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===Role in the Nanking Massacre===
===Role in the Nanking Massacre===
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
[[File:Asakanomiya yasuhiko.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Prince Asaka in 1940]]
In November 1937, Prince Asaka became temporary commander of the Japanese forces outside Nanking (or [[Nanjing]]), then capital of [[China]], because General Matsui was ill. As temporary commander of the final assault on Nanking between 2 and 6 December 1937, he allegedly issued the order to "kill all captives", thus providing official sanction for what became known as the "[[Nanking Massacre]]" or the "Rape of Nanking" (12 December 1937 – 10 February 1938).<ref name="Chen, World War II Database">Chen, World War II Database</ref> The order may have actually been issued, allegedly without the Prince's knowledge or assent, by [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Isamu Chō]]. He was a known radical ultra-nationalist staff member of the Central China Area Army who may have released the order under the [[Royal sign-manual|sign manual]] of Asaka.<ref>Iris Chang, ''The Rape of Nanking'', 1997, p. 40</ref>
In November 1937, Prince Asaka became temporary commander of the Japanese forces outside Nanking (or [[Nanjing]]), then capital of [[China]], because General Matsui was ill. As temporary commander of the final assault on Nanking between 2 and 6 December 1937, he allegedly issued the order to "kill all captives", thus providing official sanction for what became known as the "[[Nanking Massacre]]" or the "Rape of Nanking" (12 December 1937 – 10 February 1938).<ref name="Chen, World War II Database">Chen, World War II Database</ref> The order may have actually been issued, allegedly without the Prince's knowledge or assent, by [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Isamu Chō]]. He was a known radical ultra-nationalist staff member of the Central China Area Army who may have released the order under the [[Royal sign-manual|sign manual]] of Asaka.<ref>Iris Chang, ''The Rape of Nanking'', 1997, p. 40</ref>


Revision as of 20:22, 6 November 2019

"Prince Asaka" redirects here. For the Japanese title, see Asaka-no-miya.

Yasuhiko Asaka
Prince Asaka
Reign10 March 1906 – 14 October 1947
Head of Asaka-no-miya
Reign10 March 1906 – 13 April 1981
Born(1887-10-20)20 October 1887
Kyoto, Japan
Died12 April 1981(1981-04-12) (aged 93)
Atami, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1909; died 1933)​
Issue
  • Kikuko Asaka
  • Takahiko Asaka
  • Tadahito Asaka
  • Kiyoko Asaka
FatherAsahiko, Prince Kuni
MotherSugako Tsunoda
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Military career
Allegiance Japan
Service / branch Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service1908–1945
RankGeneral
CommandsImperial Guard
Shanghai Expeditionary Army
Battles / warsFirst World War
Second Sino-Japanese War
Second World War
AwardsGrand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
Order of the Rising Sun, 1st Class
Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class

General Prince Yasuhiko Asaka (朝香宮鳩彦王, Asaka-no-miya Yasuhiko-ō, 20 October 1887 – 12 April 1981) was the founder of a collateral branch of the Japanese imperial family and a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Army. Son-in-law of Emperor Meiji and uncle by marriage of Emperor Hirohito, Prince Asaka was commander of Japanese forces in the final assault on Nanjing, then the capital city of Nationalist China, in December 1937. He was a perpetrator of the Nanking massacre in 1937 but was never charged.

Biography

Early years

Prince Yasuhiko came from Kyoto, the eighth son of Prince Kuni Asahiko and the court lady Tsunoda Sugako. Prince Kuni Asahiko was the youngest prince descended from the Fushimi-no-miya, one of the four branch houses of the imperial dynasty (shinnōke) entitled to provide a successor to the throne. In 1872, the Emperor Meiji granted him the title Kuni-no-miya and authorization to begin a new collateral branch of the imperial family. Prince Yasuhiko was a half-brother of Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, Prince Nashimoto Morimasa, Prince Kaya Kuninori, and Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi, the father of the future Empress Kōjun, the consort of Emperor Shōwa.

Marriage and family

On 10 March 1906, the Emperor Meiji granted Prince Yasuhiko the title Asaka-no-miya and authorization to begin a new branch of the imperial family. On 6 May 1909, Prince Asaka married Nobuko, Princess Fumi (7 August 1891 – 3 November 1933), the eighth daughter of Emperor Meiji. Prince and Princess Asaka had four children:

  1. Princess Asaka Kikuko (紀久子, 12 September 1911 – 12 February 1989); married in 1931 Marquis Nabeshima Naoyasu.
  2. Prince Asaka Takahiko (朝香 孚彦, 8 October 1912 – 5 May 1994); married Todo Chikako, the fifth daughter of Count Todo Takatsugu. They had two daughters, Fukuko and Minoko and a son Tomohiko.
  3. Prince Asaka Tadahito (朝香正彦, 4 January 1914 – January 1944), renounced membership in the imperial family and created Marquis Otowa, 1936. Killed in action during the Battle of Kwajalein.
  4. Princess Asaka Kiyoko (湛子, 2 August 1919 – 1 August 2019); married Count Ogyu Yoshiatsu.

Military career

Like the other imperial princes of the Meiji period, it was expected that Prince Yasuhiko would pursue a career in the military. He received his early education at the Gakushūin Peers' School and the Central Military Preparatory School, before graduating from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy on 27 May 1908. Commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry on 25 December, Prince Asaka was promoted to lieutenant in December 1910, captain in August 1913, major in July 1918, and lieutenant-colonel in August 1922.

Between 1920 and 1923, Prince Asaka studied military tactics at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France, along with his half-brother Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni and his cousin Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa (1887–1923). However, on 1 April 1923, he was seriously injured in an automobile accident in Perriers-la-Campagne (Normandy) that killed Prince Kitashirakawa; the accident left Prince Asaka with a limp for the rest of his life.

Princess Asaka traveled to France to nurse her husband. Prince and Princess Asaka also visited the United States in 1925. During that period, Prince and Princess Asaka became enthralled with the Art Deco movement. Upon returning to Japan that same year, The Prince and Princess began arranging for a new mansion to be built in the Art Deco style in Tokyo's Shirokanedai neighborhood. The house, currently the Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum, was completed in May 1933, but Princess Asaka died a few months later.

While these events were occurring, Prince Asaka had risen through the ranks of the military. After being promoted to the rank of colonel in August 1925, in December 1929, he rose to the rank of major general and was subsequently appointed an instructor at the Army Staff College in 1930. On 1 August 1933, he was promoted to lieutenant general and assumed command of the First Imperial Guards Division. In December 1935, he was appointed a member of the Supreme War Council, which gave him a very influential position with Emperor Hirohito.[1]

However, during the abortive February 26 (1936) Incident, Prince Asaka pressed the Emperor to appoint a new government that would be acceptable to the rebels, especially by replacing Prime Minister Keisuke Okada with Kōki Hirota. The Prince's pro-Imperial Way Faction political sentiments, as well as his connections to other right-wing army cliques, caused a rift between himself and the Emperor. It was perhaps due to this rift that Prince Asaka was transferred to the Japanese Central China Area Army (under the aging General Iwane Matsui) in China in 1937.

Role in the Nanking Massacre

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JRuU04VRyDiTkIClAnw77rp9nM7SmaYc1rn91vFkTyXJUgSRHNd6N2qgwwqtBNVkO4RmecdVjzZ445TdGt42OYqsc1zmPBDmmI5EZhR/Oa2t56U1S42LmscbXktErFcG6u9F348uOUnbz8sLKU+qNtSMre6jDAf0un2RGkYmI8Sr85/qfGwnP8AmifiByUFTENpmHm/QKzQxmH5nz/Ci8shzGmnp7hJTf1VDmPRJT+4/CvCuDrOBJKTCo+qKVqzSSmCBEFNISkbEKMqSkmE2HfCuNcs6VYpVJWVjfjzWICMIGKRql0Y5HaNEYalwoiEr6Xs7SnLkCZQNnJQkpiUJMp6S6Lc3Z4qVg52TbxzOi9baOFhPRea7kVACAvQ9o4prMNUe4wAw36xZeJ8zeXI6sZrF55vXtBj8Q4tuAIJ6glc03ENa+/mlXcC4mczKycaSLzqvW4eLxxkcHJl/KuhxJaO+yeoGqgxkuYHjPUfssSntF+RNlu4atLPstfG4p3tkbTkhrukeazgYW1j2COkygwjKEXF+q0lmkfbK7Q9Ul0EUuQSRs/GuRCOUCQK6GCQJApwhhLQopRcSjJTgpUJCk15F0LSnKNG0KFQEK00LHo1C09FqUKoKxyx06OPJZCIhRgouJQ6ZYRKjcYTucIVZ9ZGkZZSDc9AXKE1FH2iqYs/1HW7qY4MJLjAFyVLvPvU7Ef5bCRSGmrjzPTouOOJtAy+qVB8rL9tj5+d9nfkWzTSpPlR49ncmL6I6Tg2Cc0L8Q4jMEGeq1+2W2ZSut3BOtCw6IvbmtbDmITzLGn2oe6VjMqQtfaJlp8FjFVhCyWe1KSrSkr1EbqrKQTIgrIQTC6RQoFEnlCETQkQgkhJSQBynp1CMlGE6NDtbbjXJ3Y48lTBTkqfCL/UyiWpiXHVB2hTNaSmRJC8qeShISThPQ2doV+i0DNU2RpmpGuU0bWX1AUpnJQtKc1o0S0raSkyCrVM8lSpvJKs0ypyA8UZaVkOWjWqWKy3J4dlkKSkglJbaRsKaE8JyEHRBqCFIECRGKJ3JLhi6BMHCeUMpwgzykmTtEpEcJwUnNQFATtfCuOwhqDiYMs/26rNlXMHjXMyMdeSjL8GqkHVTUcOXXyHNXsbRY+HM/VrfNZz6pyuiW09JXgNED1QtUMqxSaneiGoHPupqjlT1RjDq5TKtE6qpQurE2upsVAvNoUP9LOqB71IyqiTRUP9GeiSPtvkJKvKlpSaUQUQRyqsSOEAREoSUgfNAApAmcmEaIFMM0igEVNTEKEKYoy9GYlM5uqcLTwGGbUaQc8m+J1UZZaJlC6UKTE0Cw8JzUSqas2E2HrFpVupTZVE5O+qzyU9GoQixUqThLTBCsNMqVldtQQ7Pmo6uBqMHFBLf7tB48lFy/00NZV1M99lXLlpiKtYZyuOyWY1y0aZ4mwoyglZ9Q3hPRdzTYkQVEtZOiXeAc06qcSSWgjKcJJI+iEzJMUklJHZmnqDJJJOALgmKSSYPSzUlROkpvoBC1NiG/lPqbpJLHm/rSSbzNHaN/4A+6xUklXx/wChmemamSWxpGm69K3HYH0XBwDg43BvKSS87/0LrGHi4zezDsp4hzWDhEmwWKmSXX8f+kPI5Ku4I3+dUklpkMQY8d5VSkkqnpNMmSSQT//Z In November 1937, Prince Asaka became temporary commander of the Japanese forces outside Nanking (or Nanjing), then capital of China, because General Matsui was ill. As temporary commander of the final assault on Nanking between 2 and 6 December 1937, he allegedly issued the order to "kill all captives", thus providing official sanction for what became known as the "Nanking Massacre" or the "Rape of Nanking" (12 December 1937 – 10 February 1938).[2] The order may have actually been issued, allegedly without the Prince's knowledge or assent, by Lieutenant Colonel Isamu Chō. He was a known radical ultra-nationalist staff member of the Central China Area Army who may have released the order under the sign manual of Asaka.[3]

While Prince Asaka's responsibility for the Nanking Massacre remains a matter of debate, the sanction for the massacre and the crimes committed during the invasion of China might ultimately be found in the ratification, made on 5 August 1937 by Emperor Hirohito, of the proposition of the Japanese army to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners.[4]

In February 1938, both Prince Asaka and General Matsui were recalled to Japan. Matsui went into virtual retirement, but Prince Asaka remained on the Supreme War Council until the end of the war in August 1945. He was promoted to the rank of general in August 1939 but held no further military commands. In 1944, he colluded with Prince Higashikuni, his nephew Prince Takamatsu, and former Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe (1895–1945) to oust the Hideki Tojo cabinet.[2]

SCAP officials interrogated Prince Asaka about his involvement in the Nanking Massacre on 1 May 1946, but did not bring him before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for prosecution. Indeed, for politico-strategic and geopolitical reasons, General Douglas MacArthur decided to support the Imperial family and to grant immunity to all its members.[citation needed]

Postwar life as a commoner

On 14 October 1947, Asaka Yasuhiko and his children lost their imperial status and privileges and became ordinary citizens, as part of the American Occupation's abolition of the collateral branches of the Japanese Imperial family. He and his son were purged from holding any political or public office because they had been officers in the Imperial Japanese Army. His Art Deco mansion in Shirokanedai was seized by the government and now houses the Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum.

The former prince, Asaka Yasuhiko, moved to Atami, on the Izu Peninsula south of Tokyo. Asaka converted to Roman Catholicism on 18 December 1951, and he was the first Imperial clansman to do so.[5] He spent most of his time playing golf. He also took an active interest in golf course development and in the 1950s was the architect of the Plateau Golf Course at the Dai-Hakone Country Club. Asaka Yasuhiko died of natural causes on 12 April 1981 at his home in Atami, Shizuoka prefecture. He was 93 years old.

Honours

  • Princess Asaka Nobuko, consort
    Princess Asaka Nobuko, consort
  • Princess Asaka Kikuko, eldest daughter
    Princess Asaka Kikuko, eldest daughter
  • Prince Asaka Takahito, son and heir
    Prince Asaka Takahito, son and heir
  • Princess Asaka Kiyoko, younger daughter
    Princess Asaka Kiyoko, younger daughter

References

  1. ^ Ammenthorp, The Generals of World War II
  2. ^ a b Chen, World War II Database
  3. ^ Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking, 1997, p. 40
  4. ^ Akira Fujiwara, Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9, 1995, p. 22
  5. ^ "Prince Asaka Becomes Catholic" New York Times 18 December 1951
  6. ^ Royal Decree of 1925/-Mémorial du centenaire de l'Ordre de Léopold. 1832-1932. Bruxelles, J. Rozez, 1933.

Books

  • Brendon, Piers (2002). The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s. Vintage; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-375-70808-1.
  • Fujitani, T (1998). Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21371-8.
  • Chang, Iris (1998). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-027744-7.
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