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== Death ==
== Death ==
The people besieged the Sarai (governor office) and Governor Hassan Pasha Karakukli was forced to flee from [[Baghdad]] in [[1779 |1779 AD]].
The people besieged the Sarai (governor office) and Governor Hassan Pasha Karakukli was forced to flee from [[Baghdad]] in [[1779 |1779 AD]].
In 1779, Sulayman the Great(Büyük/Büzürk) returned from his exile in [[Shiraz]] and acquired [[Basra Eyalet|Basrah]] then seized [[Baghdad]]the governorship of [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]], and [[Shahrizor Eyalet|Shahrizor]] in 1780.<ref name="EB-1">"Iraq". (2007). In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22896 Encyclopædia Britannica Online].</ref> his rule (1780-1802) was efficient at first, but weakened as he grew older.[[Sulayman Pasha the Great]] took over the ruling. He also attacked [[Diyala Province|Diyala]] to eliminate Ajam's army, and was ultimately successful. [[Sulayman Pasha the Great]] became the ruler of [[Iraq]].<ref name="Abbas Al-Azzawi pp. 51-52">History of Iraq between two occupations, Abbas Al-Azzawi, vol. 6, pp. 51–52</ref>
In 1779, Sulayman the Great(Büyük)or Büzürk returned from his exile in [[Shiraz]] and acquired [[Basra Eyalet|Basrah]] then seized [[Baghdad]] took the governorship of [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]], and [[Shahrizor Eyalet|Shahrizor]] in 1780.<ref name="EB-1">"Iraq". (2007). In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22896 Encyclopædia Britannica Online].</ref> he took over the ruling. He also attacked [[Diyala Province|Diyala]] to eliminate Ajam's army, and was ultimately successful.
with the tittle of [[Sulayman Pasha the Great]] he became the ruler of [[Iraq]] his rule (1780-1802) was efficient at first, but weakened as he grew older.<ref name="Abbas Al-Azzawi pp. 51-52">History of Iraq between two occupations, Abbas Al-Azzawi, vol. 6, pp. 51–52</ref>
Ajam then fled to [[Iran]]<ref>Social Glimpses from the modern history of Iraq, Ali al-Wardi, vol. 1, p. 62</ref> and finally to [[Egypt]] where he died.
Ajam then fled to [[Iran]]<ref>Social Glimpses from the modern history of Iraq, Ali al-Wardi, vol. 1, p. 62</ref> and finally to [[Egypt]] where he died.
The Mamluks ruled the Iraq:
The Mamluks ruled the Iraq:

Revision as of 02:11, 8 June 2021

Mohammad Ajam, alternatively known as Muhammad al-Ajami or Ajam Muhammad, was an Iranian singer who lived in the late 18th century. He came to Baghdad during the Mamluk dynasty (Iraq) of Ottoman occupation. During the reign of Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha, he worked in politics until he reached the position of advisor and became the minister of Treasury in in the time of Omar Pasha (1762–1776) son of Ahmad and Abdullah Pasha (1776–1777). He later became the leader of a rebel movement against the Ottoman authority, where he was defeated. He fled to Iran, then Egypt where he died. A melody type or Arabic maqam called Ajam (maqam) is named after him.

Early life

He went to Baghdad during the reign of its Ottoman ruler . He was a handsome young man with an excellent voice and formed a music choir with his mother and sister. His sister danced and his mother played the tambourine while he sang. He soon became famous in Iraq..[1]

Political career

Mohammad Ajam's choir and the group became famous in Baghdad as senior officials and notables came to it. He became a mediator and counsellor for the people in their cases, receiving gifts, and became one of the closest to the state and its senior officials. After the killing of Omar Pasha, Mustafa Pasha assumed the governorship of Baghdad. Mohammad Ajam became the treasurer and advisor to the governor, the Sarai (palace) of the governor became the places of influence of Muhammad Ajam and his corrupt group of merchants so financial problem and immoral spread to the decision-maker. During the era of Abdullah Pasha, a corrupt person he acquired money from the treasury under the pretext of fighting the Persians in Basra.[1]

Basra conquer by Iran army

Basra occupation by Iran army during the time of Omar Pasha and the main cause of collapse of his rule. Ibn Battuta noted that Basra consisted of three-quarters: the Hudayl quarter, the Banu Haram quarter, and the persian quarter (mahallat al-Ajam).[2] Fred Donner adds: "If the first two reveal that Basra was still predominantly an Arab town, the existence of an Iranian quarter clearly reveals the legacy of long centuries of intimate contact between Basra and the Iranian plateau."[2] Basra was, for a long time, a flourishing commercial and cultural center. It was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1668. It was fought over by Turks and Persians and was the scene of repeated attempts at resistance. From 1697 to 1701, Basra was once again under Safavid control.[3] Banu Ka'b who were enemy of the Omar pasha migrated to Iran side of Shatt al-Arab, Omar Pasha and Mohammad Ajam requested the Iranian army to punish them .Iran army punished banu kab but instead they wanted to pass through Basra to the Bahrain and south coast of Persian Gulf to be able to return to Shiraz through Arabian coast of persian gulf and in their way punishing the Oman ruler. but governor of Basra was suspicions to this request, saying I should receive the answer from Baghdad. the governor of Basra did not permitted the iran army to pass through the Shatt al-Arab and Basra to go to the Kuwait , Qatif and to the Muscat through the land, so the relation between Bagdad and iran became so tense . Mohammad Ajam tried to convince the Karim Khan Zand not attack Basra but his attempt failed for many reason. [1].[4]. [5].

  • Sykes, Sir Percy (1902). Ten Thousand Miles in Persia. John Murray.[6]

[7] In 1774, the Mamluk governor of the Ottoman province of Iraq, Omar Pasha began meddling in the affairs of his vassal principality of Baban, which since the death of his predecessor Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha in 1762, had fallen more and more under the influence of the Zand governor of Ardalan, Khosrow Khan Bozorg. This made Omar Pasha dismiss the Baban ruler Muhammad Pasha, and appoint Abdolla Pasha as its new ruler. This, and Omar Pasha's seizure of the remnants of Iranian pilgrims who had died during the plague that ravaged Iraq in 1773—and his exaction of payment from Iranian pilgrims to visit the holy Shia places of Najaf and Karbala, gave Karim Khan the casus belli to declare war against the Ottomans.[8][9] There were also other reasons for Karim Khan Zand to declare war the Shia holly city Mashhad was not under his control, so free entry to the sanctuaries of Iraq was of more significance to Karim Khan than it had been to the Safavid and Afsharid shahs.[10] Most importantly, Basra was a prominent trading port, which had surpassed the competing city of Bushehr in Fars in 1769, when the East India Company dropped the city for Basra.[10] The History of Persia 1815, John Malcolm The Zand Dynasty under Karim Khan Zand occupied Basra after a 13 month of siege in 1775–9. The Zands attempted at introducing Usuli form of Shiism on a basically Akhbari Shia Basrans. The shortness of the Zand rule rendered this untenable. [11] living in Basra, but no Turks other than Ottoman officials. In 1884 the Ottomans responded to local pressure from the Shi'as of the south by detaching the southern districts of the Baghdad vilayet and creating a new vilayet of Basra. The Zand forces under Ali-Morad Khan Zand and Nazar Ali Khan Zand shortly clashed with the Pasha's forces in Kurdistan, where they kept them at bay, whilst Sadeq Khan, with an army of 30,000, besieged Basra in April 1775. The Arab tribe al-Muntafiq, which was allied with the governor of Basra, quickly withdrew without any effort to reject Sadeq Khan from passing through the Shatt al-Arab, whilst the Banu Ka'b and the Arabs of Bushehr supplied him with boats and supplies.[10] Suleiman Agha, who was the commander of the fort of Basra, resisted Sadeq Khan's forces with resolve, which made the latter establish an encirclement, which would last over a year. Henry Moore, who belonged to the East India company, assaulted some of Sadeq Khan's stockpile boats, tried to block the Shatt al-Arab, and then departed to Bombay. A few months later, in October, a group of ships from Oman gave supplies and military aid to Basra, which considerably lifted the morale of its forces. However, their combined attack the next day occurred to be wavering—the Omani ships eventually chose to withdraw back to Muscat during winter, in order to avoid further losses.[10]

Karim Khan Zand with the Ottoman envoy Vehbi Efendi.

Reinforcements from Baghdad arrived shortly afterwards, which was repelled by the Khaza'il, a Shia Arab tribe which was allied with the Zand forces. In the spring of 1776, the narrow encirclement by Sadeq Khan had resulted in the defenders being on the fringe of famine—a considerable portion of the Basra forces had deserted Suleiman Agha, whilst the rumours of a possible uprising, made Suleiman Agha surrender on 16 April 1776.[8][9]

Even though the able Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III (r. 1757–1774) had died and was succeeded by his incompetent brother Abdul Hamid I (r. 1774–1789), and the recent Ottoman defeat to the Russians, the Ottoman response to the Ottoman–Iranian war was unusually slow. In February 1775, before the announcement of the siege of Basra had approached Istanbul, and while the Zagros front was temporarily peaceful, the Ottoman ambassador, Vehbi Efendi, was sent to Shiraz. He reached Shiraz around the same time Iran army of Sadeq Khan besieged Basra, "but was not empowered to negotiate over this new crisis."[12]

His rebellion in Baqubah region

After the death of Abdullah Pasha in 1777 AD, the competition for power was hot between Mohammad Ajam and Ismail Agha al-Kahiya, and conflict arose between them, Baghdad neighborhoods divided between them where Al-Fadl, Mahdia, Al-Garaghoul, and Al-Midan district were a supporter of Muhammad Ajam, while the district of Bab al-Sheikh, Shorja city, as well as the Mamluks, were supporters to Ismael Agha. Finally the situation calmed down with the arrival of the new governor of Baghdad Hassan Pasha Karakukli with the decree of his mandate in all Iraq on 1778 AD. Muhammad Ajam fled to the suburbs of Diyala with the help of his friend Ahmed Agha, and from there they began blocking roads and raiding Baghdad after he had recruited with him more than ten thousand men who took control of large areas of Baqubah and all the adjacent regions.[1] in the book "History of Baghdad written by IbinSend in the court of Dawud Pasha of Baghdad explain the rebellion in Baqubah region and the political life of Mohammed Ajam.[13]

Death

The people besieged the Sarai (governor office) and Governor Hassan Pasha Karakukli was forced to flee from Baghdad in 1779 AD. In 1779, Sulayman the Great(Büyük)or Büzürk returned from his exile in Shiraz and acquired Basrah then seized Baghdad took the governorship of Baghdad, and Shahrizor in 1780.[14] he took over the ruling. He also attacked Diyala to eliminate Ajam's army, and was ultimately successful. with the tittle of Sulayman Pasha the Great he became the ruler of Iraq his rule (1780-1802) was efficient at first, but weakened as he grew older.[15] Ajam then fled to Iran[16] and finally to Egypt where he died. The Mamluks ruled the Iraq:

  1. Hasan Pasha (1704–1723)
  2. Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747) son of Hasan
  3. Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha (1749–1762) son-in-law of Ahmad
  4. Omar Pasha (1762–1776) he was killed, because of the Basra issues son of Ahmad. Mohammad Ajam served as adviser.
  5. Abdullah Pasha (1776–1777). Mohammad Ajam served as adviser.
  6. Sulayman Pasha the Great (1780–1802) son of Omar
  7. Ali Pasha (1802–1807) son of Omar
  8. Sulayman Pasha the Little (1807–1813) son of Sulayman Great
  9. Said Pasha (1813–1816) son of Sulayman Great
  10. Dawud Pasha (1816–1831)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c History of Iraq between two occupations, Abbas Al-Azzawi, vol. 6, pp. 70–71 Cite error: The named reference "Abbas Al-Azzawi pp. 70-71" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Donner, F.M. (1988). "BASRA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8. pp. 851–855.
  3. ^ Matthee, Rudi (2006). "IRAQ iv. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5 and Vol. XIII, Fasc. 6). pp. 556–560, 561.
  4. ^ " Occupation of Basra by the Iranians during the reign of Zand Authors: Mohammad Kashmiri. Journal: Historical Studies 1350 No. 31 43.
  5. ^ "Persian gulf seminar Tehran 1369 (1990): 310–364.IPIS.MFA
  6. ^
  7. ^ "The History of Iran" page42 by Percy Sykes (1986): 41–43.
  8. ^ a b Perry 1991, pp. 90–91.
  9. ^ a b Perry 2011, pp. 561–564.
  10. ^ a b c d Perry 1991, p. 91.
  11. ^ "Basra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 489.
  12. ^ Perry & 91, p. 92.
  13. ^ "عثمان بن سند", ويكيبيديا (in Arabic), 2021-04-07, retrieved 2021-04-13
  14. ^ "Iraq". (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  15. ^ History of Iraq between two occupations, Abbas Al-Azzawi, vol. 6, pp. 51–52
  16. ^ Social Glimpses from the modern history of Iraq, Ali al-Wardi, vol. 1, p. 62
  • بغداد وحكامها / ح ٦ - عجم محمد 1/أكتوير 2015تشرین الگاردينيا - مجلة ثقافية عامة [2]
مطالع السعود بطيب أخبار الوالي داود , عثمان بن سند البصري , ص17
دوحة الوزراء, رسول الكركوكلي, ص159
تاريخ العراق بين احتلالين,عباس العزاوي, ج6, ص70–71
لمحات اجتماعية من تاريخ العراق الحديث, علي الوردي,ج1,ص62

علي الوردي (لمحات اجتماعية من تاريخ العراق الحديث – الجزء الأول) – طبعة بيروت

  • في تاريخ البغداد ابن سند الذي كتبه بعهد داود باشا أخر الحكام المماليك فصل كامل عن عجم محمد

Grand Viziers Category:Government of the Ottoman Empire

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