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==Nutrients and phytochemicals==
==Nutrients and phytochemicals==
Various studies show gac contains large amounts of beta-carotene and lycopene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mai|first=H. C.|last2=Truong|first2=V|last3=Debaste|first3=F|date=2014|title=Carotenoids concentration of gac (''Momordica cochinchinensis'' Spreng.) fruit oil using cross-flow filtration technology|url=|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=79|issue=11|pages=E2222–31|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12661|pmid=25367308|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maoka|first=T|last2=Yamano|first2=Y|last3=Wada|first3=A|last4=Etho|first4=T|last5=Terada|first5=Y|last6=Tokuda|first6=H|last7=Nishino|first7=H|year=2015|title=Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (''Momordica cochinchinensis'')|url=|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=63|issue=5|pages=1622–30|doi=10.1021/jf505008d|pmid=25633727|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wimalasiri|first=Dilani|last2=Brkljača|first2=Robert|last3=Piva|first3=Terrence J.|last4=Urban|first4=Sylvia|last5=Huynh|first5=Tien|date=2017|title=Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in ''Momordica cochinchinensis'' (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam|journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=54|issue=9|pages=2814–2824|doi=10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0|issn=0022-1155|pmc=5583111|pmid=28928521|via=}}</ref> Both aril and seeds are rich in [[Monounsaturated fat|monounsaturated]] and [[Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[fatty acid]]s.<ref name="ishida">{{Cite journal|last=Ishida|first=Betty|last2=Turner|first2=Charlotta|last3=Chapman|first3=Mary|last4=A McKeon|first4=Thomas|date=2004|title=Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (''Momordica cochinchinensis'' Spreng) Fruit|url=|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=2|pages=274–9|doi=10.1021/jf030616i|pmid=14733508}}</ref> Seventy percent of total fatty acids in the aril are unsaturated, and 50% of these are polyunsaturated. Unusual for fruits, gac has a high concentration of linoleic acid ([[Omega-6 fatty acid|omega-6]]) and [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s.<ref name=ishida/> The presence of fat in the gac fruit aril may enhance absorption of carotenoids and other fat-soluble nutrients, as indicated in preliminary research to increase their [[bioavailability]] compared to carrots and tomatoes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Müller-Maatsch|first=Judith|last2=Sprenger|first2=Jasmin|last3=Hempel|first3=Judith|last4=Kreiser|first4=Florence|last5=Carle|first5=Reinhold|last6=Schweiggert|first6=Ralf M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Carotenoids from gac fruit aril (''Momordica cochinchinensis'' [Lour.] Spreng.) are more bioaccessible than those from carrot root and tomato fruit|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996916305257|journal=Food Research International|language=en|volume=99|issue=Pt 2|pages=928–935|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.053|issn=0963-9969|pmid=28847429}}</ref> Despite the high levels of fatty acids and other nutrients in gac seeds, they are normally discarded, becoming waste products.
Various studies show gac contains large amounts of beta-carotene and lycopene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mai|first=H. C.|last2=Truong|first2=V|last3=Debaste|first3=F|date=2014|title=Carotenoids concentration of gac (''Momordica cochinchinensis'' Spreng.) fruit oil using cross-flow filtration technology|url=|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=79|issue=11|pages=E2222–31|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12661|pmid=25367308|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maoka|first=T|last2=Yamano|first2=Y|last3=Wada|first3=A|last4=Etho|first4=T|last5=Terada|first5=Y|last6=Tokuda|first6=H|last7=Nishino|first7=H|year=2015|title=Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (''Momordica cochinchinensis'')|url=|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=63|issue=5|pages=1622–30|doi=10.1021/jf505008d|pmid=25633727|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wimalasiri|first=Dilani|last2=Brkljača|first2=Robert|last3=Piva|first3=Terrence J.|last4=Urban|first4=Sylvia|last5=Huynh|first5=Tien|date=2017|title=Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in ''Momordica cochinchinensis'' (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam|journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=54|issue=9|pages=2814–2824|doi=10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0|issn=0022-1155|pmc=5583111|pmid=28928521|via=}}</ref> Both aril and seeds are rich in [[Monounsaturated fat|monounsaturated]] and [[Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[fatty acid]]s.<ref name="ishida">{{Cite journal|last=Ishida|first=Betty|last2=Turner|first2=Charlotta|last3=Chapman|first3=Mary|last4=A McKeon|first4=Thomas|date=2004|title=Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (''Momordica cochinchinensis'' Spreng) Fruit|url=|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=2|pages=274–9|doi=10.1021/jf030616i|pmid=14733508}}</ref> Seventy percent of total fatty acids in the aril are unsaturated, and 50% of these are polyunsaturated. Unusual for fruits, gac has a high concentration of linoleic acid ([[Omega-6 fatty acid|omega-6]]) and [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s.<ref name=ishida/> The presence of fat in the gac fruit aril may enhance absorption of carotenoids and other fat-soluble nutrients, as indicated in preliminary research to increase their [[bioavailability]] compared to carrots and tomatoes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Müller-Maatsch|first=Judith|last2=Sprenger|first2=Jasmin|last3=Hempel|first3=Judith|last4=Kreiser|first4=Florence|last5=Carle|first5=Reinhold|last6=Schweiggert|first6=Ralf M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Carotenoids from gac fruit aril (''Momordica cochinchinensis'' [Lour.] Spreng.) are more bioaccessible than those from carrot root and tomato fruit|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996916305257|journal=Food Research International|language=en|volume=99|issue=Pt 2|pages=928–935|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.053|issn=0963-9969|pmid=28847429}}</ref> Although the pulp, peel and seeds are normally discarded in Gac processing, it was reported that the pulp and peel contain a significant amount of carotenoids such as b-carotene, lycopene and especially lutein, a xanthophyll which is widely used in the treatment of eye diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kubola|first=Jittawan|last2=Siriamornpun|first2=Sirithon|date=2011-08-01|title=Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, aril and seed) of Thai gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214106|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1138–1145|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.115|issn=0308-8146|pmid=25214106}}</ref> Gac seed has also been used in traditional Chinese medicine and reported to contain multiple trypsin inhibitors, which might contribute to its medicinal activity.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2004-02-01|title=Multiple trypsin inhibitors from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds, the Chinese drug mubiezhi|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019697810400004X|journal=Peptides|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=163–169|doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.002|issn=0196-9781}}</ref> Consequently, it is necessary to further examine potential applications of bioactive compounds from these parts (pulp, peel and seed) of Gac fruit other than the aril to avoid wasting a natural resource as well as to resolve potential environmental issues caused by their disposal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269289036_Gac_fruit_Momordica_cochinchinensis_Spreng_A_rich_source_of_bioactive_compounds_and_its_potential_health_benefits|title=Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.): A rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits {{!}} Request PDF|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 03:37, 10 January 2019

This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Gac (disambiguation).

Gấc
Exterior and cross-sectional interior of gac
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Momordica
Species:
M. cochinchinensis
Binomial name
Momordica cochinchinensis

Gấc (Momordica cochinchinensis) is a type of perennial vine grown throughout Southeast Asian countries and Northeastern Australia. Gấc is notable for its orange-reddish color resulting from its rich content of beta-carotene and lycopene.

Etymology

As gac was originally discovered in Vietnam, it is commonly called by its Vietnamese name (gấc, pronounced [ɣək˦˥]). The fruit may also be called "quả gấc" as "quả" means "fruit" in English, and has various common names.[1]

By its scientific name, cochinchinensis originates from the name for southern Vietnam during the period of French colonization, Cochinchina. Momordica is a genus belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, including bitter cucumber.[1]

History

Around 200 years ago, the Portuguese priest, J. Lourciso, visited Vietnam and discovered the plant.[citation needed] He gave it the name Muricia cochinchinensis in the book Flora Cochinchinesis published in 1790.[citation needed] Later, Sprengel found that the plant belonged to the Linnean genus Momordica and changed its name in 1826.[2]

Characteristics

Gac grows as dioecious vines, meaning its male and female flowers are on separate plants, producing flowers typically 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) in length. Its vines can extend to 20 metres (66 ft) long, and its flowers blooms once a year, single or in bundle, around 2–3 months after the vines are planted. In one season, a plant can produce from 30 to 60 fruits.[3] Approximately five months after flowering, the ripe bright-red fruits can be harvested, usually over September to December annually.[citation needed]

Fruit

Gac fruit, Philippines
Gac fruit

Typically, gac fruits are round or oblong, about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) in length and 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter, covered with small spines on the exocarp. Upon ripening, gac gradually changes colors, from green to yellow, orange and finally red when it can be harvested. At this time, the fruit is hard, but turns soft quickly, creating a challenge for storage and transportation.[3]

Gac fruit has a mild taste and dense flesh (mesocarp). The inside of a gac fruit comprises two parts: fruit (yellow) and seed membrane (red color). Larger fruits have a higher percentage of edible aril than smaller fruits.[4]

Breeding and cultivation

As gac plant is dioecious, both male and female plants are needed; hence, farmers must have at least one corresponding male plant growing in or around the gardens for the fruit-bearing female plants to be pollinated. In order to breed, gac can change sex, and may change from one season to the next.[citation needed] When grown from seed, the ratio of male to female plants is unpredictable.[4]

Pollination may be facilitated by insects, but hand pollination results in a higher fruit yield. New plants can also be generated from root tubers as a more reliable method to yield fruits, because germination by seeds can be difficult due to several environmental factors such as dormancy or plant age.[citation needed] An alternative method is to graft female material onto the main shoot of a male plant.[5]

For maximum insect-aided pollination, the recommended ratio is about 1 male for every 10 female plants.[4] If propagating from vines, farmers make diagonal cut (around 15–20 centimetres (5.9–7.9 in) long and 3–6 millimetres (0.12–0.24 in) wide), then root the tubers in water or well-aerated, moist potting media before planting.[4]

Apart from Southeast Asian countries where the fruits are native, gac can be grown in sub-tropical climate regions.[1] Cool temperatures inhibit growth.[4]

Uses

Glutinous rice made with extract of ripe fruits of Momordica cochinchinensis, Vietnamese style

Gac has been commonly used in its native countries, mainly as food and traditional medicine. Its use as medicine dated back to over 1200 years ago in China and Vietnam[6] Gac seeds, known as mù biē zǐ (meaning 'wooden turtle seed'), are used for a variety of internal and topical purposes in traditional medicine.[7]

The aril surrounding gac seeds when the fruits are ripe is cooked with sticky rice to make “Xôi Gấc”, a traditional Vietnamese dish in red color served at weddings and New Year celebrations. In addition, the immature green fruit is also used as a vegetable in India.[8] The spiny skin is removed and the fruits are sliced and cooked sometimes with potato or bottle gourd. In Sri Lanka, gac is used in curry, and in Thailand, gac is served with ice cream.[9]

Due to the high contents of beta-carotene and lycopene, extracts from gac aril are used to manufacture dietary supplements in soft capsules or included in a juice blend.[10] Vietnamese children fed a rice dish containing gấc had higher blood levels of beta-carotene than those not fed gac.[11]

Nutrients and phytochemicals

Various studies show gac contains large amounts of beta-carotene and lycopene.[12][13][14] Both aril and seeds are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.[15] Seventy percent of total fatty acids in the aril are unsaturated, and 50% of these are polyunsaturated. Unusual for fruits, gac has a high concentration of linoleic acid (omega-6) and omega-3 fatty acids.[15] The presence of fat in the gac fruit aril may enhance absorption of carotenoids and other fat-soluble nutrients, as indicated in preliminary research to increase their bioavailability compared to carrots and tomatoes.[16] Although the pulp, peel and seeds are normally discarded in Gac processing, it was reported that the pulp and peel contain a significant amount of carotenoids such as b-carotene, lycopene and especially lutein, a xanthophyll which is widely used in the treatment of eye diseases.[17] Gac seed has also been used in traditional Chinese medicine and reported to contain multiple trypsin inhibitors, which might contribute to its medicinal activity.[18] Consequently, it is necessary to further examine potential applications of bioactive compounds from these parts (pulp, peel and seed) of Gac fruit other than the aril to avoid wasting a natural resource as well as to resolve potential environmental issues caused by their disposal.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Taxon: Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. U.S. National Plant Germplasm System". Retrieved 2018-11-26. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ^ Vuong, Le (2000). "Underutilized β-Carotene–Rich Crops of Vietnam". Food & Nutrition Bulletin. 21 (2): 173–181. doi:10.1177/156482650002100211.
  3. ^ a b Osman, Mohamad; Sulaiman, Zulkefly; Saleh, Ghizan; Shahril Ab Rahman, Mohd.; Mohd. Zainuddin, Zulkifli; Abu Sin, Maizura; Arina ab halim, Anna; Hamidon, Azimah (2017). "Gac fruit, a plant genetic resource with high potential". Transactions of Persatuan Genetik Malaysia. 7.
  4. ^ a b c d e Parks, Sophie; Murray, Carly; Gale, David; AL-Khawaldeh, B; Spohr, Lorraine (2013). "Propagation and production of Gac (Momordica Cochinchinensis Spreng.), A greenhouse case study". Experimental Agriculture. 49 (2): 234–243. doi:10.1017/S0014479712001081.
  5. ^ "Propagation and cultivation of Gac plant". Gac Research
    University of Newcastle, Australia    . Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  6. ^ "Researchers use nature to fight cancer". Research@JCU. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  7. ^ Chuyen, Hoang; Nguyen, Minh; Roach, Paul; Golding, John; Parks, Sophie (Spring 2015). "Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Soreng,): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits". Food Science and Technology. 50 (3): 567–577. doi:10.1111/ijfs.12721.
  8. ^ Tran, Xuan T.; Parks, Sophie E.; Roach, Paul D.; Golding, John B.; Nguyen, Minh H. (2015-10-06). "Effects of maturity on physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.)". Food Science & Nutrition. 4 (2): 305–314. doi:10.1002/fsn3.291. ISSN 2048-7177. PMC 4779482. PMID 27004120.
  9. ^ "RMIT researcher uncovers the exceptional health benefits of gấc fruit". RMIT University Vietnam. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  10. ^ Lawrence Goodman (August 2015). "The Next Big Fruit Juice?". Brown Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  11. ^ Vuong LT, Dueker SR, Murphy SP (2002). "Plasma β-Carotene and Retinol Concentrations of Children Increase After a 30-d Supplementation with the Fruit Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac)". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 (5): 872–9. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.5.872. PMID 11976161. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  12. ^ Mai, H. C.; Truong, V; Debaste, F (2014). "Carotenoids concentration of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) fruit oil using cross-flow filtration technology". Journal of Food Science. 79 (11): E2222–31. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12661. PMID 25367308.
  13. ^ Maoka, T; Yamano, Y; Wada, A; Etho, T; Terada, Y; Tokuda, H; Nishino, H (2015). "Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (Momordica cochinchinensis)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 63 (5): 1622–30. doi:10.1021/jf505008d. PMID 25633727.
  14. ^ Wimalasiri, Dilani; Brkljača, Robert; Piva, Terrence J.; Urban, Sylvia; Huynh, Tien (2017). "Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 54 (9): 2814–2824. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 5583111. PMID 28928521.
  15. ^ a b Ishida, Betty; Turner, Charlotta; Chapman, Mary; A McKeon, Thomas (2004). "Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Fruit". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (2): 274–9. doi:10.1021/jf030616i. PMID 14733508.
  16. ^ Müller-Maatsch, Judith; Sprenger, Jasmin; Hempel, Judith; Kreiser, Florence; Carle, Reinhold; Schweiggert, Ralf M. (2017-09-01). "Carotenoids from gac fruit aril (Momordica cochinchinensis [Lour.] Spreng.) are more bioaccessible than those from carrot root and tomato fruit". Food Research International. 99 (Pt 2): 928–935. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.053. ISSN 0963-9969. PMID 28847429.
  17. ^ Kubola, Jittawan; Siriamornpun, Sirithon (2011-08-01). "Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, aril and seed) of Thai gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng)". Food Chemistry. 127 (3): 1138–1145. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.115. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 25214106.
  18. ^ "Multiple trypsin inhibitors from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds, the Chinese drug mubiezhi". Peptides. 25 (2): 163–169. 2004-02-01. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.002. ISSN 0196-9781.
  19. ^ "Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.): A rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
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