Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force: Difference between revisions
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The '''Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force''' ({{lang-lt|Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė}}, LVR, {{lang-de|Lituanische Sonderverbande}}){{ref_label|a|a|none}} was a short-lived Lithuanian volunteer [[armed force]] created and disbanded in 1944 during the [[History of Lithuania#German occupation .281941.E2.80.931944.29|Nazi occupation of Lithuania]]. It was created and was subordinated to [[Nazi Germany]] and its goal was to provide security and conduct [[anti-partisan]] operations on Lithuanian lands, freeing German troops for operations elsewhere. It had some autonomy and was staffed by Lithuanian officers, their most notable commander being the Lithuanian general [[Povilas Plechavičius]]. LVR briefly reached the size of about 10,000. After brief engagements against [[Soviet partisans|Soviet]] and [[Armia Krajowa|Polish partisans]], the force |
The '''Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force''' ({{lang-lt|Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė}}, LVR, {{lang-de|Lituanische Sonderverbande}}){{ref_label|a|a|none}} was a short-lived Lithuanian volunteer [[armed force]] created and disbanded in 1944 during the [[History of Lithuania#German occupation .281941.E2.80.931944.29|Nazi occupation of Lithuania]]. It was created and was subordinated to [[Nazi Germany]] and its goal was to provide security and conduct [[anti-partisan]] operations on Lithuanian lands, freeing German troops for operations elsewhere. It had some autonomy and was staffed by Lithuanian officers, their most notable commander being the Lithuanian general [[Povilas Plechavičius]]. LVR briefly reached the size of about 10,000. After brief engagements against [[Soviet partisans|Soviet]] and [[Armia Krajowa|Polish partisans]], the force was disbanded, its leaders arrested, and some of its members executed by the Nazis. |
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==Earlier Nazi attempts to mobilise Lithuanians == |
==Earlier Nazi attempts to mobilise Lithuanians == |
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{{details|Battle of Murowana Oszmianka}} |
{{details|Battle of Murowana Oszmianka}} |
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Germans constantly attempted to use LTDF to their means,{{clarifyme}}<!--what means - specify--> but most of such decisions were blocked by Plechavičius.{{Fact}} The tensions between Germans and LVR was growing, on April 12, Plecahvičius even send a resignation request, and suggested to demobilise LTDF.{{Fact}} He was arguing, that Germans did not fulfill their promises and conditions while issuing new demands.<ref name='bubnys'/>{{dubious}}<!--so what made him not resign?--> |
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The tensions between Germans and LVR was growing, on April 12, Plecahvičius even send a resignation request, and suggested to demobilise LTDF.<ref name='bubnys'/> He was arguing, that Germans did not fulfill their promises and conditions while issuing new demands.<ref name='bubnys'/>Germans constantly attempted to use LTDF to their means, and constantly demanded to mobilise more people. Most of such demands were blocked by Plechavičius, most notably the large scale mobilisation attemt in the creating list of conscripts in end of April and the mobilisation in the begining of May (it was completed on May 9th-12th).<ref name='bubnys'/> Germans attempted to use fot the mobilisation LVR commandants offices.<ref name='bubnys'/> The mobilisation failed completely, with only 3 to 5 percent men of conscription age arrived, and most of them were not fit for military service.<ref name='bubnys'/> Plechavičius has personally ordered to ignore the mobilisation order.<ref>{{lt icon}} {{cite book | last = Anušauskas | first = Arvydas | authorlink = | coauthors = Česlovas Bauža, Juozas Banionis, Valentinas Brandišauskas, Arūnas Bubnys, Algirdas Jakubčionis, Laurynas Jonušauskas, Dalia Kuodytė, Nijolė Maslauskienė, Petras Stankeras, Juozas Starkauskas, Arūnas Streikus, Vytautas Tininis, Liudas Truska | title = Lietuva 1940–1990: okupuotos Lietuvos istorija | publisher = | date = 2007 | location = | pages = p.712 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9955-601-47-7 }}</ref> In the late April, as the German plans to mobilize Lithuanians into German armed forces became obvious Plechavičius in secret from German authorities started organizing "[[Tėvynės Sauga]]". All around Lithuania a network was organized under command of LVR officers in territorial commandant branches, although secretly form Germans. It was intended to organize circa 75-80 thousand men. Most of the organizational structure was laid, and it served as a basis for anti-Soviet resistance.<ref name='bubnys'/> |
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In the late April, as the German plans to mobilize Lithuanians into German armed forces became obvious Plechavičius in secret from German authorities started organizing "[[Tėvynės Sauga]]". All around Lithuania a network was organized under command of LVR officers in territorial commandant branches, although secretly form Germans. It was intended to organize circa 75-80 thousand men. Most of the organizational structure was laid, and it served as a basis for anti-Soviet resistance.<ref name='bubnys'/> |
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In April, the Vilnius region headquarters of Polish [[Armia Krajowa]] (Home Army) resistance attempted to open negotiations with Plechavičius, proposing a non-aggression pact and cooperation against the Nazi Germany.<ref name="HP213">Henryk Piskunowicz, ''Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie'', in ''Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny'', Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), Wydawnictwo Bellona, 1996, ISBN 8311085447, p.213</ref> The Lithuanian side refused, telling the Poles that they either had to abandon the Vilnius region or subordinate themselves to the Lithuanians in their fights against the Soviets.<ref name="HP213"/> |
In April, the Vilnius region headquarters of Polish [[Armia Krajowa]] (Home Army) resistance attempted to open negotiations with Plechavičius, proposing a non-aggression pact and cooperation against the Nazi Germany.<ref name="HP213">Henryk Piskunowicz, ''Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie'', in ''Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny'', Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), Wydawnictwo Bellona, 1996, ISBN 8311085447, p.213</ref> The Lithuanian side refused, telling the Poles that they either had to abandon the Vilnius region or subordinate themselves to the Lithuanians in their fights against the Soviets.<ref name="HP213"/> |
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In the meantime, since the April the demands to mobilize Lithuanians for German army and forced labor intensified, despite the agreements in February.<ref name='bubnys'/> On April 15-16th Renteln accused LVR command on anti-German stance and delays in starting mobilizatio, and demanded immediate deployment of 50 thousand auxiliaries ([[Hilfswilliger]]s), under a threat of punishment actions similar, as in Poland.<ref name='bubnys'/> |
In the meantime, since the April the demands to mobilize Lithuanians for German army and forced labor intensified, despite the agreements in February.<ref name='bubnys'/> On April 15-16th Renteln accused LVR command on anti-German stance and delays in starting mobilizatio, and demanded immediate deployment of 50 thousand auxiliaries ([[Hilfswilliger]]s), under a threat of punishment actions similar, as in Poland.<ref name='bubnys'/> |
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The Germans since April were considering transforming LVR into an auxiliary police service of the [[SS]].<ref name="Piotrowski"/> Jackeln demanded the detachment troops to take an oath to [[Hitler]], the text of which was provided.<ref name=MM/> Plechavičius opposed this challenge to his authority and rejected the demand.<ref name=MM/> On May |
The failure of LVR operation against the Polish Armia Krajowa resistance, and particularly the LVR defeat in the battle of Murowana Oszmianka, which weakened the LVR and damaged its image, the Germans gained another excuse for why needed to assert their control over the formation.<ref name="Piotrowski"/><ref name="Boradyn"/><ref name="HP214"/> The Germans since April were considering transforming LVR into an auxiliary police service of the [[SS]].<ref name="Piotrowski"/> Jackeln demanded the detachment troops to take an oath to [[Hitler]], the text of which was provided.<ref name=MM/> Plechavičius opposed this challenge to his authority and rejected the demand.<ref name=MM/> On May 9, 1944, Jackeln ordered the detachment units in [[Vilnius]] to recognize to his direct authority.<ref name=MM/> All other units of the detachment were to come under the command of the regional German commanders.<ref name=MM/> Furthermore, the detachment was to wear SS uniforms<ref name='JZ'> {{lt icon}} {{cite journal|title=Generolo Jono Žemaičio vaidmuo partizaniniame kare|journal=Genocidas ir rezistencija|date=1998|first=Nijolė|last=Žemaitienė|coauthors=|volume=2|issue=4|pages=|id=|publisher=Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania |url=http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/4/nijole3.htm|format=|accessdate=2008-08-07 }}</ref> and use the ''[[Heil Hitler]]'' greeting.<ref name=MM/> Jeckeln also suggested that LVR would fight in [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]], but Plechavičius refused.<ref name='bubnys'/> |
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Plechavičius issued a declaration for his men to disband and disappear into the forests with their weapons and uniforms.<ref name="Lane" /><ref name="Audėnas">Audėnas, Juozas (ed.). ''Twenty Years’ Struggle for the Freedom of Lithuania''. New York: VLIK, 1963</ref><ref>Ivinskis, Zenonas "Lithuania During the War: Resistance Against the Soviet and the Nazi Occupants," in V. Stanley Vardys (ed.), ''Lithuania under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation'' (New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1965), p. 84.</ref> The Lithuanian headquarters directed the detachment units in the field to obey only the orders of the Lithuanian chain of command.<ref name=MM/> It also ordered the Detachment Officer School in the city of [[Marijampolė]] to send the cadets home.<ref name=MM/> Most of the soldiers were to be disarmed and arrested by Germans, but they succeeded to disarm only 4 battalions out of 14 operational.<ref name='JZ'/> On May 16 German units arrived to liquidate Marijampolė officers school, but found only several soldiers; in a firefight 4 or 5 soldiers were killed.<ref name='bubnys'/> |
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On May 15, Plechavičius, the commander of the detachment, was arrested together with the his chief of staff, colonel Oskaras Urbonas).<ref name=MM/><ref name="Piotrowski"/> Jeckeln and Hinze held speech before |
On May 15, Plechavičius, the commander of the detachment, was arrested together with the his chief of staff, colonel Oskaras Urbonas).<ref name=MM/><ref name="Piotrowski"/> Jeckeln and Hinze held speech before officers accusing them on banditry, sabotage and political agenda and threatened that some of them will be shot, and others will be transfered to [[concentration camps]]. Jeckeln also announced, that LTDF is disbanded and will be unarmed. Soldiers of the LTDF were to be transferred to German Air defence forces, and anyone who will desert will be shot on sight, and their families will be also shot.<ref name='bubnys'/> Together with his other LVR [[Staff (military)|Staff]] members Plechavičius was deported to the [[Salaspils]] concentration camp in Latvia.<ref name=MM/> Alltogether, 52 LVR officers would end up in Salaspils.<ref name='bubnys'/> 106 cadets of LVR were taken to [[Stutthof]] concentration camp, 983 soldiers - to [[Oldenburg]] concentration camp.<ref name='bubnys'/> To make an example, Nazi shot about 100 former LVR members,<ref name="Piotrowski"/> and publicly executed 12 randomly selected soldiers in a Vilnius line-up which consisted of some 800 men.<ref name=MM/> In Paneriai (see [[Ponary massacre]]) Nazi Lithuanian collaborators<ref name="Piotrowski"/> shot 86 former LVR members<ref name="Piotrowski"/><ref name='bubnys'/> En route to the city of Kaunas, while transporting some arrested members, one of the prisoners escaped. In retaliation, the Germans then selected NCO Ruseckas for execution on the spot. Since the German regular army guards were stalling the execution, a German SS commissioned officer did the actual shooting.<ref name=MM/> |
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Some members of the LVR were drafted into other Nazi formations: several infantry battalions under Colonel <!--Adolfas?-->Birontas were sent to the [[Eastern Front]], about 3,500 former soldiers of the LVR became guards at [[Luftwaffe]] installations outside Lithuania,<ref name="Piotrowski"/> others were sent to Germany as forced laborers.<ref name=MM/> Many soldiers who managed to evade the Germans, |
Some members of the LVR were drafted into other Nazi formations: several infantry battalions under Colonel <!--Adolfas?-->Birontas were sent to the [[Eastern Front]], about 3,500 former soldiers of the LVR became guards at [[Luftwaffe]] installations outside Lithuania,<ref name="Piotrowski"/> others were sent to Germany as forced laborers.<ref name=MM/> Many soldiers who managed to evade the Germans, disappeared with with their weapons. They later would form the core of the [[Forest Brothers|armed anti-Soviet resistance]] in Lithuania for the next eight years.<ref name="Lane" /><ref name=MM/> Covert Soviet plans for the destruction of the remnants of Plechavičius' army were created already in 1944<ref>United States. Congress. Senate. Judiciary Committee. ''Soviet Intelligence and Security Services 1964-70.'' [http://books.google.com/books?vid=0U6_Pd2ggbF-I5_T5LpmD_Q&id=TNYPM7lXYK0C&q=Plechavicius&dq=Plechavicius&pgis=1 p. 110], 1972.</ref> and Soviets would execute or imprison LVR soldiers they captured.<ref name=MM/> |
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==Union of Soldiers of Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force== |
==Union of Soldiers of Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force== |
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Revision as of 21:03, 25 August 2008
The Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force (Lithuanian: Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė, LVR, German: Lituanische Sonderverbande)[a] was a short-lived Lithuanian volunteer armed force created and disbanded in 1944 during the Nazi occupation of Lithuania. It was created and was subordinated to Nazi Germany and its goal was to provide security and conduct anti-partisan operations on Lithuanian lands, freeing German troops for operations elsewhere. It had some autonomy and was staffed by Lithuanian officers, their most notable commander being the Lithuanian general Povilas Plechavičius. LVR briefly reached the size of about 10,000. After brief engagements against Soviet and Polish partisans, the force was disbanded, its leaders arrested, and some of its members executed by the Nazis.
Earlier Nazi attempts to mobilise Lithuanians
In the beginning of 1943 Nazi occupational government attempted to raise a Waffen-SS division from the local population as they had in many other countries, but the mobilization was boycotted with less than 300 men reporting.[1][2] The Nazis carried out reprisals against the population, closed all institutes of higher learning, and deported 46 leaders and members of the intelligentsia to the Stutthof concentration camp.[1][2] all Lithuanian higher education institutions were closed by Nazis on March 18-19[3]. However, in summer 1943, an "All Lithuanian Conference", sponsored by Nazi authorities, allowed for a more successful mobilization campaign.[4]
Creation
After the Germans suffered losses in the Eastern Front and the Red Army was approaching, Lithuanian general Povilas Plechavičius used the opportunity and continued the negotiations with the Germans, who finally agreed to create Vietine Rinktine units, that were to be commanded by Lithuanian officers and to act only in the Lithuanian territory.[2][5][6]. Most his demnads were not met, notably a request to mobilise officers form police batallions.[6]
German Ziwilverwaltung made a promise, that during the time of LTDF organisation they would not transfer Lithuanian youth to German Labor camps.[6] Plechavičius demanded, that newly formed unit should consist of at least 10 thousand men, and it should be commanded exclusively by it's commander, although at first Germans allowed only 5 thousand men strength, but later it was increased to 10 thousand.[6] process of cretaion didn'd went smoothky, because German did not trust the LVR.[citation needed] They ordered reorganization of already formed batalions of four companies into batalions of three companies, and were constantly delaying delivery of arms, munitions, transportation and means of communication.[citation needed] Because SS did not trust Lithuanian officers, they demanded that German officers, called Zahlmeisters, would be inserted into units.[6] The oath similar to the Lithuanian armed forces was prepared, but SS and Police chief Harm altered it and included personal oath to Hitler. Knowing that such oath is not acceptable to soldiers of LVR,[citation needed] the ceremlony was delayed every time and actually was not taken until the LVR self-disbanded.[citation needed]
The volunteer-only force was to be led only by Lithuanian officers.[5] The soldiers would wear Lithuanian insignia on their uniforms.[5] It's mission was to defend the country against the approaching Soviet Red Army[6]. In practice, since the Red Army has not entered the Lithuanian lands to which LVR was confined, LVR was used was to aid the Nazis in their operations against the Soviet partisans as well as the Polish partisans operating on Lithuanian territory.[4] At first the plans called for 21 battalions, 250-strong each.[7] All the Lithuanian political underground organizations supported this solution.[5] This was achieved through constant communication between Lithuanian commanders and resistance leaders.[5] The agreement was signed on February 13, 1944 and on February 16, 1944, the Lithuanian Independence Day, Plechavičius, the commander of the detachment, made a radio appeal to the nation for volunteers, which proved enormously successful.[7][5] Estimates put the number of volunteers between 20,000 and 30,000.[1][2][4]
The Germans were surprised by the number of volunteers since their previous appeals went unheeded.[5] Possibly perceiving the success of the detachment as a nationalist threat, the Germans started to interfere, breaking the signed agreement.[5] On March 22, 1944, SS Obergruppenführer and SD general Friedrich Jackeln called for 70-80 thousand men for the German army as subsidiary assistants.[5] Chief-of-Staff of the Northern Front Field Marshal Walther Model pressed for 15 battalions of men to protect the German military airports.[5] Plechavičius rejected the demand on April 5, 1944.[5] General Commissioner of Lithuania Adrian von Renteln demanded workers for Germany proper[5] Other German officials also voiced their demands.[5] Finally, on April 6, 1944, the Germans ordered Plechavičius to mobilize the country.[5] Plechavičius responded that a further mobilization could not take place until the formation of his detachment was complete, which further displeased the Germans.[5] Eventually the LVR had a strength of about a 10,000 with 14 battalions, thirteen 750 strong each and the 14th a training one in Marijampolė. They were numbered as police battalions 301-310 and 312-314.[7]
Activities
Germans constantly attempted to use LTDF to their means,[clarification needed] but most of such decisions were blocked by Plechavičius.[citation needed] The tensions between Germans and LVR was growing, on April 12, Plecahvičius even send a resignation request, and suggested to demobilise LTDF.[citation needed] He was arguing, that Germans did not fulfill their promises and conditions while issuing new demands.[6][dubious – discuss]
In the late April, as the German plans to mobilize Lithuanians into German armed forces became obvious Plechavičius in secret from German authorities started organizing "Tėvynės Sauga". All around Lithuania a network was organized under command of LVR officers in territorial commandant branches, although secretly form Germans. It was intended to organize circa 75-80 thousand men. Most of the organizational structure was laid, and it served as a basis for anti-Soviet resistance.[6]
In April, the Vilnius region headquarters of Polish Armia Krajowa (Home Army) resistance attempted to open negotiations with Plechavičius, proposing a non-aggression pact and cooperation against the Nazi Germany.[8] The Lithuanian side refused, telling the Poles that they either had to abandon the Vilnius region or subordinate themselves to the Lithuanians in their fights against the Soviets.[8]
In early May, the LVR initiated a wide anti-partisan operation against the Polish and Soviet partisans in the area.[9] Seven battalions were dispatched to man the garrisons in and around the towns of Oszmiany (modern Ašmiany, Belarus)[10] and Holszany (modern Halšany, Belarus), notably the villages of Murowana Oszmianka, Graużyszki, Kuncewicze, Tołminowo and Nowosiółki. [7] LVR units committed atrocities against Polish civilians, notably in Pawłów, Graużyszki and Sienkowszczyzna.[4]
However, Polish resistance fought back. On May 4, 3rd Brigade of AK intercepted and destroyed a company of Lithuanian 310st Battalion which attempted to pacify the Polish village of Pawłowo.[11] At Graużyszki on May 5, the Lithuanian 301st Battalion suffered 47 casualties and was dispersed by the 8th and 12th Brigades of the Armia Krajowa.[12] On May 6, the 8th, 9th and 13th Brigades of AK defeated the two companies of the Lithuanian 308th Battalion, which were burning the villages of Sienkowszczyzna and Adamkowszyczyzna and murdering their inhabitants.[11] Most notably, the Polish resistance organized a concentrated assault against the fortified Lithuanian positions around the village of Murowana Oszmianka. The defences, reinforced with concrete bunkers and trenches, were manned by the 301st Battalion of the LVR.[11] Overnight on May 13 to May 14, the 3rd Brigade of the AK assaulted the village from the west and north-west, while the 8th and 12th Brigades attacked from the south and east. The remainder of the Polish forces (13th and 9th Brigades) secured the Murowana Oszmianka-Tołminowo road.[7] In the effect of the battle the Lithuanian force lost 60 men, while 170 were taken prisoner of war. Another 117 Lithuanian soldiers were taken prisoner later that night in the nearby village of Tołminowo[13] After the battle all Lithuanian prisoners of war were disarmed and set free with only their long johns and helmets on. [10][14][11][15]
Liquidation
In the meantime, since the April the demands to mobilize Lithuanians for German army and forced labor intensified, despite the agreements in February.[6] On April 15-16th Renteln accused LVR command on anti-German stance and delays in starting mobilizatio, and demanded immediate deployment of 50 thousand auxiliaries (Hilfswilligers), under a threat of punishment actions similar, as in Poland.[6]
The failure of LVR operation against the Polish Armia Krajowa resistance, and particularly the LVR defeat in the battle of Murowana Oszmianka, which weakened the LVR and damaged its image, the Germans gained another excuse for why needed to assert their control over the formation.[4][7][11] The Germans since April were considering transforming LVR into an auxiliary police service of the SS.[4] Jackeln demanded the detachment troops to take an oath to Hitler, the text of which was provided.[5] Plechavičius opposed this challenge to his authority and rejected the demand.[5] On May 9, 1944, Jackeln ordered the detachment units in Vilnius to recognize to his direct authority.[5] All other units of the detachment were to come under the command of the regional German commanders.[5] Furthermore, the detachment was to wear SS uniforms[16] and use the Heil Hitler greeting.[5] Jeckeln also suggested that LVR would fight in Western Front, but Plechavičius refused.[6]
Plechavičius issued a declaration for his men to disband and disappear into the forests with their weapons and uniforms.[2][17][18] The Lithuanian headquarters directed the detachment units in the field to obey only the orders of the Lithuanian chain of command.[5] It also ordered the Detachment Officer School in the city of Marijampolė to send the cadets home.[5] Most of the soldiers were to be disarmed and arrested by Germans, but they succeeded to disarm only 4 battalions out of 14 operational.[16] On May 16 German units arrived to liquidate Marijampolė officers school, but found only several soldiers; in a firefight 4 or 5 soldiers were killed.[6]
On May 15, Plechavičius, the commander of the detachment, was arrested together with the his chief of staff, colonel Oskaras Urbonas).[5][4] Jeckeln and Hinze held speech before officers accusing them on banditry, sabotage and political agenda and threatened that some of them will be shot, and others will be transfered to concentration camps. Jeckeln also announced, that LTDF is disbanded and will be unarmed. Soldiers of the LTDF were to be transferred to German Air defence forces, and anyone who will desert will be shot on sight, and their families will be also shot.[6] Together with his other LVR Staff members Plechavičius was deported to the Salaspils concentration camp in Latvia.[5] Alltogether, 52 LVR officers would end up in Salaspils.[6] 106 cadets of LVR were taken to Stutthof concentration camp, 983 soldiers - to Oldenburg concentration camp.[6] To make an example, Nazi shot about 100 former LVR members,[4] and publicly executed 12 randomly selected soldiers in a Vilnius line-up which consisted of some 800 men.[5] In Paneriai (see Ponary massacre) Nazi Lithuanian collaborators[4] shot 86 former LVR members[4][6] En route to the city of Kaunas, while transporting some arrested members, one of the prisoners escaped. In retaliation, the Germans then selected NCO Ruseckas for execution on the spot. Since the German regular army guards were stalling the execution, a German SS commissioned officer did the actual shooting.[5]
Some members of the LVR were drafted into other Nazi formations: several infantry battalions under Colonel Birontas were sent to the Eastern Front, about 3,500 former soldiers of the LVR became guards at Luftwaffe installations outside Lithuania,[4] others were sent to Germany as forced laborers.[5] Many soldiers who managed to evade the Germans, disappeared with with their weapons. They later would form the core of the armed anti-Soviet resistance in Lithuania for the next eight years.[2][5] Covert Soviet plans for the destruction of the remnants of Plechavičius' army were created already in 1944[19] and Soviets would execute or imprison LVR soldiers they captured.[5]
Union of Soldiers of Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
The Union of Soldiers of the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force (Lietuvos vietinės rinktinės karių sąjunga), a veterans organization, was founded in 1997.[20]
Notes
a ^ Vietinė rinktinė has several translations into English, which can cause some confusion. Translations include Territorial Defense Force, Home Army, Home Defense, Local Defense, Local Lithuanian Detachment, Lithuanian Home Formation, etc.
References
- ^ a b c Peterson, Roger D. Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe, "territorial+defense+force"&sig=mvMlw5_gqi6yioGZ_LOalMNaxMU p. 164. Cambridge University Press, May 7, 2001.
- ^ a b c d e f Lane, Tomas. Lithuania: Stepping Westward. p. 57, Routledge (UK), Aug. 23, 2002. ISBN 0-415-26731-5
- ^ Template:Lt icon "Nacių okupacija: holokaustas ir kiti nacių nusikaltimai 1941 – 1944 m." (doc) (in Lithuanian). The International Commission of the Evaluation of Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes In Lithuania. April 20,2005. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Template:En icon Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... McFarland & Company. pp. 165–166. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) See also review - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Mackevičius, Mečislovas. Lithuanian resistance to German mobilization attempts 1941-1944, Lituanus, Volume 32, No. 4 - Winter 1986. Ed. Antanas Dundzila]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bubnys, Arūnas (1998). Vokiečių okupuota Lietuva (1941-1944) (Lirhuania under German occupation (1941-1944)). Vilnius: Lietuvos Gyventojų genocido ir Rezistencijos Tyrimo Centras. p. 602. ISBN 9986-757-12-6.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Template:Pl icon Henryk Piaskunowicz, Działalnośc zbrojna Armi Krajowej na Wileńszczyśnie w latach 1942-1944 in Zygmunt Boradyn (1997). Tomasz Strzembosz (ed.). Armia Krajowa na Nowogródczyźnie i Wileńszczyźnie (1941-1945). Warsaw: Institute of Political Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. p. 40-45. ISBN 8390716803.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check|isbn=value: checksum (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "Boradyn" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b Henryk Piskunowicz, Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie, in Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny, Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), Wydawnictwo Bellona, 1996, ISBN 8311085447, p.213
- ^ Template:Pl icon Jacek J. Komar (2004). "W Wilnie pojednają się dziś weterani litewskiej armii i polskiej AK (Reconciliation of the veterans of Lithuanian army and the Polish Home Army today in Vilna)". Gazeta Wyborcza (2004-09-01). Retrieved 2008-03-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Template:Pl icon Edmund Banasikowski (1988). Na zew ziemi wileńskiej. Paris: Editions Spotkania. pp. 123–127. ISBN 28690355. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help) - ^ a b c d e Henryk Piskunowicz, Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie, in Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny, Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), Wydawnictwo Bellona, 1996, ISBN 8311085447, p.214
- ^ Template:Pl icon Piotr Łossowski (1991). Polska - Litwa: ostatnie sto lat. Warsaw: Oskar. p. 110. ISBN 8385239065., also cited in: Dymitri. "Konflikty polsko-litewskie w latach 1918-45". Koło Naukowe Studentów Socjologii, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Komisja Historyczna b. Sztabu Głównego w Londynie (corporate author). Polskie Siły Zbrojne w drugiej wojnie światowej. Vol. III. London: Adiutor, Instytut Historyczny im. gen. Sikorskiego. p. 602. ISBN 8386100338.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Dariusz Ratajczak. "AK na Wileńszczyżnie: sami wśród wilków". Internetowa Gazeta Katolików. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Jerzy Urbankiewicz (2004). "Kto kogo rozgromi?..." Dziennik łódzki (2004-03-07). Retrieved 2008-03-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Template:Lt icon Žemaitienė, Nijolė (1998). "Generolo Jono Žemaičio vaidmuo partizaniniame kare". Genocidas ir rezistencija. 2 (4). Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Audėnas, Juozas (ed.). Twenty Years’ Struggle for the Freedom of Lithuania. New York: VLIK, 1963
- ^ Ivinskis, Zenonas "Lithuania During the War: Resistance Against the Soviet and the Nazi Occupants," in V. Stanley Vardys (ed.), Lithuania under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation (New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1965), p. 84.
- ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Soviet Intelligence and Security Services 1964-70. p. 110, 1972.
- ^ Template:Lt icon Romas Bacevičius. Dievo pagalba išvengęs mirties (Saved from death by God). Sidabrinė gija, 11 February 2005, No. 1 (11)
Further reading
- Blaževičius, Kazys. Žemaitijos valdovas, XXI amžius, January 21, 2004, No. 6 (1209) Template:Lt icon