Urethral syndrome: Difference between revisions
Spidermario (talk | contribs) Reference failed verification |
I write it exactly as the oxford handbook says |
||
Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Urethral syndrome''' is characterised by a set of symptoms typically associated with lower urinary tract infection, such as painful urination ([[dysuria]]) and [[Frequent urination|frequency]]. It is a [[diagnosis of exclusion]], |
'''Urethral syndrome''' is characterised by a set of symptoms typically associated with lower urinary tract infection, such as painful urination ([[dysuria]]) and [[Frequent urination|frequency]]. It is a [[diagnosis of exclusion]], in patients with [[dysuria]] and frequency without demonstrable [[infection]]. <ref name="pmid7928838">{{cite journal |author=Hamilton-Miller JM |title=The urethral syndrome and its management |journal=J. Antimicrob. Chemother. |volume=Suppl A |pages=63–73 |series=33 |date=May 1994 |pmid=7928838 |doi= 10.1093/jac/33.suppl_A.63}}</ref> ruling out [[urinary tract infection]] <ref> Wilkinson I.B. et al, Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine, 10th edition, page (296), Oxford University Press, 2017 </ref> In women, [[vaginitis]] should also be ruled out.<ref name="pmid1859947">{{cite journal |vauthors = Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Gillespie WA|title = The mysterious "urethral syndrome"|journal = BMJ|volume = 303|issue = 6793|pages = 1–2|date = July 1991|pmid = 1859947|pmc = 1670265|doi = 10.1136/bmj.303.6793.1}}</ref> |
||
==Causes== |
==Causes== |
Revision as of 22:44, 12 August 2021
Urethral syndrome | |
---|---|
Specialty | Urology ![]() |
Urethral syndrome is characterised by a set of symptoms typically associated with lower urinary tract infection, such as painful urination (dysuria) and frequency. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [1] ruling out urinary tract infection [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out.[3]
Causes
Signs indicative of urethral syndrome include a history of chronic recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in the absence of both conventional bacterial growth and pyuria (more than 5 white blood cells per high power field).[3] Episodes are often related to sexual intercourse.
Some physicians believe that urethral syndrome may be due to a low grade infection of the Skene's glands on the sides and bottom of the urethra.[citation needed] The Skene's glands are embryologically related to the prostate gland in the male, thus urethral syndrome may share a comparable cause with chronic prostatitis.[citation needed]
Possible non-infective causes include hormonal imbalance,[3][4] trauma, allergies, anatomical features such as diverticula, and post-surgical scarring and adhesions.[1]
Treatment
In a small minority of cases of the urethral syndrome, treatment with antibiotics is effective, which indicates that in some cases it may be caused by a bacterial infection which does not show up in either urinalysis or urine culture.[3] For chronic urethral syndrome, a long term, low-dose antibiotic treatment is given on a continuous basis or after intercourse each time if intercourse appears to trigger symptoms.[citation needed]
As low oestrogen[3] may also be considered a source for urethral syndrome, hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptive pill (birth-control pills) containing oestrogen are also used to treat the symptoms of this condition in women.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b Hamilton-Miller JM (May 1994). "The urethral syndrome and its management". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 33. Suppl A: 63–73. doi:10.1093/jac/33.suppl_A.63. PMID 7928838.
- ^ Wilkinson I.B. et al, Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine, 10th edition, page (296), Oxford University Press, 2017
- ^ a b c d e Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Gillespie WA (July 1991). "The mysterious "urethral syndrome"". BMJ. 303 (6793): 1–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6793.1. PMC 1670265. PMID 1859947.
- ^ a b Terris, Martha K. "Urethral Syndrome". eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-09-25.