Prostitution in Afghanistan: Difference between revisions
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'''Prostitution in Afghanistan''' is illegal, with punishments ranging from 5 to 15 years imprisonment.<ref name="US2008">{{cite web |url= http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119131.htm |title= 2008 Human Rights Report: Afghanistan|accessdate=2008-10-13 |work= US Department of State |publisher= |year=2008}}</ref> Despite [[Afghanistan]] being [[Islamist|deeply religious]] and one of the most [[conservatism|conservative]] countries in the world, where [[fornication|sex outside marriage]] is against the law,<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/19/world/asia/19afghan.html?_r=1 |title= A New Sorrow for Afghanistan: AIDS Joins List (page 1) |accessdate=2010-08-17 |author=Carlotta Gall |work= |publisher= The New York Times |date=March 19, 2007}}</ref> some [[prostitution]] activities are reported in the capital [[Kabul]] as well as in the [[Mazar-e-Sharif]] area in the north of the country.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSISL17365820080519 |title= Under wraps, prostitution rife in north Afghanistan |accessdate=2010-05-25 |author=Tahir Qadiry |publisher= Reuters |date=May 18, 2008}}</ref><ref name="UT">{{cite web |url= http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-14-afghanprostitution_N.htm?csp=34 |title= Poverty pushes Afghan girls into sex trade |accessdate=2008-06-14 |author=Alisa Tang |publisher= USA Today |date=June 14, 2008}}</ref> |
'''Prostitution in Afghanistan''' is illegal, with punishments ranging from 5 to 15 years imprisonment.<ref name="US2008">{{cite web |url= http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119131.htm |title= 2008 Human Rights Report: Afghanistan|accessdate=2008-10-13 |work= US Department of State |publisher= |year=2008}}</ref> Despite [[Afghanistan]] being [[Islamist|deeply religious]] and one of the most [[conservatism|conservative]] countries in the world, where [[fornication|sex outside marriage]] is against the law,<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/19/world/asia/19afghan.html?_r=1 |title= A New Sorrow for Afghanistan: AIDS Joins List (page 1) |accessdate=2010-08-17 |author=Carlotta Gall |work= |publisher= The New York Times |date=March 19, 2007}}</ref> some [[prostitution]] activities are reported in the capital [[Kabul]] as well as in the [[Mazar-e-Sharif]] area in the north of the country.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSISL17365820080519 |title= Under wraps, prostitution rife in north Afghanistan |accessdate=2010-05-25 |author=Tahir Qadiry |publisher= Reuters |date=May 18, 2008}}</ref><ref name="UT">{{cite web |url= http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-14-afghanprostitution_N.htm?csp=34 |title= Poverty pushes Afghan girls into sex trade |accessdate=2008-06-14 |author=Alisa Tang |publisher= USA Today |date=June 14, 2008}}</ref> |
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Women from [[Iran]], [[Tajikistan]], [[China]], and possibly [[Uganda]] and other countries are [[imported]] for prostitution into Afghanistan.<ref name="US">{{cite web |url= http://kabul.usembassy.gov/tip2010report.html |title= Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 |accessdate=2010-08-02 |work= |publisher= [[U.S. Embassy, Kabul|United States Embassy in Kabul]] |year=2010 |quote=Women and girls from [[Iran]], [[Tajikistan]], and possibly [[ |
Women from [[Iran]], [[Tajikistan]], [[China]], and possibly [[Uganda]] and other countries are [[imported]] for prostitution into Afghanistan.<ref name="US">{{cite web |url= http://kabul.usembassy.gov/tip2010report.html |title= Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 |accessdate=2010-08-02 |work= |publisher= [[U.S. Embassy, Kabul|United States Embassy in Kabul]] |year=2010 |quote=Women and girls from [[Iran]], [[Tajikistan]], and possibly [[Uzbekistan]] and [[China]] are forced into prostitution in Afghanistan. Some international security contractors may have been involved in the sex trafficking of these women. Brothels and prostitution rings are sometimes run by foreigners, sometimes with links to larger criminal networks. [[Tajik people|Tajik women]] are also believed to be trafficked through Afghanistan to other countries for prostitution. Trafficked Iranian women transit Afghanistan en route to [[Pakistan]].}}</ref><ref name="NewsOK">{{cite web |url= http://newsok.com/afghanistan-hunts-down-chinese-prostitutes/article/3257729 |title= Afghanistan hunts down Chinese prostitutes |accessdate=2010-08-17 |work= The Associated Press |publisher= [[The Oklahoman]] |date=June 15, 2008}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Interior (Afghanistan)|Afghan Interior Ministry]]'s department of [[sex and the law|sexual crime]]s, about 2 to 3 prostitution [[arrest]]s were made each week in the nation between 2007 and 2008.<ref name="UT"/> |
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[[Melissa Ditmore]] reports in ''Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work'' that during their rule the traffic in women for prostitution thrived.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work|last1=Ditmore|first1=Melissa Hope|authorlink=|coauthors=|volume=1|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|isbn=0-313-32968-0|page=392|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fcYq72qYRTcC&pg=PA392|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=RAWA>{{cite web |url= http://www.rawa.org/rospi.htm |title= Prostitution Under the rule of Taliban |accessdate=2010-08-22 |author= |publisher=RAWA |date=August 1999}}</ref> Prostitutes mostly worked from their houses termed as Qalas and in Kabul there were 25 to 30 hidden brothels.<ref name=RAWA/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rawa.org/ilyas.htm |title= Beyond Good or Evil |accessdate=2010-08-22 |author=M. Ilyas Khan |work=The Herald Magazine |publisher= [[RAWA]] |date=August 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rawa.org/prostitute.htm |title= RAWA Interview with some prostitutes |accessdate=2010-08-22 |author= |publisher=RAWA |date=June 2002}}</ref> |
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==Legality and consequences== |
==Legality and consequences== |
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== Dynamics == |
== Dynamics == |
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Prostitution in the country is mostly driven by poverty and displacement.<ref name="Reuters"/> Prohibition for women to work under Taliban rule meant some street children were forced into the trade in order to make a living.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo19990717a2.html |title=Taliban conducts a war against women |author=Cesar Chelala |date=17 July 1999 |work= |publisher=The Japan Times |accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> According to the 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report from the [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States#Asia|U.S. Embassy in Kabul]], females from Iran, Tajikistan, China, and possibly |
Prostitution in the country is mostly driven by poverty and displacement.<ref name="Reuters"/> Prohibition for women to work under Taliban rule meant some street children were forced into the trade in order to make a living.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo19990717a2.html |title=Taliban conducts a war against women |author=Cesar Chelala |date=17 July 1999 |work= |publisher=The Japan Times |accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> According to the 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report from the [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States#Asia|U.S. Embassy in Kabul]], females from Iran, Tajikistan, China, and possibly Uzbekistan and other places are forced into prostitution in Afghanistan.<ref name="US"/> |
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[[Tajik people|Tajik]] women are believed to be trafficked through Afghanistan to other countries for prostitution. Trafficked [[Women in Iran|Iranian women]] transit Afghanistan en route to Pakistan.<ref name="US"/> Afghan women as well as boys and girls among recently returned [[Afghan refugees|refugees]] from neighboring countries were reported to be forced into prostitution, a number of children were also reported being sold into it by their family.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="UT"/><ref name="US"/> |
[[Tajik people|Tajik]] women are believed to be trafficked through Afghanistan to other countries for prostitution. Trafficked [[Women in Iran|Iranian women]] transit Afghanistan en route to Pakistan.<ref name="US"/> Afghan women as well as boys and girls among recently returned [[Afghan refugees|refugees]] from neighboring countries were reported to be forced into prostitution, a number of children were also reported being sold into it by their family.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="UT"/><ref name="US"/> |
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{{Further|Bacha Bazi}} |
{{Further|Bacha Bazi}} |
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Women dancing in front of men is strictly prohibited by the [[Culture of Afghanistan|Afghan culture]] so instead of females good looking boys are used. "Bacha bereesh" (meaning "boys without beards" in [[Persian language|Persian]]) who dance to entertain men at private parties, are reported in Afghanistan, especially in the north of the country.<ref name=Ahad>{{cite web |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/12/dancing-boys-afghanistan |title= The dancing boys of Afghanistan |accessdate= 2010-08-03 |author=Ghaith Abdul-Ahad |publisher= The Guardian |date= September 12, 2009}}</ref> Wealthy and powerful patrons, sometimes [[warlord]]s [[Commercial sexual exploitation of children|sexually exploit them]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://original.antiwar.com/vlahos/2010/04/12/a-deal-with-the-devil/ |title= The Rape of the Afghan Boys |accessdate=2010-08-22 |author=Kelley B. Vlahos |publisher= [[Antiwar.com]] |date=April 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name=bereesh>{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSISL1848920071119?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title= Afghan boy dancers sexually abused by former warlords |accessdate= 2010-08-03 |work= |publisher= Reuters |date=November 18, 2007}}</ref> |
Women dancing in front of men is strictly prohibited by the [[Culture of Afghanistan|Afghan culture]] so instead of females good looking boys are used. "Bacha bereesh" (meaning "boys without beards" in [[Persian language|Persian]]) who dance to entertain men at private parties, are reported in Afghanistan, especially in the north of the country.<ref name=Ahad>{{cite web |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/12/dancing-boys-afghanistan |title= The dancing boys of Afghanistan |accessdate= 2010-08-03 |author=Ghaith Abdul-Ahad |publisher= The Guardian |date= September 12, 2009}}</ref> Wealthy and powerful patrons, sometimes [[warlord]]s [[Commercial sexual exploitation of children|sexually exploit them]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://original.antiwar.com/vlahos/2010/04/12/a-deal-with-the-devil/ |title= The Rape of the Afghan Boys |accessdate=2010-08-22 |author=Kelley B. Vlahos |publisher= [[Antiwar.com]] |date=April 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name=bereesh>{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSISL1848920071119?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title= Afghan boy dancers sexually abused by former warlords |accessdate= 2010-08-03 |work= |publisher= Reuters |date=November 18, 2007}}</ref> |
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Under the Taliban [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|regime]], Bacha bazi was deemed homosexual in nature and outlawed. The death penalty would normally ensue if charged with engaging in sexual relations with adolescents.<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/606581/posts "Men accused of sodomy faced the punishment of having a wall toppled on to them, usually resulting in death.</ref> |
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== The "Curse of 39" == |
== The "Curse of 39" == |
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Revision as of 09:02, 14 August 2014
Prostitution in Afghanistan is illegal, with punishments ranging from 5 to 15 years imprisonment.[1] Despite Afghanistan being deeply religious and one of the most conservative countries in the world, where sex outside marriage is against the law,[2] some prostitution activities are reported in the capital Kabul as well as in the Mazar-e-Sharif area in the north of the country.[3][4]
Women from Iran, Tajikistan, China, and possibly Uganda and other countries are imported for prostitution into Afghanistan.[5][6] According to the Afghan Interior Ministry's department of sexual crimes, about 2 to 3 prostitution arrests were made each week in the nation between 2007 and 2008.[4]
Melissa Ditmore reports in Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work that during their rule the traffic in women for prostitution thrived.[7][8] Prostitutes mostly worked from their houses termed as Qalas and in Kabul there were 25 to 30 hidden brothels.[8][9][10]
Legality and consequences
The practice of prostitution in Afghanistan is illegal, with punishments ranging from 5 to 15 years imprisonment and 80 lashes if unmarried.[1] Married prostitutes are considered adulterers under the Afghan penal code and subject to execution. Prostitution was even more strictly prohibited under the rule of the Taliban, with those thought of having extramarital sex risking extrajudicial killing by cultural fundamentalists and Islamists.
Extrajudicial risks
- In July 2008, two Afghan women were accused of running a secret prostitution service and working for the police and killed by the Taliban in the Ghazni Province, although the local authorities as well as the American military in the area claimed the women were innocent.[11]
- Two Afghan women accused of prostitution were shot dead in July 2010.[12]
Dynamics
Prostitution in the country is mostly driven by poverty and displacement.[3] Prohibition for women to work under Taliban rule meant some street children were forced into the trade in order to make a living.[13] According to the 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report from the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, females from Iran, Tajikistan, China, and possibly Uzbekistan and other places are forced into prostitution in Afghanistan.[5]
Tajik women are believed to be trafficked through Afghanistan to other countries for prostitution. Trafficked Iranian women transit Afghanistan en route to Pakistan.[5] Afghan women as well as boys and girls among recently returned refugees from neighboring countries were reported to be forced into prostitution, a number of children were also reported being sold into it by their family.[3][4][5]
A 2007 University of Manitoba report suggests that there may be about 900 female prostitutes in Kabul,[4] which is a city with a population of over 3 million. About two to three prostitution arrests were made between 2007 and 2008 each week in Afghanistan, according to the Afghan Interior Ministry's department of sexual crimes.[4]
According to Afghan traditions, the shame of prostitution is so intense that sometimes those involved in such activities are assassinated by the many religious extremists found throughout the country[11] or in some cases by family members.
"Prostitution is in every country that has poverty, and it exists in Afghanistan. But society has black glasses and ignores these problems. Tradition is honor, and if we talk about these taboos, then we break tradition."[4]
— Orzala Ashraf, women's rights activist
"In our culture, it is very, very bad."[3]
— Soraya Sobhrang, Afghan Independent Human Rights Commissioner for women's affairs
Brothels
Brothels, sometimes run by foreigners, sometimes with links to larger criminal networks, manage to exist in several cities of the country by paying bribes to police officers who come to raid them.[3][5][14] There are reports of a couple of brothels in northern Afghanistan, in and around the Mazar-i-Sharif area of Balkh Province.[3]
The capital Kabul saw an extraordinary number of Chinese brothels ("Chinese restaurants") opened in the four years following the fall of the Taliban regime.[14] Four years later a series of police raids reduced the brothels to 3 which caters, according to Reuters, to a mainly high-income international clientele as Afghan aren't generally accepted in or, according to USA Today, to mostly Afghan men.[4][15]
"There are 200 of us here in Kabul, we don't go out much. It's not safe. I've been here for two years, the money is okay. We stay indoors. We don't go out."[15]
— A female bartender from northern China, 2006
Mut'ah
There are also some recent reports about Mut'ah (Fegha in Dari (Persian)) beginning to be practiced in Mazar-i-Sharif.
"Nobody would give me their daughters to marry because I didn't have family or money. I started doing short marriages in Iran. When I came back to Mazar-i-Sharif, I continued."[16]
— Payenda Mohammad, A mechanic in Mazari-i-Sharif, 2006
Mut'ah is a fixed-term marriage practiced mainly in neighboring Shia-majority Iran but is rejected by the majority Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan and the rest of the world.[16]
Bacha bazi
Women dancing in front of men is strictly prohibited by the Afghan culture so instead of females good looking boys are used. "Bacha bereesh" (meaning "boys without beards" in Persian) who dance to entertain men at private parties, are reported in Afghanistan, especially in the north of the country.[17] Wealthy and powerful patrons, sometimes warlords sexually exploit them.[18][19]
Under the Taliban regime, Bacha bazi was deemed homosexual in nature and outlawed. The death penalty would normally ensue if charged with engaging in sexual relations with adolescents.[20]
The "Curse of 39"
The 'Curse of 39' refers to the belief in some parts of Afghanistan that the number 39 is cursed or a badge of shame as it is purportedly linked with prostitution.[21]
The cause of the number's undesirability is unclear, but it has widely been claimed to have been associated with a pimp, allegedly living in the western city of Herat, who was nicknamed "39" after the registration plate of his expensive car and the number of his apartment.[22] The number is said to translate into morda-gow, literally meaning "dead cow" but a well-known slang term for a pimp. Others have blamed corrupt police officials for spreading the rumour in order to charge between $200–$500 to change a "39" plate.[23]
Vehicle registration plates incorporating the number are seen as so undesirable that vehicles and apartments bearing the numerals are said to be virtually unsellable in the capital, Kabul.[3] The drivers of such vehicles have reported receiving abuse and derision from pedestrians and other drivers, and some have had their registration plates altered to disguise the numbers. One such driver, Zalmay Ahmadi, told The Guardian: "[W]hen I drive around all the other cars flash their lights, beep their horns and people point at me. All my classmates now call me Colonel 39."[22]
References
- ^ a b "2008 Human Rights Report: Afghanistan". US Department of State. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ Carlotta Gall (March 19, 2007). "A New Sorrow for Afghanistan: AIDS Joins List (page 1)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tahir Qadiry (May 18, 2008). "Under wraps, prostitution rife in north Afghanistan". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-05-25. Cite error: The named reference "Reuters" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g Alisa Tang (June 14, 2008). "Poverty pushes Afghan girls into sex trade". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b c d e "Trafficking in Persons Report 2010". United States Embassy in Kabul. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
Women and girls from Iran, Tajikistan, and possibly Uzbekistan and China are forced into prostitution in Afghanistan. Some international security contractors may have been involved in the sex trafficking of these women. Brothels and prostitution rings are sometimes run by foreigners, sometimes with links to larger criminal networks. Tajik women are also believed to be trafficked through Afghanistan to other countries for prostitution. Trafficked Iranian women transit Afghanistan en route to Pakistan.
- ^ "Afghanistan hunts down Chinese prostitutes". The Associated Press. The Oklahoman. June 15, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
- ^ Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 392. ISBN 0-313-32968-0.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b "Prostitution Under the rule of Taliban". RAWA. August 1999. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ M. Ilyas Khan (August 1999). "Beyond Good or Evil". The Herald Magazine. RAWA. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ "RAWA Interview with some prostitutes". RAWA. June 2002. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ a b "Afghan women shot dead by Taleban". BBC News. July 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Jafar Tayar (July 7, 2010). "Women barred from venturing out of homes". Pajhwok Afghan News. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
- ^ Cesar Chelala (17 July 1999). "Taliban conducts a war against women". The Japan Times. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
- ^ a b Justin Huggler (February 10, 2006). "Chinese prostitutes arrested in Kabul 'restaurant' raids". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ a b Tan Ee Lyn and Jonathon Burch (May 19, 2008). "Chinese sex workers find their way to Kabul". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ a b Shoib Najafizada (April 22, 2006). "Temporary marriage catches on in Afghanistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Ghaith Abdul-Ahad (September 12, 2009). "The dancing boys of Afghanistan". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- ^ Kelley B. Vlahos (April 13, 2010). "The Rape of the Afghan Boys". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ "Afghan boy dancers sexually abused by former warlords". Reuters. November 18, 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- ^ http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/606581/posts "Men accused of sodomy faced the punishment of having a wall toppled on to them, usually resulting in death.
- ^ Nissenbaum, Dion (2011-06-15). "A Symbol of Paid Companionship, No. 39 Is Afghans' Loneliest Number". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b Boone, Jon (2011-06-15). "The curse of number 39 and the steps Afghans take to avoid it". The Guardian.
- ^ "Re-Creating Afghanistan: Returning to Istalif". NPR. 2002-08-01.
