Jump to content

Cluster headache: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 133: Line 133:


== Society and culture ==
== Society and culture ==
Robert Shapiro, a professor of neurology, says that while cluster headaches are about as common as [[multiple sclerosis]] with a similar disability level, as of 2013, the US [[National Institutes of Health]] had spent $1.872 billion on research into multiple sclerosis in one decade, but less than $2 million on CH research in 25 years.<ref name=Unlocking>{{cite news |url= http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/16/researcher-unlocking-mysteries-migraines/2165363/ |title= Researcher works to unlock mysteries of migraines |author= Johnson, Tim |work= USA Today |date= May 16, 2013 |accessdate= January 4, 2013}}</ref>
Robert Shapiro, a professor of neurology, says that while cluster headaches are about as common as [[multiple sclerosis]] with a similar disability level, as of 2013, the US [[National Institutes of Health]] had spent $1.872 billion on research into multiple sclerosis in one decade, but less than $2 million on CH research in 25 years.<ref name=Unlocking>{{cite news |url= http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/16/researcher-unlocking-mysteries-migraines/2165363/ |title= Researcher works to unlock mysteries of migraines |author= Johnson, Tim |work= USA Today |date= May 16, 2013 |accessdate= January 4, 2013}}</ref> Due to an occational association with suicideal though, cluster headaches have been colloquial named "suicide headaches."<ref name=Rob2013>{{cite journal|last1=Robbins|first1=MS|title=The psychiatric comorbidities of cluster headache.|journal=Current pain and headache reports|date=Feb 2013|volume=17|issue=2|pages=313|pmid=23296640}}</ref>


== Research directions ==
== Research directions ==

Revision as of 13:35, 25 October 2014

Cluster headache
SpecialtyNeurology Edit this on Wikidata
Frequency0.1%

Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.[1] There are often accompanying autonomic symptoms during the headache such as eye watering, nasal congestion and swelling around the eye, typically confined to the side of the head with the pain.[1]

Cluster headache belongs to a group of primary headache disorders, classified as the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias or (TACs). Cluster Headache is named after the demonstrated grouping of headache attacks occurring together (cluster).[1] Individuals typically experience repeated attacks of excruciatingly severe unilateral headache pain.[2] Cluster Headache attacks often occur periodically; spontaneous remissions may interrupt active periods of pain, though about 10–15% of chronic CH never remit.[2] The cause of Cluster Headache has not been identified.

While there is no known cure, cluster headaches can sometimes be prevented and acute attacks treated. Recommended treatments for acute attacks include oxygen or a fast acting triptan.[3] Primary recommended prevention is verapamil. Steroids may be used as a transitional treatment and may prevent attack recurrence until preventative treatments take effect. The condition affects approximately 0.2% of the general population,[4] and men are more commonly affected than women, by a ratio of about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1.[1]

Signs and symptoms

Cluster headaches are recurring bouts of excruciating unilateral headache attacks[5] of extreme intensity.[6] The duration of a typical CH attack ranges from about 15 to 180 minutes.[3] Most untreated attacks (about 75%) last less than 60 minutes.[7]

The onset of an attack is rapid and most often without preliminary signs that are characteristic in migraine. Preliminary sensations of pain in the general area of attack, referred to as "shadows", may signal an imminent CH, or these symptoms may linger after an attack has passed, or even between attacks.[8] Though a CH is strictly unilateral, there are some documented cases of "side-shift" between cluster periods, extremely rare, simultaneously (within the same cluster period) bilateral headache.[9]

Pain

The pain occurs only on one side of the head (unilateral), around the eye (orbital), particularly above the eye (supraorbital), in the temple (temporal), or in any combination. The pain of CH is remarkably greater than in other headache conditions, including severe migraine. The term "headache" does not adequately convey the severity of the condition; the disease may be the most painful condition known to medical science.[10] The pain is described as burning, stabbing, boring or squeezing and may be located near or behind the eye.[11] Those with cluster headaches may experience suicidal thoughts during an attack as a result of the pain.[12][13]

Other symptoms

The typical symptoms of cluster headache are grouping (cluster) of recurring headache attacks of severe or very severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital and/or temporal pain. If left untreated, attack frequency will range from one attack every two days to eight attacks a day.[2][3] The headache attack is accompanied by at least one of the following autonomic symptoms: drooping eyelid, pupil constriction, redness of the conjunctiva, tearing, runny nose, and, less commonly, facial blushing, swelling, or sweating, commonly but not always appearing on the same side of the head as the pain.[2]

Restlessness (for example, pacing or rocking back and forth), photosensitivity, aversion to light (photophobia) or sensitivity to noise (phonophobia) may occur during a CH. Nausea is a rare symptom, although it has been reported.[5] Secondary effects may include inability to organize thoughts and plans, physical exhaustion, confusion, agitation, aggressiveness, depression and anxiety.[14]

People with CH may dread facing another headache and adjust their physical or social activities around a possible future occurrence. Likewise they may seek assistance to accomplish what would otherwise be normal tasks. They may hesitate to make plans because of the regularity, or conversely, the unpredictability of the pain schedule. These factors can lead to generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorder,[15] serious depressive disorders,[16] social withdrawal and isolation.[17]

Recurrence

Cluster headaches are occasionally referred to as "alarm clock headaches" because of the regularity of their timing, CH attacks may awaken individuals from sleep. Both individual attacks and the cluster grouping can have a metronomic regularity; attacks striking at a precise time of day each morning or night is typical. The grouping of headache clusters can occur more often around solstices, or spring and autumn equinoxes, sometimes showing circannual periodicity. This has prompted researchers to speculate involvement, or dysfunction of the hypothalamus. The Hypothalamus controls the body's "biological clock" and circadian rhythm.[18][19] Conversely, attack frequency may be highly unpredictable, showing no periodicity at all.

In episodic cluster headaches, attacks occur once or more daily, often at the same time each day, for a period of several weeks, followed by a headache-free period lasting weeks, months, or years. Approximately 10–15% of cluster headaches chronic, with multiple headaches occurring every day for years, sometimes without any remission.

In accordance with the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria, cluster headaches occurring in two or more cluster periods, lasting from 7 to 365 days with a pain-free remission of one month or longer between the clusters may be classified as episodic. If attacks occur for more than a year without pain-free remission of at least one month, the condition is classified chronic.[2] Chronic CH occurs continuously without any remission periods between cycles; there may be high and low variation in cycles, meaning the frequency and severity of attacks may change without predictability, for a period of time. The amount of change during these cycles varies between individuals and does not demonstrate complete remission of the episodic form. The condition may change unpredictably, from chronic to episodic and from episodic to chronic.[20]

Causes
Positron emission tomography (PET) shows brain areas being activated during pain
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) shows brain area structural differences

The cause of cluster headache is unknown.[21]

Genetics

Cluster headache may, but rarely, run in some families in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.[21] People with a first degree relative with the condition are about 14-48 times more likely to develop it themselves,[1] and between 1.9 and 20% of persons with CH have a positive family history.[21] This suggests that genetic factors are important, but the type and number of genes involved is unclear.[21]

Smoking

About 65% of persons with CH are, or have been, tobacco smokers.[1] Stopping smoking does not lead to improvement of the condition and CH also occurs in those who have never smoked (e.g. children);[1] it is thought unlikely that smoking is a cause.[1] People with CH may be predisposed to certain traits, including smoking or other lifestyle habits.[22]

Hypothalamus

One theory is that the cause is dysfunction of the hypothalamus, which may explain why cluster headaches frequently strike around the same time each day, and during a particular season.

One of the functions of the hypothalamus is regulation of the biological clock. Metabolic abnormalities have also been reported.

The positron emission tomography (PET) scans indicate the brain areas which are activated during pain of attack only, compared to pain free periods. These pictures show brain areas which are active during pain in yellow/orange color (called "pain matrix"). The area in the center (in all three views) is specifically activated during CH only. The bottom row voxel-based morphometry (VBM) shows structural brain differences between individuals with and without CH; only a portion of the hypothalamus is different.[23]

Pathophysiology

Cluster headache has been historically classified as vascular headaches; for decades, it has been proposed that intense pain was caused by dilation of blood vessels which was thought to create pressure on the trigeminal nerve. While this theory was thought to be the immediate cause of the pain, the etiology (underlying cause or causes) is not fully understood and CH pathogenesis is the subject of ongoing debate.[24] Investigations into the vascular theory of headache disorders are helping to identify the role of other possible causative mechanisms in CH.[25]

Diagnosis

Cluster headaches are often misdiagnosed, mismanaged, or undiagnosed for many years; they may be confused with migraine, "cluster-like" headache (or mimics), CH subtypes, other TACs, or other types of primary or secondary headache syndrome.[26] Cluster-like head pain may be diagnosed as secondary headache rather than cluster headache.[2]

A detailed oral history aids correct differential diagnosis, as there are no confirmatory tests for CH. A headache diary can be useful in tracking when and where pain occurs, how severe it is, and how long the pain lasts. A record of coping strategies used may help distinguish between headache type; data on frequency, severity and duration of headache attacks is a necessary tool for initial and correct differential diagnosis in headache conditions.[27]

Correct diagnosis of CH is a challenge for practitioners, and is especially problematic in hospital emergency departments, where staff are not trained in the diagnosis of rare or complex chronic disease.[28] Although experienced ER staff are sometimes trained to detect headache types,[29] CH attacks themselves are not life-threatening.[30]

Individuals with CH typically experience a lengthy delay before correct diagnosis.[26][31] People are often misdiagnosed due to reported neck, tooth, jaw, and sinus symptoms and may unnecessarily endure many years of referral to ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists for investigation of sinuses; dentists for tooth assessment; chiropractors and manipulative therapists for treatment; or psychiatrists, psychologists and other medical disciplines before their headaches are correctly diagnosed.[32] Often there is a delay of several years before the correct diagnosis is reached.[33] Medical students receive little training in differential diagnoses and management of headaches.[34]

Differential

Cluster headache may be misdiagnosed as migraine or sinusitis.[33] Other types of headache are sometimes mistaken for, or may mimic closely, CH. Incorrect terms like "cluster migraine" confuse headache types for both practitioner and patient, confound differential diagnosis and are often the cause of unnecessary diagnostic delay,[35] ultimately delaying appropriate specialist treatment.

Headaches that may be confused with CH include:

Prevention

Preventive treatments are used to reduce or eliminate cluster headache attacks; they are generally used in combination with abortive and transitional techniques.[5]

Verapamil

The recommended first-line preventative therapy is verapamil, a calcium channel blocker.[3][38] Verapamil was previously underused in people with cluster headache.[5]

Steroids

There is little evidence to support a long-term benefit from steroids,[3] but they may be used until other medications take effect as they appear to be effective at three days.[3] They are generally discontinued after 8–10 days of treatment.[5]

Surgery

Nerve simulators may be an option in the small number of people who do not improve with medications.[39][40] Two procedures, deep brain stimulation or occipital nerve stimulation, may be useful;[3] early experience shows a benefit in about 60% of cases.[41] It typically takes weeks or months for this benefit to appear.[40] A non-invasive method using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is being studied.[40]

A number of surgical procedures, such as a rhizotomy or microvascular decompression, may also be considered,[40] but evidence to support them is limited and there are cases of people ending up worse off.[40]

Other

Lithium, methysergide, and topiramate are recommended alternative treatments,[38][42] although there is little evidence supporting the use of topiramate or methysergide.[3][43] This is also true for melatonin and ergotamine.[3] Valproate, sumatriptan and oxygen are not recommended as preventative measures.[3] Botox injection have shown mixed success.[44]

Management

Treatment for cluster headache is divided into three primary categories: abortive, transitional, and preventative.[45] There are two primary treatments for acute CH: oxygen and triptans,[3] but they are underused due to misdiagnosis of the syndrome.[5] During bouts of headaches, triggers such as alcohol, nitroglycerine and naps during the day should be avoided.[7]

Oxygen

Oxygen therapy may help people with CH, but it does not help prevent future episodes.[3] Typically it is given via a non-rebreather mask at 12-15 liters per minute for 15–20 minutes.[3] Around 70% improve within 15 minutes.[7]

Triptans

The other primarily recommended treatment of acute attacks is subcutaneous or intranasal sumatriptan.[38] Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan have both been shown to improve symptoms during an attack with sumatriptan being superior.[46] Because of the vasoconstrictive action of triptans, they are contraindicated in people with ischemic heart disease.[3]

Opioids

The use of opioid medication in management of CH is not recommended;[47] they may make headache syndromes worse[48][49] and their long-term use is associated with dependency, addiction and withdrawal syndromes.[50] Prescription of opioid medication may additionally lead to a delay in diagnosis, undertreatment, and mismanagement.[47]

Other

The vasoconstricting ergot compounds may be useful,[7] but have not been well studied in acute attacks.[46]

Epidemiology

Cluster headache effects about 0.2% of the general population,[4] or 56 to 326 people per 100,000.[51] Males are affected more commonly than females, in a ratio of about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1.[1] The condition usually starts between the ages of 20 and 50 years, although it can occur at any age.[1]

History

The first complete description of cluster headache was given by the London neurologist Wilfred Harris in 1926, who named the disease migrainous neuralgia.[52][53][54] Descriptions of CH date to 1745 and probably earlier.[55]

The condition was originally named Horton's cephalalgia after B.T. Horton, a US neurologist who postulated the first theory as to their pathogenesis. His original paper describes the severity of the headaches as being able to take normal men and force them to attempt or complete suicide; his 1939 paper said:

"Our patients were disabled by the disorder and suffered from bouts of pain from two to twenty times a week. They had found no relief from the usual methods of treatment. Their pain was so severe that several of them had to be constantly watched for fear of suicide. Most of them were willing to submit to any operation which might bring relief."[56]

CH has alternately been called erythroprosopalgia of Bing, ciliary neuralgia, erythromelalgia of the head, Horton's headache, histaminic cephalalgia, petrosal neuralgia, sphenopalatine neuralgia, vidian neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, and hemicrania angioparalyticia.[57]

Society and culture

Robert Shapiro, a professor of neurology, says that while cluster headaches are about as common as multiple sclerosis with a similar disability level, as of 2013, the US National Institutes of Health had spent $1.872 billion on research into multiple sclerosis in one decade, but less than $2 million on CH research in 25 years.[58] Due to an occational association with suicideal though, cluster headaches have been colloquial named "suicide headaches."[12]

Research directions

Some controversial case reports suggest that ingesting tryptamines such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT can reduce pain and interrupt cluster headache cycles.[59][60] A 2006 interview/survey of 53 individuals with CH said that psilocybin extended remission periods in 10% cases.[60] The survey was not a blinded or controlled study, and was "limited by recall and selection bias".[59]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nesbitt AD, Goadsby PJ (11 April 2012). "Cluster headache". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (Review). 344: e2407. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2407. PMID 22496300.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "IHS Classification ICHD-II 3.1 Cluster headache". The International Headache Society. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Weaver-Agostoni J (15 July 2013). "Cluster headache". American family physician (Review). 88 (2): 122–8. PMID 23939643.
  4. ^ a b Bennett MH, French C, Schnabel A, Wasiak J, Kranke P (2008). "Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for migraine and cluster headache". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Review) (3): CD005219. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005219.pub2. PMID 18646121.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Beck E, Sieber WJ, Trejo R (February 2005). "Management of cluster headache". Am Fam Physician (Review). 71 (4): 717–24. PMID 15742909.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Capobianco DJ, Dodick DW (April 2006). "Diagnosis and treatment of cluster headache". Semin Neurol (Review). 26 (2): 242–59. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939925. PMID 16628535.
  7. ^ a b c d Friedman BW, Grosberg BM (February 2009). "Diagnosis and management of the primary headache disorders in the emergency department setting". Emergency medicine clinics of North America (Review). 27 (1): 71–87, viii. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.005. PMC 2676687. PMID 19218020.
  8. ^ [non-primary source needed] Marmura MJ, Pello SJ, Young WB (December 2010). "Interictal pain in cluster headache". Cephalalgia. 30 (12): 1531–4. doi:10.1177/0333102410372423. PMID 20974600.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ [non-primary source needed] Meyer EL, Laurell K, Artto V; et al. (August 2009). "Lateralization in cluster headache: a Nordic multicenter study". J Headache Pain. 10 (4): 259–63. doi:10.1007/s10194-009-0129-z. PMC 3451747. PMID 19495933. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Matharu M, Goadsby P (2001). "Cluster Headache". Practical Neurology. 1: 42. doi:10.1046/j.1474-7766.2001.00505.x.
  11. ^ Noshir Mehta; George E. Maloney; Dhirendra S. Bana (20 September 2011). Head, Face, and Neck Pain Science, Evaluation, and Management: An Interdisciplinary Approach. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-1-118-20995-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b Robbins, MS (February 2013). "The psychiatric comorbidities of cluster headache". Current pain and headache reports. 17 (2): 313. PMID 23296640.
  13. ^ The 5-Minute Sports Medicine Consult (2 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 87. ISBN 9781451148121.
  14. ^ Robbins MS (February 2013). "The psychiatric comorbidities of cluster headache". Current pain and headache reports (REview). 17 (2): 313. doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0313-8. PMID 23296640.
  15. ^ Robbins MS (February 2013). "The psychiatric comorbidities of cluster headache". Curr Pain Headache Rep (Review). 17 (2): 313. doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0313-8. PMID 23296640.
  16. ^ [non-primary source needed] Liang JF, Chen YT, Fuh JL; et al. (February 2013). "Cluster headache is associated with an increased risk of depression: a nationwide population-based cohort study". Cephalalgia. 33 (3): 182–9. doi:10.1177/0333102412469738. PMID 23212294. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ [non-primary source needed] Jensen RM, Lyngberg A, Jensen RH (June 2007). "Burden of cluster headache". Cephalalgia. 27 (6): 535–41. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01330.x. PMID 17459083.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Pringsheim T (February 2002). "Cluster headache: evidence for a disorder of circadian rhythm and hypothalamic function". Can J Neurol Sci (Review). 29 (1): 33–40. PMID 11858532.
  19. ^ Dodick DW, Eross EJ, Parish JM, Silber M (March 2003). "Clinical, anatomical, and physiologic relationship between sleep and headache". Headache. 43 (3): 282–92. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03055.x. PMID 12603650.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Torelli P, Manzoni GC (February 2002). "What predicts evolution from episodic to chronic cluster headache?". Curr Pain Headache Rep (Review). 6 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1007/s11916-002-0026-5. PMID 11749880.
  21. ^ a b c d Pinessi L, Rainero I, Rivoiro C, Rubino E, Gallone S (September 2005). "Genetics of cluster headache: an update". J Headache Pain (Review). 6 (4): 234–6. doi:10.1007/s10194-005-0194-x. PMC 3452030. PMID 16362673.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Schürks M, Diener HC (April 2008). "Cluster headache and lifestyle habits". Curr Pain Headache Rep (Review). 12 (2): 115–21. doi:10.1007/s11916-008-0022-5. PMID 18474191.
  23. ^ DaSilva AF, Goadsby PJ, Borsook D (April 2007). "Cluster headache: a review of neuroimaging findings". Curr Pain Headache Rep (Review). 11 (2): 131–6. doi:10.1007/s11916-007-0010-1. PMID 17367592.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Goadsby PJ (January 2009). "The vascular theory of migraine--a great story wrecked by the facts". Brain (Review). 132 (Pt 1): 6–7. doi:10.1093/brain/awn321. PMID 19098031.
  25. ^ Leone M, Cecchini AP, Tullo V, Curone M, Di Fiore P, Bussone G (May 2013). "Cluster headache: what has changed since 1999?". Neurol. Sci. (Review). 34 Suppl 1: S71–3. doi:10.1007/s10072-013-1365-1. PMID 23695050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ a b [non-primary source needed] van Vliet JA, Eekers PJ, Haan J, Ferrari MD (August 2003). "Features involved in the diagnostic delay of cluster headache". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 74 (8): 1123–5. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.8.1123. PMC 1738593. PMID 12876249. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |layurl= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ "Headache diary: helping you manage your headache" (PDF). NPS.org.au. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  28. ^ Friedman BW, Grosberg BM (February 2009). "Diagnosis and management of the primary headache disorders in the emergency department setting". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. (Review). 27 (1): 71–87, viii. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.005. PMC 2676687. PMID 19218020.
  29. ^ [non-primary source needed] Clarke CE, Edwards J, Nicholl DJ, Sivaguru A, Davies P, Wiskin C (August 2005). "Ability of a nurse specialist to diagnose simple headache disorders compared with consultant neurologists". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 76 (8): 1170–2. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.057968. PMC 1739753. PMID 16024902.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Cluster headache". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. 11/2/2012. Retrieved 2014-04-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ [non-primary source needed] Bahra A, Goadsby PJ (March 2004). "Diagnostic delays and mis-management in cluster headache". Acta Neurol. Scand. 109 (3): 175–9. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0404.2003.00237.x. PMID 14763953.
  32. ^ a b [non-primary source needed] Van Alboom E, Louis P, Van Zandijcke M, Crevits L, Vakaet A, Paemeleire K (March 2009). "Diagnostic and therapeutic trajectory of cluster headache patients in Flanders". Acta Neurol Belg. 109 (1): 10–7. PMID 19402567.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ a b Tfelt-Hansen PC, Jensen RH (1 July 2012). "Management of cluster headache". CNS Drugs (Review). 26 (7): 571–80. doi:10.2165/11632850-000000000-00000. PMID 22650381.
  34. ^ Ahmed F (2012). "Headache disorders: differentiating and managing the common subtypes". British Journal of Pain. 6 (3): 124–32. doi:10.1177/2049463712459691.
  35. ^ [non-primary source needed] Klapper JA, Klapper A, Voss T (October 2000). "The misdiagnosis of cluster headache: a nonclinic, population-based, Internet survey". Headache. 40 (9): 730–5. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2000.00127.x. PMID 11091291.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Alore PL, Jay WM, Macken MP (2006). "SUNCT syndrome: Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache with Conjunctival injection and Tearing". Semin Ophthalmol. 21 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1080/08820530500509317. PMID 16517438.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Benoliel R (August 2012). "Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias". British Journal of Pain. 6 (3): 106–23. doi:10.1177/2049463712456355.
  38. ^ a b c May A, Leone M, Afra J; et al. (October 2006). "EFNS guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias" (PDF). Eur J Neurol. 13 (10): 1066–77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01566.x. PMID 16987158. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Magis D, Schoenen J (2011). "Peripheral nerve stimulation in chronic cluster headache". Progress in neurological surgery (Review). 24: 126–32. doi:10.1159/000323045. PMID 21422783.
  40. ^ a b c d e Martelletti P, Jensen RH, Antal A; et al. (21 October 2013). "Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation". The journal of headache and pain. 14 (1): 86. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-14-86. PMID 24144382. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  41. ^ Bartsch T, Paemeleire K, Goadsby PJ (June 2009). "Neurostimulation approaches to primary headache disorders". Curr. Opin. Neurol (Review). 22 (3): 262–8. doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32832ae61e. PMID 19434793.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Evers S (September 2010). "Pharmacotherapy of cluster headache". Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy (Review). 11 (13): 2121–7. doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.496454. PMID 20569084.
  43. ^ Matharu M (9 February 2010). "Cluster headache". Clinical evidence (Review). 2010. PMC 2907610. PMID 21718584.
  44. ^ Ailani J, Young WB (April 2009). "The role of nerve blocks and botulinum toxin injections in the management of cluster headaches". Current pain and headache reports (Review). 13 (2): 164–7. doi:10.1007/s11916-009-0028-7. PMID 19272284.
  45. ^ Nalini Vadivelu, Alan David Kaye, Jack M. Berger,. Essentials of palliative care. New York, NY: Springer. p. 335. ISBN 9781461451648.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ a b Law S, Derry S, Moore RA (17 July 2013). "Triptans for acute cluster headache". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Review). 7: CD008042. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008042.pub3. PMID 24353996.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ a b Paemeleire K, Evers S, Goadsby PJ (April 2008). "Medication-overuse headache in patients with cluster headache". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 12 (2): 122–7. doi:10.1007/s11916-008-0023-4. PMID 18474192.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Johnson JL, Hutchinson MR, Williams DB, Rolan P (January 2013). "Medication-overuse headache and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: A review of mechanisms, a neuroimmune hypothesis and a novel approach to treatment". Cephalalgia (Review). 33 (1): 52–64. doi:10.1177/0333102412467512. PMID 23144180.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Maier SF (November 2009). "The "toll" of opioid-induced glial activation: improving the clinical efficacy of opioids by targeting glia". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (Review). 30 (11): 581–91. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.08.002. PMC 2783351. PMID 19762094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ Saper JR, Da Silva AN (November 2013). "Medication overuse headache: history, features, prevention and management strategies". CNS Drugs. 27 (11): 867–77. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0081-y. PMID 23925669.
  51. ^ Torelli P, Castellini P, Cucurachi L, Devetak M, Lambru G, Manzoni G (2006). "Cluster headache prevalence: methodological considerations. A review of the literature" (PDF). Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense (Review). 77 (1): 4–9. PMID 16856701.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Harris W.: Neuritis and Neuralgia. p. 307-12. Oxford: Oxford Univ.Press; 1926.
  53. ^ Bickerstaff E (1959). "The periodic migrainous neuralgia of Wilfred Harris". The Lancet. 273 (7082): 1069–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(59)90651-8. PMID 13655672.
  54. ^ Boes CJ, Capobianco DJ, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ (2002). "Wilfred Harris' early description of cluster headache". Cephalalgia. 22 (4): 320–6. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00360.x. PMID 12100097.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Pearce JM (November 2007). "Gerardi van Swieten: descriptions of episodic cluster headache". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 78 (11): 1248–9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.123091. PMC 2117620. PMID 17940171.
  56. ^ Horton BT, MacLean AR, Craig WMK (1939). "A new syndrome of vascular headache: results of treatment with histamine: preliminary report". Mayo Clinic Proc. 14: 257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ (2002[page needed]). Headache in Clinical Practice (Second ed.). Taylor & Francis. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
  58. ^ Johnson, Tim (16 May 2013). "Researcher works to unlock mysteries of migraines". USA Today. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  59. ^ a b Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A (March 2011). "Alternative headache treatments: nutraceuticals, behavioral and physical treatments". Headache (Review). 51 (3): 469–83. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x. PMID 21352222. Although controversial, the evidence for the use of psychedelic drugs such as DMT, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin is worth mentioning for the insight it provides regarding the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache. Further research on the effects of these substances may result in a greater understanding of the mechanisms of these headache disorders. ... 
  60. ^ a b Vollenweider FX, Kometer M (September 2010). "The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11 (9): 642–51. doi:10.1038/nrn2884. PMID 20717121.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cluster_headache&oldid=631057377"