Examination boards in the United Kingdom: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 16:54, 24 September 2015

Examination boards in the United Kingdom (sometimes called awarding bodies or "awarding organisations") are the examination boards responsible for setting and awarding secondary education level qualifications, such as GCSEs, Standard Grades, A Levels, Highers and vocational qualifications, to students in the United Kingdom.

Until the mid-1990s, academic exam boards and vocational accreditors were run very much as separate organisations. In more recent times, this distinction has been removed, with all the term 'awarding bodies' now being used. This article focuses on the contemporary and historical awarding bodies that set academic exams in state schools. In everyday terminology, these organisations are still referred to as 'exam boards'.

Broadly speaking, the UK has always had two separate school systems: one for England, Wales and Northern Ireland; and one for Scotland. As a result, two separate sets of exam boards have been developed.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Unusually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have several exam boards, with schools and colleges able to freely choose between them on a subject-by-subject basis. Currently, there are seven exam boards available to state schools:

AQA (Assessment and Qualifications Alliance)
CIE (University of Cambridge International Examinations)
CCEA (Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment)
Edexcel
ICAAE (International Curriculum and Assessment Agency Examinations)
OCR (Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations)
WJEC (Welsh Joint Education Committee)

Though the exam boards have regional roots (see below), they are all nationwide, though the CCEA is not very active outside of its native Northern Ireland. Most offer a range of qualifications, though not all boards offer every qualification in every area (Edexcel, for example, offers a great deal of vocational qualifications, while the WJEC is the only board to offer A Level Film Studies). In particular, the ICAAE is very specialised, offering only a small number of business-related GCSEs and is far and away the smallest Ofqual-approved exam board for state schools. CIE is another exception: it is traditionally an international exam board, but now offers the Cambridge Pre-U and Cambridge International Certificate to state schools.

Schools and colleges have a completely free choice between the boards, depending on the qualification offered. Most schools use a mixture of boards for their GCSE qualifications, with a similar situation existing at A Level. (It is worth noting that a school using, say, OCR for GCSE History is perfectly free to pick a different board for A Level History.)

History

Early beginnings

Exam boards have been around as long as there have been qualifications offered by schools. As universities had experience of offering qualifications, such as degrees, it was natural that they created the first exam boards. Indeed, the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge each had their own exam board and a joint board they ran together. The qualifications offered were generally of the boards' own creation. Schools and colleges (with some exceptions, detailed below) were free to pick which board they wanted to use, though most went for a local board.

The early boards established included:

1857: University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (founded by the University of Oxford)^[1]
1858: University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES, founded by the University of Cambridge)^[2]
1858: University of Durham Matriculation and School Examination Board (founded by the University of Durham)
1873: Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board (founded by the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge)^[3]
1896: Central Welsh Board (founded by the Welsh local authorities)^[4]
1900: University of Birmingham^[5]
1902: University of London Extension Board (founded by the University of London)^[5]
1903: Joint Matriculation Board (JMB, founded by the Victoria University of Manchester, the University of Liverpool and the University of Leeds)^[5]
1911: University of Bristol School Examinations Council (founded by the University of Bristol)^[5]

The Central Welsh Board differed from most exam boards, as it was not controlled by a university and only offered examinations to schools and colleges in Wales. Intermediate schools in Wales had to use the Board, though other schools and colleges were free to choose.^[4]

The University of Birmingham disbanded its own exam board and joined the JMB in 1916.^[5]

School Certificate and Higher School Certificate

In 1918, the first national qualifications for England, Wales and Northern Ireland were introduced: the School Certificate, taken at 16, and the Higher School Certificate, taken at 18.^[6] The existing exam boards started offering the new qualifications, normally in place of their own qualifications.

In 1930, the University of London Extension Board renamed itself the University of London Matriculation and School Examinations Council before becoming University of London University Entrance and School Examinations Council and School Examinations Department in 1951.^[5]

The University of Durham Matriculation and School Examination Board renamed itself the Durham University Examinations Board in the 1930s.

The Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC) was founded by the Welsh local authorities in 1948. It took over many of the Central Welsh Board's responsibilities, including running Wales's exam system.^[7]

GCE (O Level and A Level)

In 1951, the General Certificate of Education (GCE) was introduced. It was split into two stages: Ordinary Level (O Level, taken at 16) and Advanced Level (A Level, taken at 18). These qualifications replaced the School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate respectively.

The existing exam boards offered the GCE, alongside the Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council .^[8]

These boards were soon joined by the Associated Examining Board (AEB), which was founded by City & Guilds in 1953.^[9]

The Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examinations was founded in 1954 as a successor to the University of Bristol School Examinations Council.^[5]

The Durham University Examinations Board ceased to exist in 1964.^[5]

The University of London University Entrance and School Examinations Council and School Examinations Department was renamed the University of London School Examinations Board in 1984.^[5]

CSE

In 1965, the Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) was introduced. It was aimed at the 80% 16-year-old students who did not take O Levels and, until that point, had left school with no qualifications.^[10] CSEs were administered on a local basis with local boards offering the qualifications. The local boards in England were new organisations, while in Wales and Northern Ireland (where universities did not control the existing boards), the existing boards were used. The CSE boards were:^[11]^[12]

Associated Lancashire Schools Board
East Anglian Examinations Board
East Midland Regional Examinations Board
Metropolitan Regional Examination Board
Middlesex Regional Examination Board
Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council
Northern Regional Examinations Board
North West Regional Examinations Board
South East Regional Examinations Board
South West (Regional) Examinations Board
Southern Regional Exams Board
Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC)
West Midlands Regional Examination Board
The West Yorkshire and Lindsey Regional Examinations Board
Yorkshire and Humberside Regional Examinations Board

In 1979, the neighbouring Metropolitan and Middlesex boards merged to form the London Regional Examinations Board.^[11] The West Yorkshire and Lindsey and Yorkshire and Humberside Boards also merged to form the Yorkshire Regional Examinations Board in 1982.^[5]

GCSE

To create a more egalitarian system, the O Levels and CSE (but not the A Level) were replaced by the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) in 1986.^[10] As O Levels and CSEs had used different exam boards (except in Wales and Northern Ireland), new 'examining groups' were created. In England, the four examining groups were consortia of regional GCE and CSE exam boards, while in Wales and Northern Ireland they were the existing boards, making six boards in total:^[8]

London and East Anglian Examining Group (formed by the University of London School Examinations Board, the London Regional Examination Board and the East Anglian Examinations Board)
Midland Examining Group (MEG, formed by the Southern Universities' Joint Board, the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board, East Midland Regional Examinations Board and the West Midlands Examinations Board)
Northern Examining Association (NEA, formed by the Joint Matriculation Board, the Associated Lancashire Schools Examining Board, the Northern Regional Examinations Board, the North West Regional Examinations Board and the Yorkshire Regional Examinations Board)
Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council
Southern Examining Group (SEG, formed by the Associated Examining Board, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations, the South East Regional Examinations Board, South West (Regional) Examinations Board and Southern Regional Exams Board)
Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC)

As CSEs were no longer offered, the CSE boards effectively ceased to operate as independent boards and instead became part of their larger examining groups (some were even taken over by larger members of their groups, such as the South East Regional Examinations Board, which was acquired by the Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations in 1985^[1]). The GCE boards, however, retained a degree of autonomy, as they still offered A Levels independently.

Though the boards were regional, schools were entirely free to pick which board they did their GCSE qualifications with and could mix and match between subjects.^[13]

When the Certificate of Achievement (now the Entry Level Certificate, a qualification below GCSE level) was introduced, the GCSE examining groups were responsible for administering the qualification.

Creation of the current boards

It was not long before the GCE (A Level) boards and GCSE examining groups began to formally merge or enter into even closer working relationships. This made sense, as it allowed merged boards to offer both GCSE and A Level qualifications and the boards were working together to offer the GCSE qualifications anyway. Many boards also took the opportunity to merge with vocational exam boards, as vocational qualifications became more common in schools. The government encouraged this, as they wanted to simplify the system by having fewer exam boards.^[14]

AQA

The Joint Matriculation Board merged with the Northern Examining Association in 1992 to form the Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB). Meanwhile, the Associated Examining Board merged with the Southern Examining Group to form AEB/SEG 1994, though both kept their respective identities.^[5] In 1995, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) was abolished, with its GCSE functions being transferred to AEB/SEG (its A Level functions went to UCLES).^[1] NEAB, AEB/SEG and the vocational City & Guilds formed the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) in 1997,^[15] with the AEB/SEG and NEAB formally merging into AQA in 2000 (City & Guilds chose to remain independent, but closely cooperates with AQA). AQA is run as an educational charity.^[16]

OCR and CIE

The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) took over the Southern Universities' Joint Board in 1990^[17]^[18] and the Midland Examining Group (MEG) in 1993.^[19] When the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) was abolished in 1995, its A Level functions were transferred to UCLES (its GCSE functions went to AEB/SEG).^[1] In the same year, UCLES also took over the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board (OCSEB). UCLES then merged all its A Level boards together together to form the Oxford and Cambridge Examinations and Assessment Council (OCEAC).^[2] This left UCLES offering A Levels under the OCSEB name, GCSEs under the MEG name and some vocational qualifications under the UODLE name.^[20] This situation continued until 1998, when UCLES took over the vocational Royal Society of Arts Examinations Board. Following the merger, it chose to use the name Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations (OCR) for all its UK qualifications.^[14] OCR is now the only major exam board owned by a university and is still run by the University of Cambridge, through its Cambridge Assessment division.

Cambridge Assessment also controls CIE, a predominately international exam board that started offering some qualifications to English, Welsh and Northern Irish state schools in 2008.

Edexcel

The University of London School Examinations Board merged with the London and East Anglian Group to form the University of London Examinations & Assessment Council (known as London Examinations or ULEAC) in 1991.^[5] In 1996, London Examinations merged with the vocational BTEC to form the Edexcel Foundation (the legal entity called London Qualifications). Though it originally ran as an educational charity like AQA, the Foundation was taken over by Pearson in 2003 (and renamed simply Edexcel), making it the only British exam board to be run by a profit-making company.^[21]

CCEA and ICAAE

The Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council became the Northern Ireland School Examinations and Assessment Council before being replaced by the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) in 1994. It is a non-departmental public body.

ICAAE was founded in 1989.^[22] It specialises in a small number of business and ICT courses. It began offering GCSEs in 1997, in partnership with CCEA. Since 2009, it has offered exams independently of CCEA.^[23] ICAAE is a division of ICAA.

WJEC

Unlike the other boards, WJEC did not experience any major organisational changes and is still owned by the Welsh local authorities, though it operates independently. In 2014, WJEC launched a new brand, Eduqas, for new Ofqual-accredited qualifications (mostly offered in England), while retaining the name WJEC for Welsh Government-regulated qualifications.

Scotland

There is just one exam board in Scotland, the SQA (Scottish Qualifications Authority), which offers all Scotland's qualifications.

History

Previously, academic qualifications were awarded by the Scottish Examination Board (SEB), and prior to that the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB), while vocational qualifications were awarded by the Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC).

Examination boards working together

The UK's examination boards sometimes work together. For example, they sometimes offer qualifications jointly or share training materials for common parts of specifications.

The JCQ (Joint Council for Qualifications) is a common voice for UK exam boards. The JCQ is made up of AQA, CCEA, City & Guilds, Edexcel, OCR, SQA and WJEC. Among its roles, it devises standard rules for exams and publishes statistics.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Local%20Examinations%20Delegacy%20LE.pdf
^ ^a ^b "UCLES | Corporate Information". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Oxford%20&%20Cambridge%20OC.pdf
^ ^a ^b [1]^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2007-comparability-exam-standards-d-chapter2.pdf
^ [2]^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.wjec.co.uk/uploads/publications/4859.pdf
^ ^a ^b [3]^{[dead link]}
^ "Awarding organisation for A levels, GCSEs, BTECs and other qualifications" (PDF). Edexcel. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ ^a ^b http://www.qca.org.uk/qca_6210.aspx
^ ^a ^b [4]^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.qca.org.uk/qca_4521.aspx
^ [5]^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Education Jobs, Teaching Resources, Magazine & Forums". The TES. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ "Education Jobs, Teaching Resources, Magazine & Forums". The TES. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ [6]^{[dead link]}
^ [7]^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/_doc/947/exboards.xls
^ "MEG". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ http://web.archive.org/web/19980524070703/www.ucles.org.uk/index/index.htm
^ "Our history | Our history | Who we are | About Us". Edexcel. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ "Shambles in S.E.Asia : ICAA International Curriculum & Assessment Agency". Shambles.net. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ http://www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2011-12-20-inquiry-into-examination-errors-summer-2011-final-report.pdf

[UODLE-1] ttp://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Local%20Examinations%20Delegacy%20LE.pdf

[web.archive.org-2] "UCLES | Corporate Information". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[3] ttp://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Oxford%20&%20Cambridge%20OC.pdf

[Norwood-4] [1]^{[dead link]}

[Tattersall-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2007-comparability-exam-standards-d-chapter2.pdf

[6] [2]^{[dead link]}

[7] ttp://www.wjec.co.uk/uploads/publications/4859.pdf

[hollings.mmu.ac.uk-8] [3]^{[dead link]}

[9] "Awarding organisation for A levels, GCSEs, BTECs and other qualifications" (PDF). Edexcel. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[qca.org.uk-10] ttp://www.qca.org.uk/qca_6210.aspx

[AQA-CSE-11] [4]^{[dead link]}

[12] ttp://www.qca.org.uk/qca_4521.aspx

[13] [5]^{[dead link]}

[tes.co.uk-14] "Education Jobs, Teaching Resources, Magazine & Forums". The TES. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[15] "Education Jobs, Teaching Resources, Magazine & Forums". The TES. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[16] [6]^{[dead link]}

[17] [7]^{[dead link]}

[18] ttp://www.teachernet.gov.uk/_doc/947/exboards.xls

[19] "MEG". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[20] ttp://web.archive.org/web/19980524070703/www.ucles.org.uk/index/index.htm

[Edexcel-21] "Our history | Our history | Who we are | About Us". Edexcel. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[22] "Shambles in S.E.Asia : ICAA International Curriculum & Assessment Agency". Shambles.net. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[23] ttp://www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2011-12-20-inquiry-into-examination-errors-summer-2011-final-report.pdf

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Examination boards in the United Kingdom''' (also called '''awarding bodies''' or "awarding organisations") are the [[examination board]]s responsible for setting and awarding [[secondary education]] level [[wikt:qualification|qualification]]s, such as [[GCSE]]s, [[National 5]]s, [[A Level]]s, [[Higher (Scottish)|Higher]]s, [[Advanced Higher]]s and [[vocational]] qualifications, to students in the [[United Kingdom]].
+'''Examination boards in the United Kingdom''' (sometimes called '''awarding bodies''' or "awarding organisations") are the [[examination board]]s responsible for setting and awarding [[secondary education]] level [[wikt:qualification|qualification]]s, such as [[GCSE]]s, [[Standard Grade]]s, [[A Level]]s, [[Higher (Scottish)|Higher]]s and [[vocational]] qualifications, to students in the [[United Kingdom]].
+Until the mid-1990s, academic exam boards and vocational accreditors were run very much as separate organisations. In more recent times, this distinction has been removed, with all the term 'awarding bodies' now being used. This article focuses on the contemporary and historical awarding bodies that set academic exams in state schools. In everyday terminology, these organisations are still referred to as 'exam boards'.
-Grades that can be awarded are the following:
-*'''(GCSE & GCE)''': Level A*, A, B, C, D, E, F, G
-*'''(BTEC)''': Distinction*, Distinction, Merit, Pass, Pass (Level 1), Fail.
-In GCSE, grades A*-C generally indicate a pass, with D-G indicating a lower level. The U grade at GCSE indicates that a paper is "unmarked" due to different reasons, implying a fail. At BTEC, the equivalent is a Fail. Most courses at GCSE come in Higher (A*-E) and Lower (C-G) tiers.
-In the past academic exam boards and vocational accreditors were used to be run very much as separate organisations. In more recent times, this distinction has been removed, with all the term 'awarding bodies' now being used. This article focuses on the contemporary and historical awarding bodies that set academic exams in state schools. In everyday terminology, these organisations are still referred to as 'exam boards'.
 Broadly speaking, the UK has always had two separate school systems: one for [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]; and one for [[Scotland]]. As a result, two separate sets of exam boards have been developed.
@@ Line 17: / Line 11: @@
 * [[University of Cambridge International Examinations|CIE]] (University of Cambridge International Examinations)
 * [[Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment|CCEA]] (Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment)
-* [[Edexcel]] (Edexcel Pearson - London Examinations)
+* [[Edexcel]]
 * [[International Curriculum and Assessment Agency Examinations|ICAAE]] (International Curriculum and Assessment Agency Examinations)
 * [[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|OCR]] (Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations)
 * [[Welsh Joint Education Committee|WJEC]] (Welsh Joint Education Committee)
+Though the exam boards have regional roots (see below), they are all nationwide, though the CCEA is not very active outside of its native Northern Ireland. Most offer a range of qualifications, though not all boards offer every qualification in every area (Edexcel, for example, offers a great deal of vocational qualifications, while the WJEC is the only board to offer A Level Film Studies). In particular, the ICAAE is very specialised, offering only a small number of business-related GCSEs and is far and away the smallest [[Ofqual]]-approved exam board for state schools. CIE is another exception: it is traditionally an international exam board, but now offers the [[Cambridge Pre-U]] and [[Cambridge International Certificate]] to state schools.
-CIE is another exception: it is traditionally an international exam board, but now offers the [[Cambridge Pre-U]], [[Cambridge International Certificate]] and International versions of GCSEs and A-levels<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cie.org.uk/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-secondary-2/cambridge-igcse/ |title=Cambridge IGCSE - An International Qualification For 14-16 Year Olds |publisher=Cie.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2015-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cie.org.uk/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-advanced/cambridge-international-as-and-a-levels/ |title=Cambridge International AS and A Levels - Recognised Worldwide |publisher=Cie.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2015-02-21}}</ref> to state schools.
 Schools and colleges have a completely free choice between the boards, depending on the qualification offered. Most schools use a mixture of boards for their GCSE qualifications, with a similar situation existing at A Level. (It is worth noting that a school using, say, OCR for GCSE History is perfectly free to pick a different board for A Level History.)
 ===History===
 ====Early beginnings====
 Exam boards have been around as long as there have been qualifications offered by schools. As [[university|universities]] had experience of offering qualifications, such as [[academic degree|degree]]s, it was natural that they created the first exam boards. Indeed, the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge each had their own exam board and a joint board they ran together. The qualifications offered were generally of the boards' own creation. Schools and colleges (with some exceptions, detailed below) were free to pick which board they wanted to use, though most went for a local board.
@@ Line 33: / Line 26: @@
 The early boards established included:
-* 1857: [[University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations]] (founded by the [[University of Oxford]])<ref name="UODLE">{{cite web|url=http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Local%20Examinations%20Delegacy%20LE.pdf |format=PDF |title=DELEGACY OF LOCAL EXAMINATIONS |publisher=Oua.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>
+* 1857: [[University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations]] (founded by the [[University of Oxford]])<ref name="UODLE">http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Local%20Examinations%20Delegacy%20LE.pdf</ref>
 * 1858: [[University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate]] (UCLES, founded by the [[University of Cambridge]])<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/19980524070609/www.ucles.org.uk/corp/index.htm |title=UCLES &#124; Corporate Information |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>
 * 1858: [[University of Durham Matriculation and School Examination Board]] (founded by the [[University of Durham]])
-* 1873: [[Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board]] (founded by the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Oxford%20&%20Cambridge%20OC.pdf |format=PDF |title=OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS EXAMINATION BOARD : Introduction |publisher=Oua.ox.ac.uk |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>
+* 1873: [[Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board]] (founded by the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge)<ref>http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Oxford%20&%20Cambridge%20OC.pdf</ref>
 * 1896: [[Central Welsh Board]] (founded by the [[local government in Wales|Welsh local authorities]])<ref name="Norwood">[http://www.kbr30.dial.pipex.com/documents/docs2/norwood23.shtml ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref>
-* 1900: [[University of Birmingham]]<ref name="Tattersall">[http://www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2007-comparability-exam-standards-d-chapter2.pdf ]{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref>
+* 1900: [[University of Birmingham]]<ref name="Tattersall">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2007-comparability-exam-standards-d-chapter2.pdf</ref>
 * 1902: [[University of London Extension Board]] (founded by the [[University of London]])<ref name="Tattersall" />
-* 1903: [[Joint Matriculation Board]] (JMB, founded by the [[University of Manchester]], the [[University of Liverpool]] and the [[University of Leeds]])<ref name="Tattersall" />
+* 1903: [[Joint Matriculation Board]] (JMB, founded by the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], the [[University of Liverpool]] and the [[University of Leeds]])<ref name="Tattersall" />
 * 1911: [[University of Bristol School Examinations Council]] (founded by the [[University of Bristol]])<ref name="Tattersall"/>
 The Central Welsh Board differed from most exam boards, as it was not controlled by a university and only offered examinations to schools and colleges in Wales. [[Intermediate school (UK)|Intermediate school]]s in Wales had to use the Board, though other schools and colleges were free to choose.<ref name="Norwood" />
+The University of Birmingham disbanded its own exam board and joined the JMB in 1916.<ref name="Tattersall" />
 ====School Certificate and Higher School Certificate====
-The first national qualifications for England, Wales and Northern Ireland were: the [[School Certificate (UK)|School Certificate]] and the [[Higher School Certificate (UK)|Higher School Certificate]].<ref>[http://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/ca/digitalAssets/114603_Complete_150th_Anniversary_Exhibition.pdf ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref>
+In 1918, the first national qualifications for England, Wales and Northern Ireland were introduced: the [[School Certificate (UK)|School Certificate]], taken at 16, and the [[Higher School Certificate (UK)|Higher School Certificate]], taken at 18.<ref>[http://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/ca/digitalAssets/114603_Complete_150th_Anniversary_Exhibition.pdf ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> The existing exam boards started offering the new qualifications, normally in place of their own qualifications.
+In 1930, the University of London Extension Board renamed itself the University of London Matriculation and School
-The [[Welsh Joint Education Committee]] (WJEC) was founded by the Welsh local authorities. It took over many of the Central Welsh Board's responsibilities, including running Wales's exam system.<ref>[http://www.wjec.co.uk/uploads/publications/4859.pdf ]{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref>
+Examinations Council before becoming University of London University Entrance and School Examinations Council and School Examinations Department in 1951.<ref name="Tattersall" />
+The University of Durham Matriculation and School Examination Board renamed itself the Durham University Examinations Board in the 1930s.
+The [[Welsh Joint Education Committee]] (WJEC) was founded by the Welsh local authorities in 1948. It took over many of the Central Welsh Board's responsibilities, including running Wales's exam system.<ref>http://www.wjec.co.uk/uploads/publications/4859.pdf</ref>
 ====GCE (O Level and A Level)====
-The [[General Certificate of Education]] (GCE) was introduced to shift educational focus of breadth to depth in subjectss. It was split into two stages: [[Ordinary Level]] (O Level) and Advanced Level (A Level). These qualifications replaced the School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate respectively.
+In 1951, the [[General Certificate of Education]] (GCE) was introduced. It was split into two stages: [[Ordinary Level]] (O Level, taken at 16) and Advanced Level (A Level, taken at 18). These qualifications replaced the School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate respectively.
+The existing exam boards offered the GCE, alongside the [[Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council]]
+.<ref name="hollings.mmu.ac.uk">[http://www.hollings.mmu.ac.uk/research/applicat.pdf ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref>
+These boards were soon joined by the [[Associated Examining Board]] (AEB), which was founded by [[City & Guilds]] in 1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edexcel.org.uk/VirtualContent/1245.pdf |title=Awarding organisation for A levels, GCSEs, BTECs and other qualifications |publisher=Edexcel |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>
+The [[Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examinations]] was founded in 1954 as a successor to the University of Bristol School Examinations Council.<ref name="Tattersall" />
+The Durham University Examinations Board ceased to exist in 1964.<ref name="Tattersall" />
+The University of London University Entrance and School Examinations Council and School Examinations Department was renamed the University of London School Examinations Board in 1984.<ref name="Tattersall" />
+====CSE====
+In 1965, the [[Certificate of Secondary Education]] (CSE) was introduced. It was aimed at the 80% 16-year-old students who did not take O Levels and, until that point, had left school with no qualifications.<ref name="qca.org.uk">http://www.qca.org.uk/qca_6210.aspx</ref> CSEs were administered on a local basis with local boards offering the qualifications. The local boards in England were new organisations, while in Wales and Northern Ireland (where universities did not control the existing boards), the existing boards were used. The CSE boards were:<ref name="AQA-CSE">[http://www.aqa.org.uk/admin/library/CSE-EXAMRECORDS.PDF ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref>http://www.qca.org.uk/qca_4521.aspx</ref>
+* [[Associated Lancashire Schools Board]]
+* [[East Anglian Examinations Board]]
+* [[East Midland Regional Examinations Board]]
+* [[Metropolitan Regional Examination Board]]
+* [[Middlesex Regional Examination Board]]
+* Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council
+* [[Northern Regional Examinations Board]]
+* [[North West Regional Examinations Board]]
+* [[South East Regional Examinations Board]]
+* [[South West (Regional) Examinations Board]]
+* [[Southern Regional Exams Board]]
+* Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC)
+* [[West Midlands Regional Examination Board]]
+* [[The West Yorkshire and Lindsey Regional Examinations Board]]
+* [[Yorkshire and Humberside Regional Examinations Board]]
+In 1979, the neighbouring Metropolitan and Middlesex boards merged to form the [[London Regional Examinations Board]].<ref name="AQA-CSE" /> The West Yorkshire and Lindsey and Yorkshire and Humberside Boards also merged to form the [[Yorkshire Regional Examinations Board]] in 1982.<ref name="Tattersall" />
 ====GCSE====
-To create a more egalitarian system, the O Levels were replaced by the [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) in.<ref name="qca.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.qca.org.uk|title=The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA)|publisher=Qca.org.uk|accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref> As O Levels had used different exam boards (except in Wales and Northern Ireland), new 'examining groups' were created (see creation of current exam boards).
+To create a more egalitarian system, the O Levels and CSE (but not the A Level) were replaced by the [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) in 1986.<ref name="qca.org.uk"/> As O Levels and CSEs had used different exam boards (except in Wales and Northern Ireland), new 'examining groups' were created. In England, the four examining groups were consortia of regional GCE and CSE exam boards, while in Wales and Northern Ireland they were the existing boards, making six boards in total:<ref name="hollings.mmu.ac.uk"/>
+* [[London and East Anglian Examining Group]] (formed by the University of London School Examinations Board, the London Regional Examination Board and the East Anglian Examinations Board)
+* [[Midland Examining Group]] (MEG, formed by the Southern Universities' Joint Board, the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board, East Midland Regional Examinations Board and the West Midlands Examinations Board)
+* [[Northern Examining Association]] (NEA, formed by the Joint Matriculation Board, the Associated Lancashire Schools Examining Board, the Northern Regional Examinations Board, the North West Regional Examinations Board and the Yorkshire Regional Examinations Board)
+* Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council
+* [[Southern Examining Group]] (SEG, formed by the Associated Examining Board, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations, the South East Regional Examinations Board, South West (Regional) Examinations Board and Southern Regional Exams Board)
+* Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC)
+As CSEs were no longer offered, the CSE boards effectively ceased to operate as independent boards and instead became part of their larger examining groups (some were even taken over by larger members of their groups, such as the South East Regional Examinations Board, which was acquired by the Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations in 1985<ref name="UODLE" />). The GCE boards, however, retained a degree of autonomy, as they still offered A Levels independently.
 Though the boards were regional, schools were entirely free to pick which board they did their GCSE qualifications with and could mix and match between subjects.<ref>[http://www.hants.gov.uk/scrmxn/m01000.html ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref>
@@ Line 63: / Line 104: @@
 It was not long before the GCE (A Level) boards and GCSE examining groups began to formally merge or enter into even closer working relationships. This made sense, as it allowed merged boards to offer both GCSE and A Level qualifications and the boards were working together to offer the GCSE qualifications anyway. Many boards also took the opportunity to merge with vocational exam boards, as vocational qualifications became more common in schools. The government encouraged this, as they wanted to simplify the system by having fewer exam boards.<ref name="tes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/search/story/?story_id=73665 |title=Education Jobs, Teaching Resources, Magazine & Forums |publisher=The TES |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>
-=====[[Assessment and Qualifications Alliance|AQA]]=====
+=====AQA=====
+The Joint Matriculation Board merged with the Northern Examining Association in 1992 to form the [[Northern Examinations and Assessment Board]] (NEAB). Meanwhile, the Associated Examining Board merged with the Southern Examining Group to form [[AEB/SEG]] 1994, though both kept their respective identities.<ref name="Tattersall" /> In 1995, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) was abolished, with its GCSE functions being transferred to AEB/SEG (its A Level functions went to UCLES).<ref name="UODLE" /> NEAB, AEB/SEG and the vocational City & Guilds formed the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/search/story/?story_id=46009 |title=Education Jobs, Teaching Resources, Magazine & Forums |publisher=The TES |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> with the AEB/SEG and NEAB formally merging into AQA in 2000 (City & Guilds chose to remain independent, but closely cooperates with AQA). AQA is run as an educational charity.<ref>[http://www.aqa.org.uk/over/staff.php ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref>
-The [[Assessment and Qualifications Alliance]] (AQA) is the largest British exam board for GCSEs and GCE A-Levels. It is based and headquartered in [[Manchester]], [[England]], [[UK]] but also has an office in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aqa.org.uk/help-and-contacts/contact-us/our-offices |title=Contact us &#124; Contact us &#124; Our offices |publisher=AQA |date= |accessdate=2015-02-21}}</ref>
-=====[[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|OCR]]=====
+=====OCR and CIE=====
-[[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations]] (OCR), were formed by the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford under the universities' former exam board UCLES (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate).<ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/19980524070703/www.ucles.org.uk/index/index.htm |title=University of Cambridge : Local Examinations Syndicate |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="tes.co.uk"/> OCR is the only major exam board owned by a university and is still run by the [[University of Cambridge]], through its [[Cambridge Assessment]] division.
+The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) took over the Southern Universities' Joint Board in 1990<ref>[http://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/ca/About_Us/Our_Heritage ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref>http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/_doc/947/exboards.xls</ref> and the Midland Examining Group (MEG) in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/19980626221116/www.meg.org.uk/index.html |title=MEG |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> When the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) was abolished in 1995, its A Level functions were transferred to UCLES (its GCSE functions went to AEB/SEG).<ref name="UODLE" /> In the same year, UCLES also took over the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board (OCSEB). UCLES then merged all its A Level boards together together to form the [[Oxford and Cambridge Examinations and Assessment Council]] (OCEAC).<ref name="web.archive.org"/> This left UCLES offering A Levels under the OCSEB name, GCSEs under the MEG name and some vocational qualifications under the UODLE name.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/19980524070703/www.ucles.org.uk/index/index.htm</ref> This situation continued until 1998, when UCLES took over the vocational [[Royal Society of Arts Examinations Board]]. Following the merger, it chose to use the name Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations (OCR) for all its UK qualifications.<ref name="tes.co.uk"/> OCR is now the only major exam board owned by a university and is still run by the [[University of Cambridge]], through its [[Cambridge Assessment]] division.
+Cambridge Assessment also controls CIE, a predominately international exam board that started offering some qualifications to English, Welsh and Northern Irish state schools in 2008.
-====[[Cambridge International Examinations|CIE]]====
-[[Cambridge International Examinations]] (CIE) are a provider of international qualifications, offering examinations and qualifications in more than 160 countries, including the IGCSE and Cambridge International A Level.
-=====[[Edexcel]]=====
+=====Edexcel=====
-London Examinations merged with the vocational [[Business And Technology Education Council (BTEC)|BTEC]] to form the Edexcel Foundation. Though it originally ran as an educational charity the Foundation was taken over by [[Pearson PLC|Pearson]](the examination board is known colloquially as [[Edexcel]] and formally as Pearson Edexcel - London Examinations), making it the only British exam board to be run by a profit-making company. Edexcel is a portmanteau term combining the words '''Ed'''ucation & '''Excel'''lence.
+The University of London School Examinations Board merged with the London and East Anglian Group to form the University of London Examinations & Assessment Council (known as London Examinations or ULEAC) in 1991.<ref name="Tattersall" /> In 1996, London Examinations merged with the vocational [[Business And Technology Education Council (BTEC)|BTEC]] to form the Edexcel Foundation (the legal entity called London Qualifications). Though it originally ran as an educational charity like AQA, the Foundation was taken over by [[Pearson PLC|Pearson]] in 2003 (and renamed simply Edexcel), making it the only British exam board to be run by a profit-making company.<ref name="Edexcel">{{cite web|url=http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/who-we-are/our-history/Pages/Ourhistory.aspx |title=Our history &#124; Our history &#124; Who we are &#124; About Us |publisher=Edexcel |date=2010-11-17 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>
+=====CCEA and ICAAE=====
-=====[[Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment|CCEA]]=====
-The [[Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment]] (CCEA) is a non-departmental public body operating in Northern Ireland.
+The Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council became the Northern Ireland School Examinations and Assessment Council before being replaced by the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) in 1994. It is a non-departmental public body.
+ICAAE was founded in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shambles.net/icaa/ |title=Shambles in S.E.Asia : ICAA International Curriculum & Assessment Agency |publisher=Shambles.net |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> It specialises in a small number of business and ICT courses. It began offering GCSEs in 1997, in partnership with CCEA. Since 2009, it has offered exams independently of CCEA.<ref>http://www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/2011-12-20-inquiry-into-examination-errors-summer-2011-final-report.pdf</ref> ICAAE is a division of [[International Curriculum and Assessment Agency|ICAA]].
-======ICAAE======
-ICAAE (International Curriculum & Assessment Agency) is a further Irish examination board offering mainly business and ICT qualifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shambles.net/icaa/ |title=Shambles in S.E.Asia : ICAA International Curriculum & Assessment Agency |publisher=Shambles.net |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>http://blog.whsmith.co.uk/need-to-know-uk-exam-boards/</ref>
-=====[[WJEC (exam board)|WJEC]]=====
+=====WJEC=====
-Unlike the other boards, WJEC did not experience any major organisational changes and is still owned by the Welsh local authorities, though it operates independently.
+Unlike the other boards, WJEC did not experience any major organisational changes and is still owned by the Welsh local authorities, though it operates independently. In 2014, WJEC launched a new brand, Eduqas, for new Ofqual-accredited qualifications (mostly offered in England), while retaining the name WJEC for Welsh Government-regulated qualifications.
 ==Scotland==
@@ Line 88: / Line 127: @@
 ===History===
-Previously, academic qualifications were awarded by the [[Scottish Examination Board]], while vocational qualifications were awarded by the [[Scottish Vocational Education Council]] (SCOTVEC). The two organisations were then merged to form the Scottish Qualifications Authority SQA.
+Previously, academic qualifications were awarded by the [[Scottish Examination Board]] (SEB), and prior to that the [[Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board]] (SCEEB), while vocational qualifications were awarded by the [[Scottish Vocational Education Council]] (SCOTVEC).
 ==Examination boards working together==
 The UK's examination boards sometimes work together. For example, they sometimes offer qualifications jointly or share training materials for common parts of specifications.
-The [[Joint Council for Qualifications|JCQ]] (Joint Council for Qualifications) is a common voice for UK exam boards. The JCQ is made up of AQA, CCEA, Edexcel, OCR, SQA and WJEC. Among its roles, it devises standard rules for exams and publishes statistics. British examination boards (i.e. England & Ireland) are accredited and regulated by the government of the United Kingdom.
+The [[Joint Council for Qualifications|JCQ]] (Joint Council for Qualifications) is a common voice for UK exam boards. The JCQ is made up of AQA, CCEA, City & Guilds, Edexcel, OCR, SQA and WJEC. Among its roles, it devises standard rules for exams and publishes statistics.
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 {{Examination boards in the United Kingdom}}