Jump to content

Laura de Force Gordon: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
rephrasing based on body paragraph, per WP:LEAD.
Add statement re "second lawyer" and cite.
Line 26: Line 26:
In 1873, Gordon became an editor and reporter for the ''Stockton Narrow Gauge''. In 1874, she bought the ''Stockton Weekly Leader'' and converted into a daily newspaper, becoming the first female publisher of a paper in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQqhz7JSQZUC&pg=PA33 |title=The Newspapers of Nevada: A History and Bibliography, 1854-1979 |last=Lingenfelter |first=Richard E. |last2=Gash |first2=Karen Rix |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |year= |isbn=9780874170757 |location= |pages=33 |language=en }}</ref> Between 1876 and 1878, she published the ''Oakland Daily Democrat'', after which she left journalism.
In 1873, Gordon became an editor and reporter for the ''Stockton Narrow Gauge''. In 1874, she bought the ''Stockton Weekly Leader'' and converted into a daily newspaper, becoming the first female publisher of a paper in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQqhz7JSQZUC&pg=PA33 |title=The Newspapers of Nevada: A History and Bibliography, 1854-1979 |last=Lingenfelter |first=Richard E. |last2=Gash |first2=Karen Rix |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |year= |isbn=9780874170757 |location= |pages=33 |language=en }}</ref> Between 1876 and 1878, she published the ''Oakland Daily Democrat'', after which she left journalism.


Before 1878,<ref name=":3" /> she divorced her husband on grounds of adultery, later referring to herself frequently as a widow rather than a divorcée.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjiLsEyHOsoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=clara+shortridge+foltz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibhfOEyLbSAhUG9WMKHcsfAW4Q6AEIKDAD |title=Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz |last=Babcock |first=Barbara |date=2011-01-05 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804743587 |language=en }}</ref>{{Rp|24}}
Before 1878,<ref name=":3" /> she divorced her husband on grounds of adultery, later referring to herself frequently as a widow rather than a divorcée.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjiLsEyHOsoC|title=Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz|last=Babcock|first=Barbara|date=2011-01-05|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=|isbn=9780804743587|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|24}}


== Suffrage activism ==
== Suffrage activism ==
Line 41: Line 41:
Later that same year, Gordon was nominated as a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention (California)|California Constitutional Convention]], but was defeated.<ref name=":1" /> Despite not being elected as a delegate to the convention, Gordon and Foltz successfully pushed for the inclusion of Article XX, Section 18, of the Constitution, which prohibited state law from barring women from entering any profession.<ref name="CACourt">{{cite web|last=Babcock |first=Barbara |title=150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court |url=http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf |accessdate=17 December 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122157/http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2016 |df= }}</ref>
Later that same year, Gordon was nominated as a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention (California)|California Constitutional Convention]], but was defeated.<ref name=":1" /> Despite not being elected as a delegate to the convention, Gordon and Foltz successfully pushed for the inclusion of Article XX, Section 18, of the Constitution, which prohibited state law from barring women from entering any profession.<ref name="CACourt">{{cite web|last=Babcock |first=Barbara |title=150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court |url=http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf |accessdate=17 December 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122157/http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2016 |df= }}</ref>


In 1879, Gordon and Foltz were briefly admitted to the recently opened [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law|Hastings College of the Law]], but were quickly barred, in part because the school's Dean felt their "rustling skirts" bothered the male students.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|44}} Together, the women filed and argued a lawsuit that persuaded the state's [[Supreme Court of California|Supreme Court]] to overturn that decision. However, because of work and family obligations, neither she nor Foltz were able to graduate, and so the first graduate of Hastings was [[Mary McHenry Keith]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|88}}
In 1879, Gordon and Foltz were briefly admitted to the recently opened [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law|Hastings College of the Law]], but were quickly asked to leave, in part because the school's Dean felt their "rustling skirts" bothered the male students.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|44}} Together, the women filed and argued a lawsuit that persuaded the state's [[Supreme Court of California|Supreme Court]] to overturn that decision. However, because of work and family obligations, neither Gordon nor Foltz were able to graduate, and so the first graduate of Hastings was [[Mary McHenry Keith]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|88}}


At that time, law school graduation was not necessary for bar admission. On December 6, 1879, Gordon was admitted to the [[State Bar of California]]. In 1880 she established her own firm in San Francisco, where she specialized in general and criminal law. Her work included successful defenses in several murder cases.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|77}}<ref name=":4" /> She was also the first woman in California to argue a case to a jury.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|77}}
At that time, law school graduation was not necessary for bar admission. On December 6, 1879, Gordon was admitted to the [[State Bar of California]], becoming the second female attorney in the state (after Foltz).<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|62}} In 1880 she established her own firm in San Francisco, where she specialized in general and criminal law. Her work included successful defenses in several murder cases.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|77}}<ref name=":4" /> She was also the first woman in California to argue a case to a jury.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|77}}


On February 3, 1883, Gordon became the second woman to be admitted to the bar of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], after [[Belva Ann Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]].<ref name="Pioneers" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18850619.2.31&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-laura+de+force+gordon-------1 |title=Good for Laura |last= |first= |date=1885-06-15 |work=Daily Alta California |access-date= |archive-url=http://archive.is/jGLOf |archive-date=2016-03-08 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref>
On February 3, 1883, Gordon became the second woman to be admitted to the bar of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], after [[Belva Ann Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]].<ref name="Pioneers" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18850619.2.31&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-laura+de+force+gordon-------1 |title=Good for Laura |last= |first= |date=1885-06-15 |work=Daily Alta California |access-date= |archive-url=http://archive.is/jGLOf |archive-date=2016-03-08 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref>

Revision as of 04:48, 30 May 2017

Laura de Force Gordon
Born
Laura de Force

(1838-08-17)August 17, 1838
North East, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedApril 5, 1907(1907-04-05) (aged 68)
Lodi, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)Lawyer and women's-rights advocate
Known forSecond female lawyer in California; first female publisher of a U.S. daily newspaper

Laura de Force Gordon (née Laura de Force; August 17, 1838 – April 5, 1907) was a California lawyer, newspaper publisher, and a prominent suffragette. She was the first woman to run a daily newspaper in the United States (the Stockton Daily Leader, 1874), and the second female lawyer admitted to practice in California.

As an activist, Gordon was a key proponent of the Women's Lawyers Bill, which allowed women to practice law in California. She also pushed for the inclusion of a section in the California Constitution that prohibited the state from barring women from practicing any profession.

Early life and career

Laura de Force Gordon (née Laura de Force) was born in North East, Pennsylvania, on August 17, 1838, to Abram de Force and Catherine Doolittle Allen. The family had nine children. Her father struggled with rheumatism, but the children (including at least two daughters) received education in the public schools.[1][2]: 5–6 

After the death of one of the children, the family turned to Spiritualism in 1855.[2]: 6  Gordon toured the Northeast giving public speeches and exhibitions, starting as young as 15,[2]: 6  including a speech in Boston at age 18.[3] During one such event, she met a Scottish physician named Charles H. Gordon, and married him in 1862.[1][3] They moved west gradually, first to New Orleans (where he was posted during the Civil War),[4] then to Nevada,[5] and finally settling in California in 1870.[1]

In 1873, Gordon became an editor and reporter for the Stockton Narrow Gauge. In 1874, she bought the Stockton Weekly Leader and converted into a daily newspaper, becoming the first female publisher of a paper in the United States.[6] Between 1876 and 1878, she published the Oakland Daily Democrat, after which she left journalism.

Before 1878,[1] she divorced her husband on grounds of adultery, later referring to herself frequently as a widow rather than a divorcée.[7]: 24 

Suffrage activism

Advertisement in the San Francisco Daily Alta for a talk on suffrage given by Gordon in 1870.

Spiritualism emphasized egalitarianism and equality between the sexes. Perhaps as a result, in the late 1860s, Gordon's speaking career turned from Spiritualism to women's rights. Her February 19, 1868 speech in San Francisco, titled "The Elective Franchise: Who Shall Vote",[2]: 7  is believed to be the first in California on the suffrage movement. In 1870, helped found the California Women's Suffrage Society.[8][9]: 13  That same year, she gave more than 100 speeches on suffrage,[10] and in 1872 she was California's representative to the meeting of the National Woman Suffrage Association in New York City.[11] She also worked for suffrage in Nevada, speaking throughout the state in the late 1860s and in front of the state legislature in 1871.[12]

After beginning her legal career (see below) she continued her suffrage activism. She was elected president of the California State Suffrage Association from 1884–1894, and a paid speaker on behalf of the movement in the 1888 election.[13] In 1892, she spoke at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago.[14]

Gordon was considered part of the "radical" branch of women's suffrage activists,[9]: 15  in part because of her divorce and association with Spiritualism.[15] Her correspondents included Henry George[16] and Susan B. Anthony.[3]

Portrait from the official publication of her speech at the Columbian Exposition.

As a result of her suffrage and publishing work, Gordon was well-known in California political circles, and even received 200 votes for State Senate in 1871.[3]: 216  This positioned her, along with fellow suffragette Clara Shortridge Foltz, to manage the lobbying campaign for the Women Lawyers Bill, which granted women the right to practice law in California in 1878. Gordon used her position as a journalist covering the debate to stay in touch with lawmakers and lobby the governor for the final signature.[7]: 27–29 

Later that same year, Gordon was nominated as a delegate to the California Constitutional Convention, but was defeated.[3] Despite not being elected as a delegate to the convention, Gordon and Foltz successfully pushed for the inclusion of Article XX, Section 18, of the Constitution, which prohibited state law from barring women from entering any profession.[17]

In 1879, Gordon and Foltz were briefly admitted to the recently opened Hastings College of the Law, but were quickly asked to leave, in part because the school's Dean felt their "rustling skirts" bothered the male students.[7]: 44  Together, the women filed and argued a lawsuit that persuaded the state's Supreme Court to overturn that decision. However, because of work and family obligations, neither Gordon nor Foltz were able to graduate, and so the first graduate of Hastings was Mary McHenry Keith.[3][7]: 88 

At that time, law school graduation was not necessary for bar admission. On December 6, 1879, Gordon was admitted to the State Bar of California, becoming the second female attorney in the state (after Foltz).[7]: 62  In 1880 she established her own firm in San Francisco, where she specialized in general and criminal law. Her work included successful defenses in several murder cases.[1][7]: 77 [16] She was also the first woman in California to argue a case to a jury.[7]: 77 

On February 3, 1883, Gordon became the second woman to be admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court, after Belva Lockwood.[8][18]

Later life and death

Gordon spent her last years on her silk farm in Lodi, California. Her health deteriorated in 1906 after the premature death of her grandchild. She caught a cold during a trip in Los Angeles on March 1907, and died in Lodi on April 5, 1907.[19]

Legacy

In May 1879, Gordon left a copy of her pamphlet The Great Geysers of California and How to Reach Them in a time capsule buried in San Francisco's Washington Square park. Gordon wrote inside the flyleaf:

If this little book should see the light after its 100 years of entombment, I would like its readers to know that the author was a lover of her own sex and devoted the best years of her life in striving for the political equality and social and moral elevation of women.

Gordon's inscription was read aloud in public after the time capsule was opened in April 1979.[20] Armistead Maupin, who was present when the time capsule was opened, speculated that the quotation's use of "lover of her own sex" could have been a "coming out" for Gordon, but also acknowledged the phrase could have been an "idiosyncrasy of 19th century speech".[20] The quotation was later used in Randy Shilts' biography of gay San Francisco politician Harvey Milk, "Mayor of Castro Street".[21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S.; College, Radcliffe (1971-01-01). Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780674627345.
  2. ^ a b c d Hawkins, Reneé Frances (1997-05-01). "Laura de Force Gordon: Fragments of a Feminist Pioneer" (PDF). Women's Legal History. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ethington, Philip J. (2001-07-06). The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520927469.
  4. ^ Daggett, Melissa (2016-12-02). Spiritualism in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans: The Life and Times of Henry Louis Rey. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 67. ISBN 9781496810113.
  5. ^ Mead, Rebecca (2004-02-01). How the Vote was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868-1914. NYU Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780814756768.
  6. ^ Lingenfelter, Richard E.; Gash, Karen Rix (1984-01-01). The Newspapers of Nevada: A History and Bibliography, 1854-1979. University of Nevada Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780874170757.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Babcock, Barbara (2011-01-05). Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804743587.
  8. ^ a b Gloria G. Harris, Hannah S. Cohen. Women Trailblazers of California: Pioneers to the Present. pp. 45–48. ISBN 1609496752. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  9. ^ a b Gullett, Gayle (2000-02-07). Becoming Citizens: The Emergence and Development of the California Women's Movement, 1880-1911. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252093319.
  10. ^ Levy, Jo Ann (2004-01-01). Unsettling the West: Eliza Farnham and Georgiana Bruce Kirby in Frontier California. Heyday. p. 246. ISBN 9781890771836. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Buhle, Paul; Buhle, Mari Jo (1978-01-01). The Concise History of Woman Suffrage: Selections from the Classic Work of Stanton, Anthony, Gage, and Harper. University of Illinois Press. p. 275. ISBN 9780252006913.
  12. ^ Watson, Anita Ernst (2000-01-01). Into Their Own: Nevada Women Emerging Into Public Life. University of Nevada Press. pp. 63–69. ISBN 9781890591069.
  13. ^ Braude, Ann (2001-01-01). Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-century America. Indiana University Press. p. 194. ISBN 025334039X.
  14. ^ Gordon, Laura de Force (1894-01-01). "Woman's Sphere from a Woman's Standpoint". In Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham (ed.). Congress of Women Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exhibition, Chic., U.S.A. 1893. Wilson. p. 74. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Elwood-Akers, Virginia (2010-09-23). Caroline Severance. iUniverse. p. 156. ISBN 9781450236287.
  16. ^ a b The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time. J.T. White. 1899-01-01. pp. 235–236.
  17. ^ Babcock, Barbara. "150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Good for Laura". Daily Alta California. 1885-06-15. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Jalowitz, Alan. "Laura deForce Gordon". Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2013. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; March 3, 2017 suggested (help)
  20. ^ a b Stryker, Susan; Van Buskirk, Jim (1996). "Foreword". Gay by the Bay: a history of queer culture in the San Francisco Bay Area. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0811811875.
  21. ^ Shilts, Randy (2008-10-14). The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk. Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 9780312560850.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_de_Force_Gordon&oldid=782943095"