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Coordinates: 39°44′02″N 077°25′10″W / 39.73389°N 77.41944°W / 39.73389; -77.41944[2] (mountain summit)
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began ==Description==, background, and construction sections; added Project Greek Island, Deep Underground Command Center, Super Combat Center, Deep Underground Support Center, Joint Alternate Command Element, [[National Military Comma
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{{About|the 1953 nuclear bunker near the [[Mason-Dixon Line]]|the 1966 [[NORAD]] bunker|Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center}}
{{Infobox military structure
{{Infobox military structure
|name=Raven Rock Mountain Complex
|name = Raven Rock Mountain Complex
|type = nuclear bunker
|location = "Ravenrock",{{r|DCA61}}{{rp|2}} [[Liberty Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]
|image = [[File:Raven-rock-site-r-logo.png|200px]]
|caption = The Site R tunnel entrance with abutments ({{Coord|39.729642|-77.432468}}, white figure in illustration) now has a building that is visible from a public road intersection to the west, particularly when trees are bare. The tunnel's other (east) opening is near the [[military installation]]'s above-ground support area near the Route 16 intersection with Jack's Mountain Road.
|coordinates = {{coord|39|44|02|N|077|25|10|W|region:US-PA_type:mountain_scale:20000|display=inline,title|notes={{r|gnis}} (mountain summit)}}
|partof=
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|location= [[Liberty Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]
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|image=[[File:Raven-rock-site-r-logo.png|200px]]
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|built = 1951-3
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|ownership = U.S. Government
|condition=Fully Operational
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|ownership=U.S. Government
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|Sister facility =1959 High Point<ref>{{Cite report |date=March 1, 1961 |url=http://coldwar-c4i.net/DCA61/01.html |publisher= |page=2|accessdate=2011-10-24 |quote=hardened Emergency Command Post and Relocation site for the Executive Branch of the Government at Mount Weather}} (seperate webpages for each report page)</ref> bunker |Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center|1959 Greenbrier nuclear bunker|Project Greek Island
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The '''Raven Rock Mountain Complex''' ('''RRMC''') is a [[military installation]] with an underground [[nuclear bunker]] near [[Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania]], at [[Raven Rock Mountain]] that serves as an "underground Pentagon" ([[colloquialism|colloq.]]).<ref>"Life on the Newsfronts". ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''. March 1, 1954. p. 40.</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2014}} The bunker has [[emergency operations center]]s for the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Navy|Navy]] and [[USAF]].
The '''Raven Rock Mountain Complex''' ('''RRMC''') is a [[United States]] government facility on Raven Rock, a mountain in the U.S. state of [[Pennsylvania]].


==Description==
RRMC is located in [[Liberty Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania|Liberty Township, Adams County]], about {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Waynesboro, Pennsylvania]], and {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-northeast of [[Camp David, Maryland]]. It is also called the '''Raven Rock Military Complex,''' or simply '''Site R'''. Other designations and nicknames include "The Rock", NMCC-R (for [[National Military Command Center]] Reservation), ANMCC (for Alternate National Military Command Center), AJCC (for Alternate Joint Communications Center), "Backup [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]", or "Site RT"; the latter refers to the vast array of communication towers and equipment atop the mountain. [[Colloquially]], the facility is known as an "underground Pentagon".<ref>"Life on the Newsfronts". ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''. March 1, 1954. p. 40.</ref>
{{Expand section|date=June 2014}}
The installation's largest tenant unit is the [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]],<ref name="wired">{{cite news |last=Weinberger |first=Sharon |date=June 11, 2008 |title=How To: Visit a Secret Nuclear Bunker |journal=[[Wired]] |url=http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/06/how-to-visit-a.html |accessdate=date tbd}}</ref> and RRMC communications are the responsibility of the 114th Signal Battalion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.netcom.army.mil/21/114/index.htm |title=Battalion Mission |publisher=114th Signal Battalion, "Signal Masters of the Rock", |accessdate=2005-11-26 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051126230214/http://www.netcom.army.mil/21/114/index.htm |archivedate = 2005-11-26}} (dated copy at archive.org)</ref> The facility has 38 communications systems, and the [[Defense Information Systems Agency]] provides computer services at the complex. Additional names for the installation are '''Raven Rock Military Complex,'''{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} [[National Military Command Center]] Reservation (NMCC-R), Backup [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]", '''Site R''', or "The Rock".{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}


===Site RT===
The facility runs more than 38 communications systems for its users. The [[Defense Information Systems Agency]] computer operations staff provides computer services to the [[National Command Authority]], the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], the [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] and other [[U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) agencies.
'''Site RT''' is the portion of the military installation with communication towers and buildings atop the mountain.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}


==History==
Its largest tenant is the [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]].<ref name="wired"/> RRMC also houses the [[emergency operations center]]s for the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Navy|Navy]] and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]].
Raven Rock Mountain and the adjacent [[Jacks Mountain]] on the north were formed in the [[tbd]] geologic period, and [[Toms Creek (Monocacy River)|Miney Branch]] flows west-to-east between them in the [[Potomac River Watershed]]. The [[Pennsylvania Route 16|1820 Waynesboro-Emmitsburg Turnpike]] with toll station for the 1787 [[Nichol's Gap Road|crossroad]] was constructed between the mountains, where the [[Fight at Monterey Gap]] was conducted after the 1863 [[Battle of Gettysburg]] ([[Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia|Stuart's artillery]] at [[Raven Rock Gap]] shelled Federal troops.<ref>p. 199 Conrad/Alexander ''When War Passed This Way''{{Full citation needed|date=June 2014}}</ref>) In 1870 copper ore was discovered to the north,<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GmQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0P8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4011%2C2911487 </ref> and the nearby Fountain Dale Springs House was established in 1874.<ref>http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wcQlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m_UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7196,2316920&dq=fountaindale+raven-rock&hl=en<br> http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/adams/history/area/chapter-xxxv.txt </ref> The scenic area's mountain recreation facilities to the west included the 1877 [[Pen Mar Park]], the [http://books.google.com/books?id=_oIqjvk-XRAC&pg=PT115&dq=%22High+Rock+Observation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FiuOU-SRDqm_sQSZhICYAg&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22High%20Rock%20Observation%22&f=false 1878 High Rock Tower,] the 1885 [[Monterey Country Club]], and several resorts (e.g., [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nf0lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qvIFAAAAIBAJ&dq=mineral-springs%20gettysburg&pg=3559%2C4979197 Blue Mountain House,] [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6NcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZVgNAAAAIBAJ&dq=gettysburg%20camp-stuart&pg=4336%2C909103 Buena Vista Springs Hotels,] & [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7rMlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QfwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2769%2C3226593 Washington Cliff House).] The 1889 [[Jacks Mountain Tunnel]] on the [[Western Extension (Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway)]] was completed near Raven Rock Mountain, and nearby stations were at Blue Ridge Summit and [[Monterey, Pennsylvania|Charmian]]. The Army's 1942 [[Camp Ritchie]] was built southwest of the resorts, and a local road was built{{When|date=June 2014}} eastward from Blue Ridge Summit and intersected the north-south [[Fountaindale, Pennsylvania|Fountaindale]]-[[Sabillasville, Maryland|Sabillasville]] Road (the intersection now provides access to the RRMC main gate.)


Planning for a protected [[Cold War]] facility near [[Washington, D.C.]] began in 1948 for [[continuity of government|relocation]] of military [[National Command Authority|National Command Authorities]] and the [[Joint Communications Service]].{{Citation needed|reason=continuity of government regarding a red-link military organization needs confirmed.|date=June 2014}}
== Disclosure of information ==
Many of the facility's activities are classified, and distribution of most unclassified information about the facility is discouraged by the government.<ref name="wired">{{cite news |url=http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/06/how-to-visit-a.html |title=How To: Visit a Secret Nuclear Bunker |work=Wired magazine |author=Sharon Weinberger |date=June 11, 2008}}</ref>


{{Quote box |width=30em |align=right |border = |bgcolor=<!--#B0C4DE--> |style=
On May 25, 2007, the ''[[Federal Register]]'' published a DoD policy declaring that it is unlawful for any person "entering in or on the property ... to make any photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map or graphical representation of the Raven Rock Mountain Complex without first obtaining the necessary permission."<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/2007/05/fr052507.html DoD policy concerning conduct on the Pentagon Reservation and Raven Rock Mountain Complex<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|title=Army unit |fontsize=85% |title_fnt= |tstyle= |title_bg= |qalign= |qstyle= |quoted=
|quote=In 1953 the Army's Raven Rock unit{{Specify|reason=What was its name before 1971?|date=June 2014}} was part of [[Joint Support Command]], then in 1971 was redesignated as the '''Directorate of Telecommunications''' and placed under the garrison commander of [[Fort Ritchie]], where [[Strategic Communications Command]] moved. The Directorate was redesignated '''USACC Site R Telecommunications Center''' in 1976,{{Citation needed|reason=The military unit and the military facility had the same name?|date=June 2014}} then simply '''USACC Site R''' in October 1981 (both under 7th Signal Command). Col. Humphrey L. Peterson was the 1983 commander of USACC Site R,<ref> http://newspaperarchive.com/us/maryland/frederick/frederick-news-post/1983/04-08/page-9 </ref> which was redesignated In May 1984 as '''[[United States Army Information Systems Command|USAISC]]-Site R'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Site-R Raven Rock |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/raven-rock.htm | publisher=Global Security.org| accessdate=November 29, 2010 }} (verbatim text as at [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=submit FAS.org)]</ref> Operation of the center{{Who|reason=Who operated the center after Army ops ended?|date=June 2014}} was removed from the mission when the unit was redesignated the '''1111th U.S. Army Signal Battalion''' under the 1101st U.S. Army Signal Brigade in October 1988 (under the 1108th U.S. Army Signal Brigade in October 1993), and the battalion remained responsible for maintenance, upkeep and communications.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} The unit became the [[114th Signal Battalion]] under the 21st Signal Brigade after the [[1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission]].<ref>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/raven_rock.htm Raven Rock Site R Alternate Joint Communications Center (AJCC) - United States Nuclear Forces<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
}}
===Super underground communications center===
The planned '''super underground communications center''' was identified in the original 1950 [[federal government of the United States|federal]] petition to seize the "Beard Lot", "a 1,500-foot-high, mile-long hill located at Fountaindale and extending east and south along the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg road",{{r|GT19510120}} The "Declaration of Taking" for "United States of America Versus 1,100 Acres of Land" was filed at the Adams County courthouse on January 23, 1952, and "made the government the official owner of the 280-acre tract"<!--Martin: 103 acres; Kipe 87.5, Warren 47.5, & Caron 3 gives a total of only 241 acres--> seized from 4 properties<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19530819&id=SGgmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nv8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1942,4856946 </ref> (17 total properties had been requested by February 15--some only for temporary use.)<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19510215&id=NYdhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3fQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727,3891140 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2246&dat=19510217&id=EaxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=897,3325706 </ref> "South of and above the [[Carson service station]] on the [[Sunshine trail]]",<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2246&dat=19510127&id=EKxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3982,3386736 </ref> bulldozers began work on January 19, 1951; by February 3 a roadway to the site had been leveled behind a farmhouse;<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2241&dat=19510203&id=fY8lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yfIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1768,3709595 </ref> and by February 24 underground work had commenced (40 men working "normally" on that date were only performing above-ground construction.)<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2241&dat=19510224&id=f48lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yfIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4684,3611710 </ref> By May 26 the Army had named the landform '''Raven Rock Mountain''' ("Raven Rock" is a pillar landform to the north along the mountain range){{r|gnis}} and listed its elevation "as 1,527 feet".<ref> "Pentagon No. 2" "Shadow Pentagon" http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19510526&id=gaElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nfwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935,4981845s with a finished chamber…2,100 feet long [and] four suites for top officals [and space for] a staff of 1,200..in the underground center in peacetime and 5,000 in wartime.</ref>


By October 17, 1951, there had been 2 deaths due to premature dynamite detonation in the "Beard Lot tunnel" and to crushing of "a power-shovel operator",<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19511016&id=09slAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ofwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3127,4029556 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6YElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3fQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2346,3746550&dq=lincoln-statue+gettysburg&hl=en </ref> and the S. A. [[Healy company]] was working on the "alternate pentagon" in November 1951, when "Washington [announced] a cut-back in defense appropriations would affect the" installation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 8, 1951 |title=Work Goes On At "Little Pentagon" |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19511108&id=3NslAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ofwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4104,3077953 |format=Google News archive |newspaper=Gettysburg Times |accessdate=2014-06-02}}</ref> On January 16, 1952, the government identified that when completed, the bunker would have "a "standby" group of approximately 100" personnel as manning--because of construction damage, the US said it "will rebuild the Sunshine Trail…in any fashion the state may desire."<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19520116&id=cNwlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4744,5483051 </ref>
==History==
Planning for the site began in 1948. After the [[Soviet Union]] detonated its first nuclear weapon in 1949, a high priority was established for the Joint Command Post to be placed in a protected location near [[Washington, D.C.]], for swift relocation of the [[National Command Authority|National Command Authorities]] and the [[Joint Communications Service]]. The selected site is near [[Camp David]] (then known as "[[Shangri-La]]"). In 1950, President [[Harry S Truman]] approved making Raven Rock part of [[Fort Ritchie|Camp Albert Ritchie, Maryland]]. This new site was named the Alternate Joint Communications Center (AJCC) Site R. Construction of the facility began in 1951, and in 1953 it became operational.


By March 29, 1952, "more than 100 workers" were on strike from building additional Raven Rock housing at Camp Ritchie, which was "to be a supplemental installation for the “undergound pentagon” at Fountaindale [and] no work [was] going on in the Raven Rock (Beard Lot) tunnel at the present time."<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2246&dat=19520329&id=RKxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5625,2016446 </ref> Local travelers having to bypass on the serpentine on the slope between Monterey and Fountaindale grew frustrated during the delay (the incomplete tunnel was dubbed the derogatory "Harry's Hole" for [[President Truman]].) By April 7, 1952, United Telephone Company rights of way had been secured for 4 tracts, including 1 in Cumberland Township.<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=otwlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,1268896&dq=beard-lot+underground&hl=en </ref> Easements for 3 additional private tracts were filed by the government in December 1953<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=maxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5807%2C17255 </ref> (a 1954 lawsuit against the U.S. by Alfred Holt was "seeking $2,000 an acre for his 140-acre woodlot atop the Beard Lot [after] turning down an offer of $2,800 from the government.)<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19540204&id=NTkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8v0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=852,929880 </ref>
In 1977, the DoD created the Special Projects Office (later to become the Protective Design Center) to work on the classified Alternate National Military Command and Control Center Improvement Program, which sought to design a deep-underground, hardened [[Command and Control (Military)|command and control]] center. The plans envisioned separate structures for command personnel, power, fuel, and water; more than three miles (5&nbsp;km) of air entrainment tunnels; and access shafts to the surface. The program was cancelled in 1979.


A 1952 army history disclosed Raven Rock information.<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19521108&id=6JgcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=x2QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1778,1109972 </ref> Three underground buildings were completed in 1953,<ref> http://aboutcampdavid.blogspot.tw/2011/08/raven-rock-mountain-complex.html </ref> the year a guard shelter burned on the installation.<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UlMmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nf8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=782,2731063&dq=raven-rock+fountaindale&hl=en </ref> By April 1954, "Little Pentagon" development had cost $35,000,000.<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19540414&id=tiYmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2233,3854385 </ref>
The RRMC was one of the "undisclosed locations" frequently used by [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] following the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/07/20/undisclosed_location_disclosed/ |title=Undisclosed location' disclosed: A visit offers some insight into Cheney hide-out |author=Steve Goldstein |publisher=Knight Ridder |date=July 20, 2004 |work=The Boston Globe }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20011216homefrontp5.asp| title=Homefront: Site R is secure, but it's not undisclosed| work=The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette| date= December 16, 2001| author=Dennis Roddy }}</ref>


===Automatic activation===
==Army support ==
After the 1954 [[Air Defense Command]] blockhouse was built at [[Ent Air Force Base]] where the joint 1955 [[Continental Air Defense Command]] was activated, "in August 1955 [[Office of the Secretary of Defense|OSD]] approved the “automatic” activation of Raven Rock's <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Alternate Joint Communication Center]]] on declaration of air defense warning or notice of surprise attack"{{r|Sturm1966}} ([[Strategic Air Command#nuclear bunkers|SAC similarly completed a bunker]] in 1955). The AJCC was equipped with command and control (C<sup>2</sup>) hardware by the end of 1955.{{r|Sturm1967}}
The army unit that currently runs communications for the RRMC is the 114th Signal Battalion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.netcom.army.mil/21/114/index.htm |title=Battalion Mission |publisher=114th Signal Battalion, "Signal Masters of the Rock", |accessdate=2005-11-26 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051126230214/http://www.netcom.army.mil/21/114/index.htm |archivedate = 2005-11-26}} (dated copy at archive.org)</ref>


===1956 War Room Annex===
The army support unit for the RRMC has been moved around the army hierarchy several times.
In July 1956 at Raven Rock, a joint "War Room Annex was established" and was operated by the Air Force, and Raven Rock's readiness "was broadened in April 1957 [for] activation prior to emergency if JCS thought it necessary."{{r|Sturm1966}} "By 1959, the services as well as JCS regarded Raven Rock as their primary emergency deployment center. For the Air Force, it served as '''Headquarters USAF Advanced''', capable of receiving the [[USAF Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] and [[Air Staff|key officers]]."{{r|ExSumm}} After [[President Eisenhower]] expressed concern about nuclear command and control, a "1958 reorganization in [[National Command Authority]] relations with the joint commands" was implemented.{{r|Wainstein}} On 1 July 1958 Raven Rock's USAF facility, "[[Air Defense Direction Center|ADCC]] (Blue Ridge Summit)", became one of the 33 NORAD [[Alert Network Number 1]] stations (but with receive-only capability as at "[[Tactical Air Command|TAC Headquarters]], [[Sandia Base]],…and the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio at San Francisco]]".)<ref name=NORAD1958A>Cite NORAD Historical Summary |version=1958 |accessdate=2013-04-30}} <!--|publisher=-->Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services; p. 91</ref> On 20 October 1960, the JCS "instructed the Joint Staff to establish a '''Joint Alternate Command Element''' (JACE)" for rotating{{Specify|reason=weekly?|date=May 2014}} battle staffs to Raven Rock for temporary duty.{{r|Sturm1966}} In November 1960, consoles at the Pentagon's [[Joint War Room]] became operational,{{r|Moriarty}} and the Raven Rock JACE "was activated on 11 July 1961 under USAF Brig. Gen. Willard W. Smith [with the 5] staffs permanently stationed in Washington and an administrative section at Ft. Ritchie"--rotations began in October 1961{{r|Sturm1966}} (Fort Ritchie also had the OSD '''Defense Emergency Relocation Site'''.){{r|DCA61}}{{rp|2}} An expansion project by the [[Frazier - Davis - McDonald Company]] was underway in December 1961 at the "little Pentagon",<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19611221&id=WnYlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2PIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3861,797252 </ref> and bunker personnel were evacuated during a 1962 fire.<ref> http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19620209&id=p4ElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2fIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3232,1226823 </ref> Pentagon construction to provide an entire JCS center at the Joint War Room opened the [[National Military Command Center]] (NMCC) in early October 1962.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=Dr0UIZJw58YC&pg=PA362&lpg=PA362&dq=%22Joint+War+Room%22+pentagon&source=bl&ots=1vBHGXsUzX&sig=uNSqcKWuxlh9v0mgtTQIuNXA55Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SFmvUeODIKXryAHurIGIAg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Joint%20War%20Room%22%20pentagon&f=false</ref> It was initially considered an "interim" center until a nearby [[Deep Underground Command Center]] (DUCC) could be completed after which Raven Rock "would be phased out as superfluous, whichever version [50-man or 300-man DUCC] was chosen", but neither was built{{r|Ponturo}}--nor were SAC's similar [[Deep Underground Support Center]] or NORAD's [[Super Combat Center]]s.
*Between 1953 and 1971, it reported directly to the army's Joint Support Command.
*In 1971, as part of the [[Strategic Communications Command]] move to [[Fort Ritchie, Maryland|Fort Ritchie]], the communications unit was redesignated as the Directorate of Telecommunications, and placed under the Fort Ritchie garrison commander.
*In 1976, the unit was redesignated the USACC Site R Telecommunications Center, a direct reporting element to the 7th Signal Command.
*In 1978, the unit was moved back under the command of the Fort Ritchie garrison, as the Directorate of Telecommunications.
*In October 1981, USACC Site R Telecommunications Center was reorganized and redesignated as USACC Site R under Headquarters, 7th Signal Command.
*In May 1984, USACC Site R was redesignated as USAISC-Site R, remaining as a direct reporting unit to 7th Signal Command.
*In October 1988, USAISC-Site R was redesignated as the 1111th U.S. Army Signal Battalion and placed under the 1101st U.S. Army Signal Brigade, [[Fort McNair|Fort Lesley J. McNair]], Washington, D.C., as the Army support battalion responsible for the maintenance, upkeep and communications of the AJCC Site R.
*In October 1993, the 1111th U.S. Army Signal Battalion was placed under the 1108th U.S. Army Signal Brigade, Fort Ritchie, Maryland. Most base operations activities were removed from the battalion’s mission, leaving communications as the primary unit mission.
*The 1995 [[Base Realignment and Closure Commission]] directed the relocation of U.S. Army Signal Command units and some Base Operations support personnel from Fort Ritchie to [[Fort Detrick]], which became the home of East Coast long-haul communications. These units included the 21st Signal Brigade (formerly the 1108th U.S. Army Signal Brigade), the 114th Signal Battalion (formerly the 1111th U.S. Army Signal Battalion) and Information Systems Engineering Command-Continental United States. The 1110th U.S. Army Signal Battalion, already at Fort Detrick, is now the 302nd Signal Battalion and is assigned to the 21st Signal Brigade. More than 1,140 military members and civilian employees were transferred under the order. Site R and its personnel came under control of the Fort Detrick commander October 1, 1997. The actual movement of units began October 1, 1996, and Fort Ritchie was closed by September 30, 1998, well ahead of schedule.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/raven_rock.htm Raven Rock Site R Alternate Joint Communications Center (AJCC) - United States Nuclear Forces<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


===1962 ANMCC===
The site has been declared part of the Pentagon Reservation under {{USC|10|2674(g)}}.
{{Redirect|ANMCC|the detailed National Military Command Center description|Joint War Room#1962 NMCC}}
Raven Rock's joint War Room, USAF ADCC, and other facilities were designated the '''Alternate National Military Command Center''' (ANMCC) on 1 October 1962 when the [[Burroughs SS-416L Control and Warning Support System]] with the [[Semi Automatic Ground Environment]] had been deployed ([[Back-Up Interceptor Control]] began at [[North Bend AFS]] in December.) "The term AJCC remained in use...only [for] the Army-managed communications complex".<ref>citation 8 in Sturm 1966 on page 18</ref> On 17 October 1962, DOD Directive S-5100.30 "conceived" the [[Worldwide Military Command and Control System]] with five groups of C<sup>2</sup> systems: the [[National Military Command System]] was the primary group (to serve the President/SECDEF/JCS) and was to contain the Pentagon NMCC, Raven Rock's ANMCC, 3 [[Operation Looking Glass|NEACP]] aircraft on 24-hour ground alert, 2 [[National Emergency Command Post Afloat|NECPA]] ships, "and interconnecting communications"{{r|Sturm1966}}--the Raven Rock bunker was "hardened further to about 140 psi blast resistance by 1963"{{r|Wainstein}}{{rp|315}} when the [[Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker]] was being completed for [[tbd]] psi. The USAF's subsequent [[IBM 473L Command and Control System]] with [[AN/FYA-2 Integrated Data Transfer Console]]s and [[Iconorama|Large Panel Display Subsystem]] had equipment deployed at both the NMCC and ANMCC{{r|Brown}} (a 2nd [[IBM 1410]] computer was installed by December 15, 1966.){{r|Sturm1967}}{{rp|47}}

===1976 Telecommunications Center===
The '''[[United States Army Commuications Command|USACC]] Site R Telecommunications Center''' was designated in 1976, and the 1977 '''Alternate National Military Command and Control Center Improvement Program''' was worked on by the DoD Special Projects Office (later renamed Protective Design Center) for a new deep underground C<sup>2</sup> center with >{{Convert|3|mi|abbr=on}} of air [[entrainment]] tunnels (cancelled in 1979.){{Citation needed|reason=Sounds like the DUCC which was cancelled in 1963.|date=June 2014}} After the 2001 [[September 11 attacks]], [[Vice President Cheney]] used Raven Rock as a protected site away from President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/07/20/undisclosed_location_disclosed/ |title=Undisclosed location' disclosed: A visit offers some insight into Cheney hide-out |author=Steve Goldstein |publisher=Knight Ridder |date=July 20, 2004 |work=The Boston Globe }}<br>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20011216homefrontp5.asp| title=Homefront: Site R is secure, but it's not undisclosed| work=The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette| date= December 16, 2001| author=Dennis Roddy }}</ref> The Raven Rock military installation{{Quotation needed|reason=What name does the US Code use?|date=June 2014}} was declared{{When|date=June 2014}} part of the [[Pentagon Reservation]] under {{USC|10|2674(g)}} and on May 25, 2007, DoD policy{{Specify|date=June 2014}} declared it is unlawful{{Dubious|reason=DoD does not establish law.|date=June 2014}} for any person "entering in or on the property … to make any photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map or graphical representation of the Raven Rock Mountain Complex without first obtaining the necessary permission"<ref>''[[Federal Register]]'' report identified at [http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/2007/05/fr052507.html a Federation of American Scientists webpage.]</ref> ([[cf.]] persons not entering or on the property such those of [[Google Maps]].)

In 1977, the bunker had an "Emergency Conference Room", and the "Current Action Center was a military intelligence unit (an Air Force general was responsible for oversee the installations' communications.)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bertorelli |first=Paul |date=July 25, 1977 |title=The Rock: Buried in the bowels of underground Pentagon a mountain waits for war |url=http://whcacannonball.blogspot.com/2012/06/alternate-national-military-command_25.html |format=Blogspot.com transcription |newspaper=Hagerstown Morning Herald |accessdate=2014-06-03 |quote=Half mile long tunnels were drilled into the center of the mountain and were curved gently to reduce effects of a blast. … near [[Sharpsburg, Maryland|Sharpsburg]], “A great field of giant poles 150 feet high has sprung up 10 miles south of this Western Maryland community” a 1953 Washington Post report from Hagerstown said. That project along with a similar one near Greencastle Pa was built as a communication system for The Rock. Known as Site B and Site A respectively both were abandoned in the 1960's when communication improvement made the facilities obolete.}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
* In the TV series ''[[Jeremiah_(TV_series)|Jeremiah]]'', Raven Rock is known as Valhalla Sector, the main antagonist group in Season 1.
* In the TV series ''[[Jeremiah_(TV_series)|Jeremiah]]'', Raven Rock is a settting and on ''[[Prison Break]]'', Raven Rock is an identified location.
* In films, Raven Rock is identified in ''[[Oblivion_(2013_film)|Oblivion]]'', and in video games it is a setting for ''[[Fallout 3]]''.
* In the TV series ''[[Prison Break]]'', General Krantz mentions Raven Rock while briefing his daughter, he tells her that Raven Rock was the secure location that Scylla was being moved to.
* In books, It is possibly{{Weasel word|date=June 2014}} the location of District 13 in [[The Hunger Games trilogy|''The Hunger Games'' trilogy]].
* It is implied that Raven Rock is the stronghold for the remains of humanity in the 2013 film ''[[Oblivion_(2013_film)|Oblivion]]''.
* Raven Rock appears as the east coast headquarters of the remnants of the US government, the Enclave, in the video game ''[[Fallout 3]]''.
* It is possibly the location of District 13 in [[The Hunger Games trilogy|''The Hunger Games'' trilogy]].


{{External media
== See also ==
|image1=[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19521108&id=6JgcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=x2QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1778,1109972 1952 tunnel photo]
*[[Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center]]
|image3=[http://whitehouse.gov1.info/raven-rock/about.html facility layout]
*[[Continuity of government]]
|image3=[http://eyeball-series.org/site-r/site-r.htm Aerial photos]
*[[Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center|Mount Weather]]
|image4=[http://clui.org/ludb/site/raven-rock-underground-command-center-site-r locked gate and shack]
*[[Operation Looking Glass]]
}}
==References==
{{Reflist |refs=


<ref name=Brown>{{Cite report |last=Brown |first=C.B. |date=4 December 1962 |title=473L DPSS/ICSS Interface Description |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/297312.pdf |format=Technical Memorandum |number=TM-3511 |publisher=MITRE Corporation |accessdate=2014-04-07}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}


<ref name=DCA61>{{Cite report |title=title tbd |pages=[http://coldwar-c4i.net/DCA61/02.html 2,] [http://coldwar-c4i.net/DCA61/22.html 22,] }}</ref>
==External links==
* [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/raven_rock.htm "Site-R Raven Rock Alternate Joint Communications Center (AJCC)], Federation of American Scientists
*{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/raven-rock.htm| title=Site-R Raven Rock| publisher=Global Security.org| accessdate=November 29, 2010 }}
*{{cite news| url=http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/06/how-to-visit-a/| title=How To: Visit a Secret Nuclear Bunker| publisher=Wired| accessdate=November 29, 2010| first=Sharon| last=Weinberger| date=June 11, 2008}}
* [http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/PA3183/ Raven Rock Underground Command Center (Site R)]
* [http://eyeball-series.org/site-r/site-r.htm Cryptome's aerial photos of Site R]
* [http://aboutcampdavid.blogspot.tw/2011/08/raven-rock-mountain-complex.html]
{{coord|39.734|N|77.419|W|region:US-PA_type:mountain_scale:20000|display=title}}


<ref name=ExSumm>{{Cite report |last1=Wainstein |first1=L.-Project Leader |title=The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945-1972: '''Executive Summary''' |url= |pages=xi-xxviii
[[Category:Military facilities in Pennsylvania]]
|month=June 1975: declassified September 1992 |volume=Study S-467 |publisher=Institute for Defense Analyses |url= |accessdate=2013-05-13 }}</ref>
<ref name=Wainstein>{{Cite report |last1=Wainstein |first1=L. |pages=1-138 |title=The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: '''Part One''' (1945-1953)
|month=June 1975 |volume=Study S-467 |publisher=Institute for Defense Analyses |url= |accessdate=2013-05-13 }}</ref>
<ref name=Moriarty>{{Cite report |last=Moriarty |first=J. K. |pages=139-266 |title=The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: '''Part Two''' (1954-1960)
|month=June 1975 |volume=Study S-467 |publisher=Institute for Defense Analyses |url= |accessdate=2013-05-13 }}</ref>
<ref name=Ponturo>{{Cite report |last=Ponturo |first=J. |pages=267-370 |title=The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: '''Part Three''' (1961-1967)
|month=June 1975 |volume=Study S-467 |publisher=Institute for Defense Analyses |url= |accessdate=2013-05-13
|quote=In February [1962], the Secretary of Defense approved a [[National Military Command System]] (NMCS) composed of four major elements: the National Military Command Center (NMCC), an evolution of the JCS Joint War Room; the Alternate National Military Command Center (ANMCC), a redesignation of the JCS installation at the AJCC; and two mobile alternates, the NECPA and the NEACP.<sup>18</sup> The following October he issued a DoD directive on the [[Worldwide Military Command and Control System]] (WWMCCS) that outlined the NMCS in detail, to include the NMCC, ANMCC, NECPA, NEACP, and such other alternates as might be established, together with their interconnecting communications; and defined their relationship to the command and control "subsystems" of the service headquarters, the CINCs, and other DoD agencies.<sup>19</sup> … The fixed underground ANMCC would be phased out as superfluous, whichever version [50-man or 300-man DUCC] was chosen, and the other NMCS facilities would be cut back to some degree according to one or the other.}}</ref>

<ref name=gnis>{{Cite gnis |1184711|Raven Rock Mountain (1184711) |accessdate=2014-06-03}}<br>{{Cite gnis|1211037|Raven Rock (pillar, 1211037)|accessdate=2014-06-03}} {{Coord|39|49|57|N|077|22|49|W}}</ref>

<ref name=GT19510120>{{Cite news |date=January 20, 1951 |title=Government To Begin Work On Fountaindale Ridge Monday |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=7_FrD3gH8REC&dat=19510120&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |format=Google News archive |newspaper=Gettysburg Times |volume=Vol. 49, No. 18 |accessdate=2014-06-02 |quote=Plans of the government to begin work Monday at the “Beard Lot”…were revealed today [Saturday] by Attorney Charles W. Kalp, assistant U.S. attorney at Lewisburg. The "Beard Lot," a 1,500-foot-high, mile-long hill located at Fountaindale and extending east and south along the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg road, will be used, it is believed, as part of an underground world-wide communications center … government had been granted…"immediate possession" orders on four of 26 properties previously listed for condemnation in a [federal] petition… A petition…originally filed for the entire 1,100-acre area surrounding and including the "Beard Lot." …properties condemned were those of the heirs of Samuele Warren containing 47½ acres, the Hoy Martin property of 103 acres [E of the Fountaindale-Sabillasville road], the three-acre property of Harold M. and Sylvia Caron and the 87½-acre property of Robert and Vialo Kipe. …super underground communications center [when] the "Beard Lot" is to be annexed, according to the government's original petition … the Carsons had been told that the government wanted their land "for an entrance. …the former [turnpike] Route 16, now returned to Hamiltonban township with the opening of the Sunshine Trail, would be used for regular vehicular traffic while the other [Route 16] highway is closed."}}</ref>

<ref name=Sturm1966>{{Cite report |last=Sturm |first=Thomas A. |date=August 1966--declassified "6/05/05" |title=The Air Force and The Worldwide Military Command and Control System: 1961-1965 |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb249/doc08.pdf |number=SHO-S-66/269 |accessdate=2014-05-15 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sturm1967>{{Cite report |last=Sturm |first=Thomas A. |date=August 1967 |title=The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 |url=http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110429-030.pdf |publisher=USAF Historical Division Liaison Office |accessdate=2014-04-02 |quote=the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., [[Nike missile]]s] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons.}}</ref>

<ref name=Wainstein>{{Cite report |last1=Wainstein |first1=L. (Project Leader) |month=June 1975: declassified September 1992 |number=Study S-467 |publisher=[[Institute for Defense Analyses]] |title=The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945-1972 |url= |accessdate=2013-05-13 |quote=}}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Government facilities in Adams County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Continuity of government in the United States]]
[[Category:Disaster preparedness in the United States]]
[[Category:Disaster preparedness in the United States]]
[[Category:Military facilities in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Nuclear bunkers in the United States]]
[[Category:Nuclear bunkers in the United States]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Adams County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:United States nuclear command and control]]
[[Category:United States nuclear command and control]]
[[Category:Continuity of government in the United States]]
[[Category:Secret places]]

Revision as of 13:58, 4 June 2014

This article is about the 1953 nuclear bunker near the Mason-Dixon Line. For the 1966 NORAD bunker, see Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center.
Raven Rock Mountain Complex
"Ravenrock",[1]: 2  Liberty Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States
The Site R tunnel entrance with abutments (39°43′47″N 77°25′57″W / 39.729642°N 77.432468°W / 39.729642; -77.432468, white figure in illustration) now has a building that is visible from a public road intersection to the west, particularly when trees are bare. The tunnel's other (east) opening is near the military installation's above-ground support area near the Route 16 intersection with Jack's Mountain Road.
Coordinates39°44′02″N 077°25′10″W / 39.73389°N 77.41944°W / 39.73389; -77.41944[2] (mountain summit)
Typenuclear bunker
Site information
OwnerU.S. Government
Site history
Built1951-3

The Raven Rock Mountain Complex (RRMC) is a military installation with an underground nuclear bunker near Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, at Raven Rock Mountain that serves as an "underground Pentagon" (colloq.).[4][verification needed] The bunker has emergency operations centers for the Army, Navy and USAF.

Description

The installation's largest tenant unit is the Defense Threat Reduction Agency,[5] and RRMC communications are the responsibility of the 114th Signal Battalion.[6] The facility has 38 communications systems, and the Defense Information Systems Agency provides computer services at the complex. Additional names for the installation are Raven Rock Military Complex,[citation needed] National Military Command Center Reservation (NMCC-R), Backup Pentagon", Site R, or "The Rock".[citation needed]

Site RT

Site RT is the portion of the military installation with communication towers and buildings atop the mountain.[citation needed]

History

Raven Rock Mountain and the adjacent Jacks Mountain on the north were formed in the tbd geologic period, and Miney Branch flows west-to-east between them in the Potomac River Watershed. The 1820 Waynesboro-Emmitsburg Turnpike with toll station for the 1787 crossroad was constructed between the mountains, where the Fight at Monterey Gap was conducted after the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg (Stuart's artillery at Raven Rock Gap shelled Federal troops.[7]) In 1870 copper ore was discovered to the north,[8] and the nearby Fountain Dale Springs House was established in 1874.[9] The scenic area's mountain recreation facilities to the west included the 1877 Pen Mar Park, the 1878 High Rock Tower, the 1885 Monterey Country Club, and several resorts (e.g., Blue Mountain House, Buena Vista Springs Hotels, & Washington Cliff House). The 1889 Jacks Mountain Tunnel on the Western Extension (Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway) was completed near Raven Rock Mountain, and nearby stations were at Blue Ridge Summit and Charmian. The Army's 1942 Camp Ritchie was built southwest of the resorts, and a local road was built[when?] eastward from Blue Ridge Summit and intersected the north-south Fountaindale-Sabillasville Road (the intersection now provides access to the RRMC main gate.)

Planning for a protected Cold War facility near Washington, D.C. began in 1948 for relocation of military National Command Authorities and the Joint Communications Service.[citation needed]

Army unit

In 1953 the Army's Raven Rock unit[specify] was part of Joint Support Command, then in 1971 was redesignated as the Directorate of Telecommunications and placed under the garrison commander of Fort Ritchie, where Strategic Communications Command moved. The Directorate was redesignated USACC Site R Telecommunications Center in 1976,[citation needed] then simply USACC Site R in October 1981 (both under 7th Signal Command). Col. Humphrey L. Peterson was the 1983 commander of USACC Site R,[10] which was redesignated In May 1984 as USAISC-Site R.[11] Operation of the center[who?] was removed from the mission when the unit was redesignated the 1111th U.S. Army Signal Battalion under the 1101st U.S. Army Signal Brigade in October 1988 (under the 1108th U.S. Army Signal Brigade in October 1993), and the battalion remained responsible for maintenance, upkeep and communications.[citation needed] The unit became the 114th Signal Battalion under the 21st Signal Brigade after the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.[12]

Super underground communications center

The planned super underground communications center was identified in the original 1950 federal petition to seize the "Beard Lot", "a 1,500-foot-high, mile-long hill located at Fountaindale and extending east and south along the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg road",[13] The "Declaration of Taking" for "United States of America Versus 1,100 Acres of Land" was filed at the Adams County courthouse on January 23, 1952, and "made the government the official owner of the 280-acre tract" seized from 4 properties[14] (17 total properties had been requested by February 15--some only for temporary use.)[15] "South of and above the Carson service station on the Sunshine trail",[16] bulldozers began work on January 19, 1951; by February 3 a roadway to the site had been leveled behind a farmhouse;[17] and by February 24 underground work had commenced (40 men working "normally" on that date were only performing above-ground construction.)[18] By May 26 the Army had named the landform Raven Rock Mountain ("Raven Rock" is a pillar landform to the north along the mountain range)[2] and listed its elevation "as 1,527 feet".[19]

By October 17, 1951, there had been 2 deaths due to premature dynamite detonation in the "Beard Lot tunnel" and to crushing of "a power-shovel operator",[20] and the S. A. Healy company was working on the "alternate pentagon" in November 1951, when "Washington [announced] a cut-back in defense appropriations would affect the" installation.[21] On January 16, 1952, the government identified that when completed, the bunker would have "a "standby" group of approximately 100" personnel as manning--because of construction damage, the US said it "will rebuild the Sunshine Trail…in any fashion the state may desire."[22]

By March 29, 1952, "more than 100 workers" were on strike from building additional Raven Rock housing at Camp Ritchie, which was "to be a supplemental installation for the “undergound pentagon” at Fountaindale [and] no work [was] going on in the Raven Rock (Beard Lot) tunnel at the present time."[23] Local travelers having to bypass on the serpentine on the slope between Monterey and Fountaindale grew frustrated during the delay (the incomplete tunnel was dubbed the derogatory "Harry's Hole" for President Truman.) By April 7, 1952, United Telephone Company rights of way had been secured for 4 tracts, including 1 in Cumberland Township.[24] Easements for 3 additional private tracts were filed by the government in December 1953[25] (a 1954 lawsuit against the U.S. by Alfred Holt was "seeking $2,000 an acre for his 140-acre woodlot atop the Beard Lot [after] turning down an offer of $2,800 from the government.)[26]

A 1952 army history disclosed Raven Rock information.[27] Three underground buildings were completed in 1953,[28] the year a guard shelter burned on the installation.[29] By April 1954, "Little Pentagon" development had cost $35,000,000.[30]

Automatic activation

After the 1954 Air Defense Command blockhouse was built at Ent Air Force Base where the joint 1955 Continental Air Defense Command was activated, "in August 1955 OSD approved the “automatic” activation of Raven Rock's [Alternate Joint Communication Center] on declaration of air defense warning or notice of surprise attack"[31] (SAC similarly completed a bunker in 1955). The AJCC was equipped with command and control (C2) hardware by the end of 1955.[32]

1956 War Room Annex

In July 1956 at Raven Rock, a joint "War Room Annex was established" and was operated by the Air Force, and Raven Rock's readiness "was broadened in April 1957 [for] activation prior to emergency if JCS thought it necessary."[31] "By 1959, the services as well as JCS regarded Raven Rock as their primary emergency deployment center. For the Air Force, it served as Headquarters USAF Advanced, capable of receiving the Chief of Staff and key officers."[33] After President Eisenhower expressed concern about nuclear command and control, a "1958 reorganization in National Command Authority relations with the joint commands" was implemented.[34] On 1 July 1958 Raven Rock's USAF facility, "ADCC (Blue Ridge Summit)", became one of the 33 NORAD Alert Network Number 1 stations (but with receive-only capability as at "TAC Headquarters, Sandia Base,…and the Presidio at San Francisco".)[35] On 20 October 1960, the JCS "instructed the Joint Staff to establish a Joint Alternate Command Element (JACE)" for rotating[specify] battle staffs to Raven Rock for temporary duty.[31] In November 1960, consoles at the Pentagon's Joint War Room became operational,[36] and the Raven Rock JACE "was activated on 11 July 1961 under USAF Brig. Gen. Willard W. Smith [with the 5] staffs permanently stationed in Washington and an administrative section at Ft. Ritchie"--rotations began in October 1961[31] (Fort Ritchie also had the OSD Defense Emergency Relocation Site.)[1]: 2  An expansion project by the Frazier - Davis - McDonald Company was underway in December 1961 at the "little Pentagon",[37] and bunker personnel were evacuated during a 1962 fire.[38] Pentagon construction to provide an entire JCS center at the Joint War Room opened the National Military Command Center (NMCC) in early October 1962.[39] It was initially considered an "interim" center until a nearby Deep Underground Command Center (DUCC) could be completed after which Raven Rock "would be phased out as superfluous, whichever version [50-man or 300-man DUCC] was chosen", but neither was built[40]--nor were SAC's similar Deep Underground Support Center or NORAD's Super Combat Centers.

1962 ANMCC

"ANMCC" redirects here. For the detailed National Military Command Center description, see Joint War Room § 1962 NMCC.

Raven Rock's joint War Room, USAF ADCC, and other facilities were designated the Alternate National Military Command Center (ANMCC) on 1 October 1962 when the Burroughs SS-416L Control and Warning Support System with the Semi Automatic Ground Environment had been deployed (Back-Up Interceptor Control began at North Bend AFS in December.) "The term AJCC remained in use...only [for] the Army-managed communications complex".[41] On 17 October 1962, DOD Directive S-5100.30 "conceived" the Worldwide Military Command and Control System with five groups of C2 systems: the National Military Command System was the primary group (to serve the President/SECDEF/JCS) and was to contain the Pentagon NMCC, Raven Rock's ANMCC, 3 NEACP aircraft on 24-hour ground alert, 2 NECPA ships, "and interconnecting communications"[31]--the Raven Rock bunker was "hardened further to about 140 psi blast resistance by 1963"[34]: 315  when the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker was being completed for tbd psi. The USAF's subsequent IBM 473L Command and Control System with AN/FYA-2 Integrated Data Transfer Consoles and Large Panel Display Subsystem had equipment deployed at both the NMCC and ANMCC[42] (a 2nd IBM 1410 computer was installed by December 15, 1966.)[32]: 47 

1976 Telecommunications Center

The USACC Site R Telecommunications Center was designated in 1976, and the 1977 Alternate National Military Command and Control Center Improvement Program was worked on by the DoD Special Projects Office (later renamed Protective Design Center) for a new deep underground C2 center with >3 mi (4.8 km) of air entrainment tunnels (cancelled in 1979.)[citation needed] After the 2001 September 11 attacks, Vice President Cheney used Raven Rock as a protected site away from President George W. Bush.[43] The Raven Rock military installation[need quotation to verify] was declared[when?] part of the Pentagon Reservation under 10 U.S.C. § 2674(g) and on May 25, 2007, DoD policy[specify] declared it is unlawful[dubious – discuss] for any person "entering in or on the property … to make any photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map or graphical representation of the Raven Rock Mountain Complex without first obtaining the necessary permission"[44] (cf. persons not entering or on the property such those of Google Maps.)

In 1977, the bunker had an "Emergency Conference Room", and the "Current Action Center was a military intelligence unit (an Air Force general was responsible for oversee the installations' communications.)[45]

External image
image icon 1952 tunnel photo
image icon Aerial photos
image icon locked gate and shack

References

  1. ^ a b title tbd (Report). pp. 2, 22, .
  2. ^ a b "Raven Rock Mountain (1184711)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
    "Raven Rock (pillar, 1211037)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2014-06-03. 39°49′57″N 077°22′49″W / 39.83250°N 77.38028°W / 39.83250; -77.38028
  3. ^ (Report). March 1, 1961. p. 2 http://coldwar-c4i.net/DCA61/01.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. hardened Emergency Command Post and Relocation site for the Executive Branch of the Government at Mount Weather {{cite report}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) (seperate webpages for each report page)
  4. ^ "Life on the Newsfronts". Life. March 1, 1954. p. 40.
  5. ^ Weinberger, Sharon (June 11, 2008). "How To: Visit a Secret Nuclear Bunker". Wired. Retrieved date tbd. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. ^ "Battalion Mission". 114th Signal Battalion, "Signal Masters of the Rock",. Archived from the original on 2005-11-26. Retrieved 2005-11-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) (dated copy at archive.org)
  7. ^ p. 199 Conrad/Alexander When War Passed This Way[full citation needed]
  8. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GmQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0P8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4011%2C2911487
  9. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wcQlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m_UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7196,2316920&dq=fountaindale+raven-rock&hl=en
    http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/adams/history/area/chapter-xxxv.txt
  10. ^ http://newspaperarchive.com/us/maryland/frederick/frederick-news-post/1983/04-08/page-9
  11. ^ "Site-R Raven Rock". Global Security.org. Retrieved November 29, 2010. (verbatim text as at FAS.org)
  12. ^ Raven Rock Site R Alternate Joint Communications Center (AJCC) - United States Nuclear Forces
  13. ^ "Government To Begin Work On Fountaindale Ridge Monday" (Google News archive). Gettysburg Times. Vol. Vol. 49, No. 18. January 20, 1951. Retrieved 2014-06-02. Plans of the government to begin work Monday at the "Beard Lot"…were revealed today [Saturday] by Attorney Charles W. Kalp, assistant U.S. attorney at Lewisburg. The "Beard Lot," a 1,500-foot-high, mile-long hill located at Fountaindale and extending east and south along the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg road, will be used, it is believed, as part of an underground world-wide communications center … government had been granted…"immediate possession" orders on four of 26 properties previously listed for condemnation in a [federal] petition… A petition…originally filed for the entire 1,100-acre area surrounding and including the "Beard Lot." …properties condemned were those of the heirs of Samuele Warren containing 47½ acres, the Hoy Martin property of 103 acres [E of the Fountaindale-Sabillasville road], the three-acre property of Harold M. and Sylvia Caron and the 87½-acre property of Robert and Vialo Kipe. …super underground communications center [when] the "Beard Lot" is to be annexed, according to the government's original petition … the Carsons had been told that the government wanted their land "for an entrance. …the former [turnpike] Route 16, now returned to Hamiltonban township with the opening of the Sunshine Trail, would be used for regular vehicular traffic while the other [Route 16] highway is closed." {{cite news}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19530819&id=SGgmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nv8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1942,4856946
  15. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19510215&id=NYdhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3fQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727,3891140 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2246&dat=19510217&id=EaxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=897,3325706
  16. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2246&dat=19510127&id=EKxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3982,3386736
  17. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2241&dat=19510203&id=fY8lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yfIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1768,3709595
  18. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2241&dat=19510224&id=f48lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yfIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4684,3611710
  19. ^ "Pentagon No. 2" "Shadow Pentagon" http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19510526&id=gaElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nfwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935,4981845s with a finished chamber…2,100 feet long [and] four suites for top officals [and space for] a staff of 1,200..in the underground center in peacetime and 5,000 in wartime.
  20. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19511016&id=09slAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ofwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3127,4029556 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6YElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3fQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2346,3746550&dq=lincoln-statue+gettysburg&hl=en
  21. ^ "Work Goes On At "Little Pentagon"" (Google News archive). Gettysburg Times. November 8, 1951. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
  22. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19520116&id=cNwlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4744,5483051
  23. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2246&dat=19520329&id=RKxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5625,2016446
  24. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=otwlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,1268896&dq=beard-lot+underground&hl=en
  25. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=maxcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5807%2C17255
  26. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19540204&id=NTkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8v0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=852,929880
  27. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19521108&id=6JgcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=x2QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1778,1109972
  28. ^ http://aboutcampdavid.blogspot.tw/2011/08/raven-rock-mountain-complex.html
  29. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UlMmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nf8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=782,2731063&dq=raven-rock+fountaindale&hl=en
  30. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19540414&id=tiYmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2233,3854385
  31. ^ a b c d e Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1966--declassified "6/05/05"). The Air Force and The Worldwide Military Command and Control System: 1961-1965 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2014-05-15. {{cite report}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ a b Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950-1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Retrieved 2014-04-02. the Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons.
  33. ^ Wainstein, L.-Project Leader. The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945-1972: Executive Summary (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. xi–xxviii. {{cite report}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ a b Wainstein, L. The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part One (1945-1953) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 1–138. {{cite report}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "Wainstein" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite NORAD Historical Summary |version=1958 |accessdate=2013-04-30}} Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services; p. 91
  36. ^ Moriarty, J. K. The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. {{cite report}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19611221&id=WnYlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2PIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3861,797252
  38. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19620209&id=p4ElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2fIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3232,1226823
  39. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Dr0UIZJw58YC&pg=PA362&lpg=PA362&dq=%22Joint+War+Room%22+pentagon&source=bl&ots=1vBHGXsUzX&sig=uNSqcKWuxlh9v0mgtTQIuNXA55Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SFmvUeODIKXryAHurIGIAg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Joint%20War%20Room%22%20pentagon&f=false
  40. ^ Ponturo, J. The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Three (1961-1967) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 267–370. In February [1962], the Secretary of Defense approved a National Military Command System (NMCS) composed of four major elements: the National Military Command Center (NMCC), an evolution of the JCS Joint War Room; the Alternate National Military Command Center (ANMCC), a redesignation of the JCS installation at the AJCC; and two mobile alternates, the NECPA and the NEACP.18 The following October he issued a DoD directive on the Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) that outlined the NMCS in detail, to include the NMCC, ANMCC, NECPA, NEACP, and such other alternates as might be established, together with their interconnecting communications; and defined their relationship to the command and control "subsystems" of the service headquarters, the CINCs, and other DoD agencies.19 … The fixed underground ANMCC would be phased out as superfluous, whichever version [50-man or 300-man DUCC] was chosen, and the other NMCS facilities would be cut back to some degree according to one or the other. {{cite report}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  41. ^ citation 8 in Sturm 1966 on page 18
  42. ^ Brown, C.B. (4 December 1962). 473L DPSS/ICSS Interface Description (Technical Memorandum) (Report). MITRE Corporation. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  43. ^ Steve Goldstein (July 20, 2004). "Undisclosed location' disclosed: A visit offers some insight into Cheney hide-out". The Boston Globe. Knight Ridder.
    Dennis Roddy (December 16, 2001). "Homefront: Site R is secure, but it's not undisclosed". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  44. ^ Federal Register report identified at a Federation of American Scientists webpage.
  45. ^ Bertorelli, Paul (July 25, 1977). "The Rock: Buried in the bowels of underground Pentagon a mountain waits for war" (Blogspot.com transcription). Hagerstown Morning Herald. Retrieved 2014-06-03. Half mile long tunnels were drilled into the center of the mountain and were curved gently to reduce effects of a blast. … near Sharpsburg, "A great field of giant poles 150 feet high has sprung up 10 miles south of this Western Maryland community" a 1953 Washington Post report from Hagerstown said. That project along with a similar one near Greencastle Pa was built as a communication system for The Rock. Known as Site B and Site A respectively both were abandoned in the 1960's when communication improvement made the facilities obolete.
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