The former New York City police officer Richard Pascarella, who was blinded and lost five fingers on his right hand in an FALN bombing, also publicly opposed clemency to FALN members, claiming: "They will again voice their ideology on the American public with a bomb and with a gun."[54]

Incarceration support by others

Those opposed to the Clinton clemency point out that Oscar Lopez was convicted, among other charges, of armed robbery and for being a recruiter and bomb-making trainer in the FALN.[55]

In addition others note the additional conviction that was added in 1986 to Lopez Rivera's sentence for taking part in an unsuccessful violent plot to use hand grenades, plastic explosives, blasting caps, and a helicopter to engineer and escape from Leavenworth prison.[56][57]

Clemency offer

López Rivera was among the 14 convicted FALN members offered conditional clemency by U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1999, but he rejected the offer.[58] Clinton and others defended this offer of clemency, stating that Oscar López Rivera was never convicted of specific crimes that resulted in deaths or injuries,[59] and that López Rivera was never convicted of any act of violence.[60]

President Bill Clinton judged that the sentences received by López Rivera and the other nationalists were "out of proportion to the nationalists' offenses."[61][62][63]

President Clinton and others defended the clemency offered to López Rivera stating that he was never convicted of specific crimes that resulted in deaths or injuries.[64] and that López Rivera was never convicted of any act of violence.[32][60][65][66][67]

Clemency was not granted because he refused to sign on to a condition of their release that the jailed Puerto Ricans renounce the use of terrorism to achieve their aim of independence for Puerto Rico, by that means refraining from the use or advocacy of the use of violence for any purpose.[68]

According to Outstanding Book Award editors Andrés Torres and José Emiliano Velázquez, U.S. Government statistics showed the prisoners' sentences were "about six times longer" than sentences for murder offenses by the American population at large.[69][note 1]

The clemency offer was opposed by bipartisan majorities in both the U.S. House of Representatives (311-41)[17] and Senate (95-2).[18][19] Those opposed to the clemency point out that Oscar Lopez was convicted, among other charges, of armed robbery and for being a recruiter for the FALN and trainer in how to make bombs and silencers.[55]

Calls for his release

His continued incarceration has been opposed by the Puerto Rican community in the United States, Puerto Rico, and elsewhere.[70][71][72][73] In 2013, high-profile manifestations took place in Puerto Rico and attended by the highest levels of Puerto Rican government and politicians from all political parties, as well as by various of the most prominent Puerto Rican singers, actors, Major League baseball players, and hundreds of other people.[74][75][76][77] His released has been called for by 10 Nobel Peace Prize winners, Coretta Scott King, President Jimmy Carter, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, as well as an international coalition of human rights, and religious, labor, and business leaders including the United Council of Churches of Christ, United Methodist Church, Baptist Peace Fellowship, Episcopal Church of Puerto Rico, and the Catholic Archbishop of San Juan.[78]

Several U.S. Congressmen, as well as the Governor of Puerto Rico, have also shown their support for his release, asking the President of the United States for it.[12][13][14][15][16][76] Meanwhile, and despite Lopez Rivera ever been himself convicted of any deaths or injury to others,[79][80][81][82][83] some of the family members of people believed to have been killed or injured by the FALN organization continue to oppose Lopez Rivera's release.[84]

On 29 May 2013, on the 32nd anniversary of López Rivera's continuous incarceration, high-ranking officials, former prison personnel, singers, actors, Major League baseball players, and hundreds of other volunteers participated in mock-up prison cell events throughout Puerto Rico calling for the release of López Rivera from the American prison system.[85] In addition, several U.S. Congressmen have shown their support for his release from prison, with a few contacting President Obama asking for his release.[12][13][14][15][16]

In an "ingenious manifestation of solidarity" to demand the release of López Rivera, "numerous volunteers" participated in a 24-hour demonstration where they remained confined to 6 ft x 9 ft mock-up prison cells intended to represent López Rivera's current cell size in Terre Haute, Indiana. The demonstrations took place on 29 May 2013 at the central squares of Puerto Rico's four largest cities, San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, and Arecibo.[86][87] Some of the volunteers included politicians, like María de Lourdes Santiago, a Puerto Rican senator,[88] musicians, like Tito Auger,[88] and actors, like Ángela Meyer.[88]

Others entering the mock-up cells were pro-Statehood party Ponce mayor María Meléndez, writer Mayra Montero, San Juan pro-Commonwealth party mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz, former Puerto Rico governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, and former Major Leagues baseball player Carlos Delgado.[76]

On the same day, hundreds of activists, including pop star Ricky Martin, asked for his release from prison.[89][90] The governor of Puerto Rico, Alejandro García Padilla, also joined the call for López Rivera's release, communicating his request by letter to President Barack Obama.[76] His release is also supported by Congressmen Luis Gutiérrez and José E. Serrano, as well as by Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez. In 2010, Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi also requested his release.[91] Recently, in March 2014 the Mexican pop singer Cristian Castro joined the international claim for Oscar López Rivera release.[92]

A group of young students and workers in Spain joined the international claim for the release of Oscar López Rivera. From 28 February 2014 until 1 April 2014 the "Comite 33 días por la excarcelación de Oscar" informed the population resident in Spain about the violation of human rights that the U.S. government has committed against López Rivera. In addition, they collected signatures to ask U.S. President Barack H. Obama to grant him a presidential pardon.[93] On April 1 they summoned to use Twitter to demand for the release of Oscar. Over 25,000 tweets[94] were sent mainly to the accounts of @ BarackObama and @ WhiteHouse.[95] At the beginning of the day #freeOscarLopez was already trending topic in his native Puerto Rico.[96]

See also

  • Book Review: Puerto Rican Independentista Oscar López Rivera’s 32 Years of Resistance to Torture. Written by Hans Bennett.
  • "Figuras públicas continúan encarcelándose por Oscar López Rivera" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dia. 29 May 2013. - Contains the partial, list of prominent figures who were "jailed" for López Rivera.

Notes

  1. ^ The figures are based on Torres and Velazquez's documented average of 5.4 years' prison term received by those convicted of murder, and pitting this average against the average 65.4 years' prison term that the FALN prisoners received. See http://books.google.com/books?id=XKJtYNvKKrgC&pg=PA149 for further analysis and information.

References

  1. ^ Rep. Gutierrez: "It's Time" to Release Oscar López Rivera.
  2. ^ a b c d Broder, John M. (8 November 1999). "12 Imprisoned Puerto Ricans Accept Clemency Conditions". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/oscar-lopez-rivera-protest-puerto-rico_n_3354462.html
  5. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/oscar-lopez-rivera-protest-puerto-rico_n_3354462.html
  6. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/oscar-lopez-rivera-protest-puerto-rico_n_3354462.html
  7. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/oscar-lopez-rivera-protest-puerto-rico_n_3354462.html
  8. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/oscar-lopez-rivera-protest-puerto-rico_n_3354462.html
  9. ^ [2]
  10. ^ Charles Babington (11 September 1999). "Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed From Prison". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  11. ^ Letter from Congressman Pedro L. Pierluisi to President Barack Obama. Pedro L. Perluisi. U.S. House of Representatives. 21 February 2013. Page 3. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  12. ^ a b c Brooklyn Group Rallies for Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoner. Jeanine Ramirez. NY1 Warner Cable News. 25 February 2014.
  13. ^ a b c Grayson Letter Requesting Release of Oscar López-Rivera. Congressman Alan Grayson. 3 January 2004.
  14. ^ a b c Letter to President Obama Regarding Oscar López Rivera. Congressman Pedro Pierluisi. 21 February 2013.
  15. ^ a b c Serrano Sends Letter in Support of the Release of Oscar Lopez Rivera. Congressman Jose E. Serrano. 22 November 2013.
  16. ^ a b c Rep. Gutierrez: "It's Time" to Release Oscar López Rivera. John Dankosky. NPR News. 14 November 2013.
  17. ^ a b Congressional Record — House H8019
  18. ^ a b "Congressional Record — Senate S18018
  19. ^ a b The Clintons' Terror Pardons by Debra Burlingame, for Wall Street Journal, updated Feb. 12, 2008.
  20. ^ Behind a Push for Parole in Chicago, a Prisoner’s Old Neighborhood. Emma Graves Fitzsimmons. 11 February 2011.
  21. ^ 12 Accept FALN Clemency Deal, CBS News article, September 7, 1999.
  22. ^ Resolution 51: Resolution in Support of the Release of Oscar Lopez Rivera
  23. ^ Oscar López: listo para lo que venga: “Vivo orgulloso de ser puertorriqueño”
  24. ^ OLR Biography
  25. ^ a b [3] ProLIBERTAD. ProLIBERTAD Campaign for the Freedom of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War: Arm the Spirit 30 October 1995
  26. ^ a b James, Joy (2007). Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy. Duke University Press, ISBN 0-8223-3923-4, p. 159
  27. ^ Rosales, Francisco (2006). Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History. Arte Publico Press, ISBN 1-55885-347-2, p. 159
  28. ^ [4]
  29. ^ a b c http://www.westword.com/1995-07-12/news/end-of-the-line/ Prendergast, Alan. End of the line. Denver Westword, 12 July 1995. Retrieved on 21 November 2008
  30. ^ http://www.justice.gov/uspc/documents/pr021811.htm
  31. ^ Torres, Andrés and Velázquez, José Emiliano (1998). The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora. Temple University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-56639-618-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ a b [5]
  33. ^ “Oscar López Rivera, Entre la Tortura y la Resistencia”, by Luis Nieves Falcón. "Repeating Islands: News and commentary on Caribbean culture, literature, and the arts." 2 December 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  34. ^ Puerto Rico: Free Oscar López Rivera! Steven Katsineris. Green Left Weekly. Issue 879. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  35. ^ a b United Nations General Assembly. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process: Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader’s Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques. June 12, 2006. (GA/COL/3138/Rev.1*). Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization, 8th & 9th Meetings. (Issued on 13 June 2006.)
  36. ^ Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, City University of New York. Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers: Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora. August 1991 and December 2003. Updated 2005. Reviews Puerto Rico – U.S. relations, including cases of Puerto Rican political prisoners.
  37. ^ Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. In his August 5, 1939, speech before Congress titled Five Years of Tyranny. (Recorded in the Congressional Record. August 14, 1939.) In the words of Congressman Marcantonio, "There is no place in America for political prisoners.... When we ask ourselves, 'Can it happen here?' the Puerto Rican people can answer, 'It has happened in Puerto Rico.' as he spoke about the treatment of Puerto Rican Nationalist and U.S. prisoner Pedro Albizu Campos. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  38. ^ "Puerto Rican community celebrates release of political prisoner" Chicago Sun-Times. Report states, "Chicago's Puerto Rican community celebrates the release of political prisoner Carlos Alberto Torres...."
  39. ^ "Puerto Rican Nationalist Sentenced to 7 Years for 1983 Wells Fargo Robbery in Conn." Fox News Network. 26 May 2010
  40. ^ "Carlos Alberto Torres, Puerto Rican Nationalist Imprisoned In Illinois For 30 Years, Returns Home To Puerto Rico" The Huffington Post 28 July 2010
  41. ^ Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican Nationalist, Dies at 90" by Douglas Martin. The New York Times 3 August 2010
  42. ^ Tito Kayak vuelve a enfrentar problemas en el mar. Noticel. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  43. ^ Travesia a remo por la libertad y la paz: Desde Ciudad Bolivar hasta Puerto Rico en solaridad con el preso politico mas antiguo: Oscar López Rivera. CCS. (via Cyber News) Bolivar, Venezuela. Issue 1002. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Originally by Brenda Peña López of El Nuevo Dia, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
  44. ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=S10818&position=all
  45. ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1999_record&page=S10818&position=all
  46. ^ United States Code, Title 18, Section 2384
  47. ^ "The Circle Game" Prendergast, Alan. The Denver Westworld. Retrieved 11 December 2008
  48. ^ [6]
  49. ^ Rivera Vargas, Daniel (29 May 2013) Denuncian "torturas" a las que someten a Oscar López. Primera Hora.
  50. ^ [7]
  51. ^ Hearing before the Committee on Government reform on the FALN Clemency, Carlos Romero Barcelo testimony, page 24.
  52. ^ Carlos Romero Barcelo testimony, page 23
  53. ^ Behind a Push for Parole in Chicago, a Prisoner’s Old Neighborhood. Emma Graves Fitzsimmons. 11 February 2011.
  54. ^ 12 Accept FALN Clemency Deal, CBS News article, September 7, 1999.
  55. ^ a b New York Times article By Nathaniel Sheppard Jr, Special to the New York Times Published: July 25, 1981.
  56. ^ 6 Indicted In Faln Escape Plot, Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1986, By William B. Crawford Jr.
  57. ^ Faln Leader Among 4 Whose Convictions Are Upheld By Court, Chicago Tribune, December 25, 1989, by William Grady, Legal affairs writer.
  58. ^ Bosque Pérez, Ramón. Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution And The Quest For. State University of New York Press. p. 119.
  59. ^ "Eleven Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed from Prison". Washington: CNN. 19 September 1999.
  60. ^ a b Arecibo clamó por la libertad de Oscar. Gerardo G. Otero Ríos. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  61. ^ http://wnpr.org/post/rep-gutierrez-its-time-release-oscar-l-pez-rivera
  62. ^ [8]
  63. ^ [9]
  64. ^ Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed From Prison. Charles Babington. Washington Post. 11 September 1999. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  65. ^ Free Oscar Lopez Rivera. Camaradas El Barrio. 2014.
  66. ^ Free Oscar Lopez Rivera. National Boricua Human Rights Network. 2014.
  67. ^ Brooklyn Group Rallies for Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoner. Jeanine Ramirez. NY1 Warner Cable News. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  68. ^ [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/08/us/12-imprisoned-puerto-ricans-accept-clemency-conditions.html 12 Imprisoned Puerto Ricans Accept Clemency Conditions], New York Times article by John Broder, September 8, 1999.
  69. ^ [10]
  70. ^ Crean cárcel para libertad de Oscar López. Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 31. Issue 1537. Page 12. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  71. ^ Cristian Castro se une al pedido de excarcelación de Oscar López | El Vocero de Puerto Rico. Elvocero.com. 12 March 2014.
  72. ^ Boricuas en la Madre Patria inician jornada por la liberación de Oscar. CyberNews. Noticel. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  73. ^ Oscar López Rivera une a Pedro Julio Serrano y César Vázquez. El Nuevo Dia. 29 May 2013. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 29 May 2013.
  74. ^ Puerto Ricans Urge Release of Nationalist Prisoner. Danica Coto. Associated Press. San Juan, Puerto Rico, 30 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  75. ^ René Pérez se encierra por Oscar López: Se unió a los reclamos por la liberación del prisionero político puertorriqueño que lleva 32 años encarcelado en los Estados Unidos. Gerardo Cordero. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  76. ^ a b c d Gobernador se une petición de excarcelación de Oscar López Rivera. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  77. ^ Claman por la liberación de Oscar López Rivera. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
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  79. ^ [12]
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  84. ^ Behind a Push for Parole in Chicago, a Prisoner’s Old Neighborhood. Emma Graves Fitzsimmons. 11 February 2011.
  85. ^ Claman por la liberación de Oscar López Rivera. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  86. ^ Crean cárcel para libertad de Oscar López. Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 31. Issue 1537. Page 12. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  87. ^ Oscar López Rivera une a Pedro Julio Serrano y César Vázquez. El Nuevo Dia. 29 May 2013. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 29 May 2013.
  88. ^ a b c Tito Auger ameniza manifestación a favor de Oscar López en Caguas. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  89. ^ Puerto Ricans Urge Release of Nationalist Prisoner. Danica Coto. Associated Press. San Juan, Puerto Rico, 30 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  90. ^ René Pérez se encierra por Oscar López: Se unió a los reclamos por la liberación del prisionero político puertorriqueño que lleva 32 años encarcelado en los Estados Unidos. Gerardo Cordero. Primera Hora. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  91. ^ Figuras públicas continúan encarcelándose por Oscar López Rivera: Abogan por la liberación del preso político durante manifestación de 24 horas. El Nuevo Dia. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  92. ^ Cristian Castro se une al pedido de excarcelación de Oscar López | El Vocero de Puerto Rico. Elvocero.com. 12 March 2014.
  93. ^ Boricuas en la Madre Patria inician jornada por la liberación de Oscar. CyberNews. Noticel. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  94. ^ http://www.pinterest.com/pin/113715959316048880/
  95. ^ http://www.noticel.com/noticia/158157/jornada-tuitera-para-exigir-a-obama-la-excarcelacion-de-oscar-lopez.html
  96. ^ http://www.telemundoatlanta.com/1829_nacional/2480721_campana-por-la-liberacion-de-oscar-lopez-es-trending-topic-en-puerto-rico.html

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