Doctor Who in Australia

Doctor Who in Australia refers to the history and culture surrounding the British Broadcasting Corporation science fiction programme Doctor Who since its first broadcast in Australia in January 1965.

From its origins Australians have had many links to Doctor Who: two Australian writers played key roles in the series' gestation - C.E. "Bunny" Webber and Anthony Coburn, Coburn having worked on the pre-production and first story; the iconic Doctor Who theme music was written by Australian musician Ron Grainer; one-time Australian ballet composer Dudley Simpson wrote incidental music for many stories during the 1960s and 1970s; and the actress Janet Fielding played popular companion Tegan in the 1980s.

Additionally, the Australian Broadcasting Commission was one of the first and longest term purchasers of the series from the BBC, initially planning it's Australian debut for May 1964, only six months after the UK premiere. In 1979 the ABC organised a nationwide promotional tour by then-current Doctor Tom Baker and, in 1983, it co-funded the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors. Australia was also a key market for the many products licensed by BBC Enterprises and the success of the series in Australia was an important factor in its worldwide penetration; English-speaking countries in the Asia-Pacific region generally bought whatever episodes the ABC had cleared for its own use, and BBC Enterprises' office for the entire region was in Sydney and dealt with the censors and marketing.

Australian contributions to Doctor Who

Australians have played significant roles in the creation of Doctor Who since 1963. The Australian author C.E. Webber was instrumental in establishing the series' premise, while the first Doctor Who story to air, An Unearthly Child, was written by fellow Australian author Anthony Coburn. Another Australian writer, Bill Strutton, wrote the 1965 serial The Web Planet.

The Doctor Who theme music was written by Australian composer Ron Grainer. The Australian bush band Bullamakanka adapted the theme to create "Doctor Who Is Gonna Fix It", which paid homage to the series and its place in the ABC's early-weekday evening schedules; it was re-released by BBC Records in November 1983, just in time for the 20th anniversary.

Also significant for his musical contribution to Doctor Who is Australian composer Dudley Simpson, who wrote the incidental music for a great number of stories during the 1960s and 1970s. On his retirement in the 1980s he returned to Australia and has appeared at numerous Australian Doctor Who-related events. The composer Tristram Cary, who lived in Australia for many years until his death in April 2008, also wrote incidental music for several serials.

More visibly, many Australian actors - or British actors, technicians (etc.) who migrated to Australia - have appeared on the programme. These include New Zealand-born actress Louise Pajo who played Gia Kelly in the 1969 serial "The Seeds of Death" (Pajo completed her training in the UK but relocated to Australia during the 1970s); Katy Manning who played companion Jo Grant 1971-73 (Manning lived in Australia for many years, becoming an Australian citizen as well as the patron of the DWCA); Australian actress Janet Fielding who played companion Tegan 1981-84; Fielding's contemporary Mark Strickson who played companion Turlough 1983-84 (Strickson lived in Australia for many years before settling in New Zealand); British actress Liza Goddard who played Kari in the 1983 serial "Terminus" (Goddard moved to Australia with her family in 1965, when her father was appointed the ABC's Head of Drama, and she starred in the first two seasons of "Skippy the Bush Kangaroo" before returning to the UK in 1969); Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue who played Astrid Peth in the 2007 Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned"; and Australian actor Peter O'Brien who played Ed Gold in the 2009 special "The Waters of Mars".

Broadcast history

Doctor Who was initially scheduled to premiere on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in May 1964, but after the Australian Film Censorship Board (AFCB) classified most of the episodes 'A', for Adult viewing, the ABC had to find a later timeslot than the early-evening one they'd intended to use.

The show's Australian debut was held over until January 1965, thereafter becoming an important part of the ABC's schedule. This often included repeats of some or all of the most recent season's serials during both prime time and school holidays, which meant Australian viewers had far more opportunities to see the series than viewers in Britain, where repeat screenings were extremely uncommon.

The 1960s

Doctor Who was first broadcast in Australia by the ABC's Perth station, ABW-2, on Tuesday 12 January 1965. Individual episodes were sent to Australia by the BBC in the form of one 16mm black and white film print. If simultaneous broadcast was required (i.e. the same episode being screened in two different cities on the same day and at roughly the same time) the ABC had to make copies and send them to the relevant stations for local transmission, as until the late 1960s there was no uniform national broadcast network. However for much of Doctor Who's first decade on Australian television, each episode's film or video print was physically transported from city to city, for broadcast in each on a different date and generally according to an entirely different schedule. For example, after being screened in Perth on Tuesday 12 January 1965, the first episode An Unearthly Child was screened by ABN-2 Sydney on Friday 15 January, then by ABQ-2 Brisbane on Friday 22 January, by ABV-2 Melbourne on Saturday 20 February and by ABS-2 Adelaide on Monday 15 March. As a result, different broadcast regions saw different episodes on different days, sometimes weeks or even months after the same episode had been screened elsewhere in the country. Later improvements in the capacity of cable or microwave and other links enabled the ABC to broadcast on an increasingly national basis, although even into the 1970s the debut screenings of some episodes were still weeks apart from one city to the next.

Episodes continued to be broadcast weekly until mid-1966, generally in the same timeslot for each city that the programme had debuted in the previous year. By the time the last weekly episode was broadcast in June 1966 - episode 4 of The Crusade - first-run ABC episodes were still only around twelve months behind their original BBC transmission dates. In October 1966 the first episode of The Space Museum marked the first time the ABC stripped Doctor Who in the 6:30 Monday-Thursday timeslot. With only occasional changes or minor variations to days and times, the ABC continued to strip Doctor Who in a weekday early-evening timeslot for much of the next twenty-six years. Later in 1966 the ABC also started showing repeats of chunks of the most recent first-run stories in the same stripped prime-time slot. (Repeats not only remained commonplace, but their regularity also went on to generate fan dissatisfaction by the early 1980s).

The switch to Second Doctor Patrick Troughton was first seen in Adelaide on Friday 7 July 1967 and elsewhere during July and September. From mid-1969 into the 1970s the ABC returned Doctor Who to mostly weekly scheduling , typically in an early-evening Friday slot or late-afternoon on Sundays. Between series of Doctor Who shows from similar genre were typically shown, including Timeslip, Phoenix Five and Frank and Francesca.

After having done so only once, in 1965, the first of what would become the ABC's regular scheduling of school holiday repeats commenced in May 1969. The holiday repeats, which started with Troughton stories including Fury from the Deep, The Enemy of the World, The Mind Robber, The Krotons, The Wheel in Space, The Invasion and The Space Pirates, continued throughout most school holiday period (with mostly differing schedules between the states and territories) until 1974.

1970s

From mid-1969, many Second Doctor serials were repeated during school holiday periods. This practice continued until May 1974, after which no further school holiday repeats were scheduled. With first-run episodes still being shown in prime time, there could sometimes be up to 11 episodes of Doctor Who screened in any given week. But within only a few years, the number of episodes being lavished on fans decreased dramatically.

By the beginning of the 1970s, the gap between UK and Australian premieres of Doctor Who had extended to twenty-one months. Individual episodes were still being shipped from one city to another for local transmission and ABC schedules were also still decided, to a limited extent, at a local level. Throughout April and May 1970 the ABC's first Doctor Who debut of the decade was The Dominators, first shown on BBC1 in August 1968. By the time the first episode to feature Jon Pertwee's Third Doctor premiered around the country during July and August 1971, the gap had been marginally reduced to eighteen months.

The BBC's switch to colour for Pertwee's first season in 1970 couldn't be reflected in Australia, where colour broadcasting didn't commence until March 1975. Nearly all of the Pertwee era was first screened in Australia in black and white, with his final season the first to premiere in colour around the country at various times between 1975 and 1977. (Stories from Pertwee's first four seasons weren't broadcast in colour for the first time until the ABC purchased additional repeat rights to numerous blocks of serials between 1978 and 1986).

After airing more-or-less continuously for nine years, 1974 saw a dramatic change in the ABC's scheduling of Doctor Who. The last twelve first-run episodes of Season 9 were broadcast weekly between January and March, followed by Monday-Friday repeats of the same season from September/October until December/January. For several years in the mid-1970s there followed a haphazard scheduling of Doctor Who, with seasons either broken up or only partially screened due to serials being omitted, last-minute or unannounced cancellations of scheduled broadcasts, or equally abrupt and unannounced screenings if, for example, a sporting event was cancelled due to bad weather.

One of the results of this combination of factors was that the Australian premiere of first-run episodes - which, by 1975, was still a year behind [[BBC1] - began to drift further and further behind the UK once again. In Sydney in 1975, the ABC screened just fourteen weekly installments of Doctor Who - The Time Warrior, Death to the Daleks and The Monster of Peladon - between March and June. These were the first episodes to be broadcast by the ABC in colour. Due to the BBC's accidental wiping of the master tape of Invasion of the Dinosaurs' first episode, that story wasn't screened at all by the ABC until November 1984, when they simply broadcast it - without any preceding explanation - as a five-part story, starting from episode 2. (They never actually broadcast the full six episode story until 2004).

In 1976 Doctor Who fans in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane fared only marginally better than they had in 1975, with sixteen weekly installments broadcast, starting with Planet of the Spiders at various times between March and May, followed by Tom Baker's debut in Robot, then The Sontaran Experiment and The Ark In Space (in that incorrect order). At about the same time the ABC announced its decision not to buy any further new episodes of Doctor Who. The announcement generated uproar among fans, who went on to stage an on-going series of protests in an attempt to save the series (see below); in doing so, the first seeds of Australian Doctor Who fandom were sewn.

Despite the earlier announcement, 1977 was again a marginally better year than the one before. There were nineteen weekly episodes broadcast, commencing in May with Genesis of the Daleks and wrapping up Season 12 with Revenge Of The Cybermen, before repeating The Time Warrior and Death to the Daleks from the previous season. By the fourth episode of Revenge of the Cybermen, Australian first-run episodes had fallen two years and two months behind the UK.

With a new Controller of Television, James Fitzmaurice, the ABC reversed its decision on Doctor Who towards the end of 1977 and from early 1978 the show was again a regular fixture within the ABC's early-evening weeknight schedules. Typically it was stripped Monday-Thursday at 6:30pm, though there were some variations to this and some exceptions to what was actually screened (e.g. The Brain of Morbius, see below).

The ratings of the second and third Tom Baker seasons marked a major up-turn in the show's popularity, and the ABC renewed repeat rights to many colour episodes from the Jon Pertwee era, including ones that had previously been blocked from early-evening broadcast due to originally having been classified 'A' by the Australian Film Censorship Board (AFCB). (These episodes were reviewed again by the Board which, by this time, felt that they were suitable for general broadcast). In a sequence that the ABC would repeat several times over the following four years, new Tom Baker episodes would be shown, followed by a rerun of selected colour episodes from Jon Pertwee's Spearhead from Space onwards.

In 1979 the ABC also brought Tom Baker himself out to Australia for a nationwide promotional campaign and media blitz. He later made a second visit (this time only to Sydney) to popularise the new line of merchandise centred on him as the Doctor (posters, buttons, etc.).

1980s

The period from the late 1970s and early 1980s saw Doctor Who continue to be stripped in a weekday early-evening slot (typically Monday-Thursday or Monday-Friday at either 6pm or 6:30pm). Generally it would screen throughout the year, more often than not paired with programs such as The Ghost & Mrs. Muir, The Goodies. Spike Milligan's Q or ABC productions such as Home or Sweet & Sour at 6pm, followed by Doctor Who at 6:30, then usually a single music video clip or some other suitably short program to fill the remaining five minutes before the 7pm news (episodes of Doctor Who were generally only 25 minutes long at the time). However, in early 1981, those eagerly awaiting the return of Doctor Who after the end of the summer non-ratings period were dismayed to find an unknown Japanese fantasy TV show called Monkey screening in The Goodies & Doctor Who's traditional slot. Such had the volume of complaints been about Doctor Who repeats that the ABC took the decision not to screen it at all in 1981.

The early 1980s saw the departure of the longest running Doctor, Tom Baker, who was replaced by Peter Davison. The ABC continued screening the series almost as soon as it was shown by the BBC in Britain; Davison's debut in Castrovalva was screened by the ABC in April 1982, only three months after its UK debut. For Doctor Who's 20th anniversary special, The Five Doctors, the ABC even provided some funds for production and made a greater-than-usual promotional effort, despite the nationwide visit by Peter Davison earlier in 1983 having been organised by a department store chain.

The pattern of new episodes and repeats continued, with both colour and black and white episodes now being shown. Two Patrick Troughton stories (The Mind Robber and The Krotons) were repeated in 1986, as were nearly all Pertwee episodes that only existed in black and white, with the exception of Invasion of the Dinosaurs part 1 (although the remaining colour episodes were shown as a five part story). A full run of available black and white material was not done until 2003, but without some Dalek stories due to disputes with Terry Nation's estate. The problems within the BBC over what direction to take the series were reflected Down-Under by delays, but the ABC continued as a faithful host of the series until the BBC finally axed it in 1989. Even after the last airing in Britain, the ABC showed some series again as repeats.

Several stories were not purchased on first run: Invasion of the Dinosaurs, apparently as the first episode was not available in colour; another, The Brain of Morbius was played many years later (in 1978) at a late time slot, in the BBC's "omnibus" version (a Christmas holiday special, cut down from the full four episodes to a 60 minute telefilm), as it was deemed to be too dark and violent for children. Later in the 1980s it was screened by the ABC in full.

Outside of the UK, Australia is the only country to have usually aired every series shortly after it had been produced (despite some big delays in the mid-1970s), with the possible exceptions of a truncated series 7 and series 8 (commenced in late 1973) and series 18 (held over until early 1982, the show having been absent from ABC TV for over a year).

The launch of a satellite in the mid-1980s enabled the broadcasting on a truly national scale, although there have been regional variations due to different time zones (the west being 2 hours behind the easternmost states), and to precedence being given occasionally to local events (sport, elections, etc.).

1996: The Telemovie

The first attempt to revive the series was with the made for TV telemovie made with US money by FOX in 1996 with Paul McGann as the Eighth Doctor, this was screened in Australia on the ABC on 7 July at 8.30 PM (delayed from a 3 July schedule to avoid clashing with The X-Files). Material in the "film" was cut in the US for extra advertising, but these cuts were largely restored for the screening in Australia. A publicity screening of the cut version had been held earlier on 5 June, at "Planet Hollywood" in Sydney with several fan built Daleks operated by fan club members acting as ushers.

2003–2006

Between September 2003 and February 2006, the ABC repeated the majority of the earlier series. These were screened in chronological order every Monday to Thursday night, just as they were in the 1970s and 1980s. The screenings included almost every surviving complete story from 1963 to 1989. Part 1 of Invasion of the Dinosaurs finally received its ABC premiere, with all six episodes of the story being screened for the first time. A few surviving serials were skipped due to the BBC's disputes with the estate of Terry Nation over the rights to the Daleks. These included Day, Planet, Destiny, Resurrection, Revelation and Remembrance of the Daleks, as well as Frontier in Space. The War Games, a ten-part serial which features a Dalek for a few seconds, was skipped, while The Five Doctors had its Dalek scenes edited out. Some episodes of Inferno, Carnival of Monsters, Invasion of the Dinosaurs and The Trial of a Time Lord were shown as early edits which differed from the final versions broadcast by the BBC. Other episodes were cut to reduce violent scenes.

2005 – The revival of Doctor Who

When the BBC revived Doctor Who in 2005 with Christopher Eccleston as the Doctor and with Russell T. Davies as producer, the ABC quickly followed by broadcasting it about two months after its UK transmission. Series 1 of the new Doctor Who started screening in Australia with the first episode Rose being broadcast on 21 May 2005.

All series of the new Doctor Who has been screened by the ABC in Australia soon after the premier screenings in the UK. Unlike the previous eras, which had numerous instances of censorship, the new series has generally been free of editing, indeed an episode was edited in Britain but screened in full in Australia.

The third series was broadcast on the ABC on Saturday evenings from 30 June 2007, following The Runaway Bride on 28 June.

Series 4 saw the series move to a Sunday night timeslot, commencing on 29 June 2008 with Voyage of the Damned, with the rest of series 4 screened on subsequent Sundays at 7:30pm. For the first time, the ABC achieved audiences of 1 million+ viewers for every episode. The ABC also began screening Doctor Who Confidential (in cut-down form) in 2008, immediately following each week's episode. In early 2009, some episodes of the second season with David Tennant were repeated on Tuesday nights but the season was cut halfway through to be completed at a different timeslot on ABC2.

The first episode of the Fifth Season starring Matt Smith aired on 18 April 2010, on ABC1. It could also be viewed on ABC's website iView two days prior to the television airdate. Each episode was broadcast only two weeks after its airdate in Britain due to the fact it is one of ABC's most successful shows.

The 50th anniversary special, The Day of the Doctor, was simulcasted to ABC and iView at 6:50am on 24 November 2013 and repeated at 7:30pm on the same day, followed by An Adventure in Space and Time at 8:50pm. There was also a limited run of 3D cinema screenings of The Day of the Doctor.

Non-ABC screenings

UK.TV, a pay TV channel in Australia, also broadcast the old series, and after the free to air screening on the ABC it showed Series 1 of the new episodes (which began on 7 October 2006). The Series 1 finale first aired on 17 December 2006. The versions shown by UKTV were edited, meaning portions of each episode were not shown. Starting 2007, the repeats of the new series 2 have been accompanied by cut-down version episodes of Doctor Who Confidential, reportedly the first time that a broadcaster has shown this programme outside of the UK.

SciFi Australia, another Australian pay TV channel, started screening all the Tom Baker stories from 17 August 2011.

Torchwood

Channel Ten has broadcast Davies' spin-off series, Torchwood, after both the ABC and SBS passed on buying the rights. The series premiered on 18 June 2007. Torchwood started to air every Monday at 9:30pm or 9:40pm - depending on the programme preceding it - for the first six episodes but was then moved to 12am Wednesday, apparently due to lower than anticipated ratings. Torchwood was bought by the ABC and series 1 and 2 were shown on ABC2 in 2009, on Fridays at 8.30 from 19 June, and followed by a cut version of Torchwood Declassified. Children of Earth was shown on Friday nights at 8:30 as well, however, only one episode was shown per week instead of the 'one per day over a week' format it was created for. Torchwood: Miracle Day (series four) has been bought by Eleven, a Network Ten digital only channel.

Lost Episodes in Australia

Since some states differed in their school holiday dates, the ABC had no alternative but to have multiple copies of some of the early 16mm format episodes for different states. Hence it was hoped by fans in the 1990s that copies of episodes deemed lost by the BBC, might yet be found in Australia, having been mis-shelved in the various state based offices of the ABC. The agreement with the BBC required that all such episodes should be destroyed or returned, although it is known that some were souvenired by staff, since at least five ended up in the hand of a private collector, and three were seen by some Sydney fans in the 1970s. But despite these, and a few episodes turning up in the ABC in the 1990s, nothing new has since come to light (as of Mar. 2009). The ABC archive went through a major review following the closure of the ABC's old Sydney studio headquarters at Gore Hill, and many "lost" film and video resources were rediscovered and the ABC has also begun the process of archiving old film and video materials in digital format (such as segments from the 1970s pop music series GTK, which are now available for viewing on the ABC's YouTube channel. However, no new Doctor Who finds have been reported to date, and if anything more is likely to be found it will be during this enormous sorting and conversion process, which may take years, depending on the resources available.

Censorship

All overseas imported films had to be checked and rated by the Australian censors, so all stories were viewed by them, prior to purchase by the ABC. At this point some Doctor Who episodes failed to obtain a clearance for a pre 7pm timeslot, so they were not purchased by the ABC (such as The Daleks' Master Plan). Although, a few stories, such as the first two Dalek stories, despite being rated "A" (for Adult), were run in the first batch in 1965 because the ABC had initially scheduled the series to run after the national 7 PM news, so these stories were allowed to be screened at 7.30 PM. But they could not be repeated, as the ABC subsequently shifted the series from this later slot to the more family oriented time of 6.30 PM. In addition, stories could be accepted by the censors, but only if certain scenes, or even brief shots, were deleted. The issue of "A" rating again became a problem with the Jon Pertwee era and several stories were not screened as a result, e.g. The Ambassadors of Death, Inferno, The Dæmons, and The Mind of Evil). Only a few Tom Baker stories were thus rejected in full, such as The Deadly Assassin, and The Brain of Morbius. All were later re-rated and screened in the 1980s when the decision on these issues was decentralised down to the ABC, which passed these items. Some broadcast delays being due more to poor quality videotapes (sourced from countries with differing video format, such as the USA), or to episode availability in black and white only (having originally been filmed in colour). In many cases some of the cuts now seem utterly inconsequential, and it is hard to imagine why anyone was bothered, but they stand as a testament to changing community values over the decades.

In 1996, about 25 minutes worth of some very short censored black and white 16mm film clips were recovered from the National Archive vaults, snipped by the censor from a variety of 1960s episodes, these cut portions of 16mm film had not been in the hands of the ABC, and had been impounded by the Australian censors.

The Peter Cushing Dr. Who & the Daleks films

The two Peter Cushing as Dr. Who (sic) and the Daleks films, produced by Milton Subotsky (which were based on the first two televised BBC Dalek stories) were screened in Australia —but only for about a week each, at least in Sydney— during Christmas holidays. Dr. Who and the Daleks premiered in Sydney on 23 December 1965, with one of the Daleks (apparently the Red one) from the film in the foyer, while the next, Daleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D. was unaccountably delayed for well over a year after its first British screening (from 22 July 1966), not being shown in Sydney until 15 December 1967. It is probable that one of the film Dalek casings was acquired from the film distributor by the new TV station, Channel Ten, as a Dalek made a number of appearances introducing children's programmes, it had been re-equipped so the many dots on its sides flickered as it spoke. The original 35mm CinemaScope film prints would subsequently have been sent around the South Pacific and on to other areas with links to Britain (presumably Singapore and Hong Kong), so were no longer available in Australia by 1974. Copies of the films were, however, retained as 16mm colour prints by "British Empire Films" later renamed "Australasian Film Hire", but these prints were not widescreen, but based on the standard TV format, available for hire to home and small-scale screenings. In late 1975, such a screening of Dr. Who and the Daleks premiered in Sydney on 23 December 1965, with one of the Daleks (apparently the Red one) from the film in the foyer, while the next, Daleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D. organised by Antony Howe for a group of fans may be said to mark the first organised fan activity in Australia, certainly in Sydney.

The first film was to appear on TV on a commercial station, Channel Seven, in black and white, but the second film did not get broadcast (on Channel Ten) until about 1980.

The films' director Gordon Flemyng was later to work on several ABC TV productions in the 1980s and the leading Dalek operator, Robert Jewell also migrated to Australia.

Merchandise

Apart from imports of products from overseas, there have been a number of commercial products licensed to be made especially for the Australian market. Over the decades, the national broadcaster, the ABC, has produced a variety of items and promoted them vigorously on-air and in its shops. Several have basically been reprints of British products with the ABC logo on the covers replacing a British one, such as an Australian edition of what in Britain had been the "Doctor Who 20th Anniversary Special" (in 1983). There was also a "Technical Manual" with supposed plans of Daleks, robots, the TARDIS, guns, K9 and sundry aliens.

In 1980, sets of Tom Baker merchandise which included posters, cards, buttons, and writing sets, was also largely a reissue of British product, marketed in Australia from Sydney by an Ian Nichols who had moved from Britain to handle the items. These were vigorously promoted in Sydney by "Grace Brothers" (nothing to do with the BBC comedy series "Are You Being Served?") a chain of department stores, which brought Tom Baker out to conduct a whirlwind autographing blitz in its many suburban stores. But after that these items were not very successful.

Other stray items have been "Show Bags" full of ephemeral bits and pieces, usually of a fairly poor quality for children, and sold at major "shows" (usually related to rural production with fun fairs and other activities) such as the "Royal Easter Show" in Sydney where the stall holder also distributed some leaflets to promote the national club, and he had plans to tour many rural towns throughout the state of New South Wales, and maybe to go further afield. A similar (or even identical) product was sold at the Royal Melbourne Show.

The distributor of BBC DVDs Roadshow has for several years issued the BBC product but for Australian format, and often with the address of the Australian club on the wrapping.

Fandom

Pre-history

There may have been some isolated Australian branches of Keith Miller's British Doctor Who club, and there was at least one small suburban club-ette in Sydney around 1974 (recalled by Kerrie Dougherty), as well as occasional signs of fan activity here and there (e.g. a fan organised film screening in Sydney of Daleks - Invasion Earth 2150 AD in 1975, and an issue of a Tolkien fanzine devoted to Doctor Who, issued as "Macra" in late 1975. But before 1976 there was no solid fan organisation. The last three of these strands came together at Sydney University in 1975-76, which led to the formation of a national club in August 1976. Members of the Sydney University Science Fiction Association ("SUSFA"), decided to build a Dalek to enter in a planned Dalek race to be held over Easter 1976 year to race other Daleks at a University Science Fiction Convention "Unicon 2" at Melbourne University over Easter (for photos of these Daleks and others, go to "External Links" below for the site "Daleksdownunder"). Although the Melbourne students had built their Dalek in 1975, and Adelaide students also built one, there is no evidence either group went on to form a Doctor Who club. However, after winning this race the SUSFA members were fired up and organised screenings of both Dalek films, and arranged a number of other activities involving the Dalek around campus at Sydney University during 1976.

But why this led to a dedicated Doctor Who club at Sydney University and not elsewhere must remain a mystery. Perhaps their Daleks were just student pranks, and not signs of dedicated fan obsession. The change at Sydney into a Doctor Who fanclub with fanzine (Zerinza) requires an outline of some of the broadcasting context as it related to fans (in more detail above). By the mid-1970s the series was not rating well and the ABC used less and less new material every year, slowly getting well over a year behind the BBC's screenings in Britain, and missing several stories. Fed up with such sporadic sequencing during 1974-77, a Sydney fan, Antony Howe, began to agitate to have the series shown in full, and soon after the premieres in Britain rather than being screened years later. Other demands were to stop the censorship of whole stories (many had been rated "A" by the censor, limited to screening after 7.30 pm which the ABC refused to do), and to have more repeats. Such criticisms were made public in the special "Dalek Soit" science fiction edition of the famous student newspaper Honi Soit which featured news and photographs of the club Dalek's conquest of the campus, and an appreciative quasi-academic article on the Doctor Who TV series, by local science fiction author Terry Dowling. Also flagged was the launch of a Doctor Who fanzine (see Zerinza) and addresses were given for overseas Doctor Who fan clubs, so a local club was not yet envisaged.

This rapidly changed, however, as petitions and letter writing campaigns got nowhere. After being fobbed off again in mid-1976 by the ABC, Howe, by then the new President of the SUSFA, brought the matter up with the Uni. club for action. SUSFA had several other active members who were keen Doctor Who fans, such as Kerrie Dougherty, Dallas Jones, and Jon Noble (who also published a roneoed Tolkien fanzine, South of Harad, East of Rhun, with material on the Daleks, etc., in some issues). The SUSFA agreed that in the August vacation it would hold a protest at the ABC Head office in Elizabeth Street, Sydney, complete with the SUSFA's Dalek. The "Demo" was to urge more screenings.

The 1976 Save Doctor Who campaign

During the vacation Antony Howe learned the ABC had actually decided to cease purchasing ANY new episodes of the series, and the planned "Dalek Demo" now had a more urgent goal - to "Save Doctor Who". Organised by Howe, SUSFA members and others, the "Dalek Demo" of 24 August 1976 helped create a small core of people who formed fandom in Sydney, then the rest of Australia, but only about 20 turned up at the peak, with a dozen people or so were present at other times. Even ABC Programme Dept. staff said they knew nothing about the top level decision. Management's decision was also widely revealed in the student newspaper and fans urged to begin a letter writing campaign, and to join the new Australasian Dr Who Fan Club, and attend a screening of the film Doctor Who and the Daleks where further details were announced. Thus was a longer term campaign to "Save Doctor Who" had been launched: complete with posters and leaflets; networking with existing Science Fiction enthusiasts around the country; a radio interview; and letter writing campaigns to the rest of the media, not just the ABC. The "Demo" and other efforts are widely thought by fans and others to have encouraged the broadcaster to change its mind. Howe, however, has doubts that such a small "Demo," and club, had much effect on a huge bureaucracy like the ABC. Eventually the ABC did buy the new series (season 2 and 3 of Tom Baker), Howe believes this was probably due to the high ratings in Britain, rather than to his own efforts.

The campaign did however, lead to a fan magazine and club. Reporting on the "Demo" and associated activities, Howe formed a club, linked up with the UK club (DWAS), and launched his fanzine "Zerinza: the Australasian Doctor Who Fanzine" in August 1976 at a Sydney University screening of "Dr. Who and the Daleks" he had organised for SUSFA (on 21 Sept. 1976). His fanzine was only possible because the SUSFA had a printing machine for its own fanzine "Enigma." Its editor-printer, Van Ikin kindly printed the first 3 years or so of "Zerinza" for Howe. "Zerinza" was claimed to be a Dalek word for "Good Success" in a Dalek Annual of the 1960s. The 'zine was available at fan events and some specialist shops ("Galaxy" in Sydney, and "Space Age" in Melbourne), but it was mainly sold through the post, appearing with some (more or less) regularity every year with the last routine issue #35 in mid-1984.

The associated club was announced in the first issue, but held no public or regular meetings until November 1979 as it so completely overlapped with the SUSFA in membership that there was no point in holding separate activities until the students had mostly graduated and moved on. Initially all "Zerinza" subscribers were notionally members of the "Australasian Doctor Who Fan Club" run by Antony Howe with the help of his mother who did much of the typing, and articles by other members of SUSFA and increasingly outside people who networked as part of the on-going protest over the ABC policy toward the series. The broadcaster abruptly changed its mind with a new Controller of TV and from 1978 the series was to be screened with great regularity.

The Doctor Who Club of Australia

Initially called the Australasian Doctor Who Fan Club, this, the national club, is also the oldest and largest Doctor Who club in Australia, formed in 1976, but initially closely entwined with the SUSFA (see above). By 1979, with the visit of Tom Baker to promote the series for the ABC, Doctor Who fandom was increasingly separate from SUSFA and other university based clubs around the country. The visit by Baker also stimulated a greater level of fan activity in Melbourne and Brisbane with clubs forming there as well. After Antony Howe resigned as President of SUSFA in 1980, he remained with the ADWFC organising a series of events, the fanzine, and a mail order business of imported Doctor Who merchandise, often unavailable in dozens of tiny rural towns outside the main cities. The ADWFC's most successful event to then was in mid-1980, when Jon Pertwee toured Sydney for cabaret shows, and kindly attended a half day "Dr Who Party." Having its founders and core workers resident in Sydney, with the ABC head office there as well, the club administration has thus been based in the state of New South Wales, and therefore runs the main club events in Sydney. From 1979, there were "parties" held multiple times most years, but conventions were seen as too expensive to risk until 1988's "Console 88" event, featuring Katy Manning, Mark Strickson, Julie Brennan and other guests who could be sourced locally, then in 1990, when Nicholas Courtney best known for his role as the Brigadier was flown out to be the main guest at the first "Whovention".

Howe had issued a few one-off newsletters to announce the Baker and Pertwee visits, and as the fanzine was often months late, Dallas Jones offered to produce a more regular newsletter, and Howe agreed, helping with typing, proof reading, and printing it using the SUSFA printing machine, thus the future "Data Extract" was launched. When Antony Howe resigned from the Presidency of the ADWFC in 1984, and ceased regular publication of Zerinza, he was succeeded by Dallas Jones, who also edited a few special issues of Zerinza. Other presidents include Kate Orman, Neil Hogan, Todd Beilby, James Sellwood and Karen Carpenter.

Over the years, as the national club, the DWCA had several name shifts, and a changing number of regional chapters around the country, and a few of these are part of the state based clubs listed below. The club still publishes the regular club magazine "Data Extract" which has had an unbroken run of publication since 1980. The current editor and current president is Lauren Davis .The club continues to offer a large range of merchandise for sale through the club's merchandise store at the club's website.

Other clubs and groups

The Supreme Council of Time Lords introduced the first Australian and New Zealand fan award system, the Double Gammas, open to all Australia and New Zealand Doctor Who fanzines, fan writers, fan artists, with fans members of any Australian or New Zealand Doctor Who club or readers of any Australian or New Zealand Doctor Who fanzine or newsletter, able to nominate and vote. These awards were first presented in 1984 at "Who Do 84", during the Time Lord Ball.

Australia also has a number of regional (state based) clubs.

The Queensland Doctor Who Fan Club was formed in about 1978. It closed in late 1980, but other successor clubs almost immediately sprang up, usually affiliated to the national club, such as the Brisbane Doctor Who Fan Club (closed 2000).

The South Australian Doctor Who Fan Club was formed on 1 June 1980 and incorporated on 7 September 1982. It held Conpanion, the first Australian Doctor Who convention, on 8 to 11 October 1983 with Katy Manning as Guest of Honour. On 18 November 2000 the club was rebadged as SFSA. It meets from 3pm to 10pm on the third Saturday of each month except December at Adelaide High School. Publications include the Doctor Who yearbook "Chameleon Factor", regular general SF magazine "SFSA" and the bi-monthly newsletter "The Wall of Lies".

League of Doctors was created in 2010 at Supanova Sydney. Their aim is to showcase all of the Doctor, past and present, including Peter Cushing from the Dr. Who (Dalek films) and David Tennant's left hand for all conventions across Australia. They also look to have accompanying assistants or companions for each Doctor. The current president of the League of Doctors is Jacob Moriarty who took over from Bron Mitchell and Sean C. Berry in 2012.

Aaron J. Climas built a Dalek in time for Robert Shearman's visit for Adelaide Writers' Week in 2012. He is a member of the Australian Dalek Builders Union and frequently attends conventions with his fellow Dalek building boffins.

Conventions

During the 1980s there had been many large scale fan events in various cities (see above), some rather grandly called "conventions," others by the less grand label "parties." There is a little information on the names and dates of a wide variety of conventions in the article on the Double Gammas, the Australian Doctor Who fan awards.

External links

• SFSA/South Australian Doctor Who fan Club, Inc.
• Doctor Who Club of Australia
• Doctor Who Club of Victoria
• Doctor Who Club of Western Australia
• Torchwood Fan Club of Australia
• Daleks Down-Under
• ABC Whovians- for Humanoids who watch Doctor Who on their ABC
• Official Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Store Australia