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[[Sheikh]] '''Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi''', more commonly known as '''Sheikh Ishaaq''' or '''Sheikh Isaaq''' ({{Lang-ar|الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد الهاشمي|Ash-Shaykh Isḥāq bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad al-Hāshimīy}}, {{Lang-so|Sheekh Isxaaq}}) was an [[Arabs|Arab]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and was the semi-legendary forefather of the [[Somalis|Somali]] [[Isaaq]] clan-family in the [[Horn of Africa]], who's traditional territory is wide and densely populated.<ref name="pcl">{{cite map|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|title=Ethnic Groups|url=https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg|year=2002|series=Somalia Summary Map|access-date=2012-07-30}} [[Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection]] – N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [https://www.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false], [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia – The great Somali migrations|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name="McGown">{{cite book|last1=Berns-McGown|first1=Rima|author1-link=Rima Berns-McGown|date=1999|title=Muslims in the Diaspora: The Somali Communities of London and Toronto|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9780802082817|pages=27–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANeyGZr3GVoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA27}}</ref><ref name="Lewis2">[[Ioan Lewis|Lewis, Ioan M.]], ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 22–23.</ref> Sheikh Ishaaq purportedly traveled from the [[Arabian peninsula]] to [[Somalia]] in the 12th or 13th century, where he married into the Somali [[Dir (clan)|Dir clan]]. He is said to have settled in what is today the [[Erigavo District]], and to have established his capital at [[Maydh]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|date=1960|title=The Somali Conquest of the Horn of Africa|journal=Journal of African history|volume=1|issue=2|pages=213–230|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180241}} p. 219.</ref>
[[Sheikh]] '''Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi''', more commonly known as '''Sheikh Ishaaq''' or '''Sheikh Isaaq''' ({{Lang-ar|الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد الهاشمي|Ash-Shaykh Isḥāq bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad al-Hāshimīy}}, {{Lang-so|Sheekh Isxaaq}}) was an [[Arabs|Arab]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and poet and was the forefather and common ancestor of the [[Somalis|Somali]] [[Isaaq]] clan-family in the [[Horn of Africa]], who's traditional territory is wide and densely populated. Sheikh Ishaaq belonged to the [[Banu Hashim]] subclan of the [[Quraysh]] and was a descendant of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], [[Muhammad|Prophet Mohammed]]'s son in-law and [[Fatimah]], his daughter.<ref name="pcl">{{cite map|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|title=Ethnic Groups|url=https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg|year=2002|series=Somalia Summary Map|access-date=2012-07-30}} [[Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection]] – N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [https://www.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false], [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia – The great Somali migrations|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MENAFN|title=Somaliland: History of Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Bin Muhammad (AL-HASHIMI)|url=https://menafn.com/1100257944/Somaliland-History-of-Sheikh-Isaaq-Bin-Ahmed-Bin-Muhammad-AL-HASHIMI|access-date=2021-03-24|website=menafn.com}}</ref><ref name="McGown2">[[Rima Berns-McGown]], ''Muslims in the diaspora'', (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp.27–28</ref><ref name="Lewis2">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22</ref>

== Early life ==
Sheikh Ishaaq was born in 1095 in [[Samarra]], modern-day [[Iraq]], with a lineage tracing to [[Muhammad|Prophet Mohammed]]'s daughter [[Fatimah]] and cousin [[Ali]]. From the line of [[Husayn Ibn Ali|Hussein]], the son of Ali, the Sheikh belonged to the [[Sharif]] community, a title conferred to the descendants of Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=يحيى|first=بن نصر الله الهرري|title=مناقب الشيخ أبادر- متحف الشريف عبد الله في هرر}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zaylaʻī|first=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100055464|title=al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization|last2=زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود.|date=2018|isbn=978-9948-39-903-2|edition=al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá|location=Dubayy|oclc=1100055464}}</ref> He had four brothers; Sufyan bin Ahmed who had no descendants, Nasir li-Din Allah bin Ahmed, Muhammad bin Ahmed and Tahir bin Ahmed. Nasir li-Din Allah, Muhammad and Tahir's descendants today inhabit the [[Khwlan District|Khawlan]] region near [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=نور|first=مكتبة|title=تحميل كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد إسحاق لعبدالرحمن دبة pdf|url=https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-تحفه-المشتاق-لنسب-السيد-اسحاق-لعبدالرحمن-دبه-pdf|access-date=2021-08-08|website=www.noor-book.com|language=ar}}</ref>

Due to tensions, instability and civil strife under the then reigning Caliph [[Al-Mustazhir]] of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], along with the persecution of the ''[[ashraf]]'', he and his family, led by his grandfather Muhammad bin Al-Hussein migrated from Samarra to [[Medina|Madinah]] in [[Hejaz]], where he was taught classical Arabic and finished his Islamic studies.<ref>{{Citation|title=TARIIKHDA SH ISXAAQ QAYBTA 1AAD Full Barnaamij|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptN45OgaP74|language=en|access-date=2021-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA108&dq=tol+je'lo&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP4Pqz3cXwAhVjBmMBHRGtC0IQ6AEwBXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=tol%20je'lo&f=false|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|date=1994|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0-932415-93-6|language=en}}</ref>


== Migrations ==
== Migrations ==
After the death of Sheikh Ishaaq's grandfather he went on a series of migrations in order to study further and [[Dawah|preach Islam]]. He first preached in Mecca and then travelled to [[Egypt]], and hence to [[Eritrea]] and [[Zeila]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dierk-lange-ancient-kingdoms-of-west-africa-1|title=Dierk Lange Ancient Kingdoms Of West Africa 1}}</ref> He then later settled in the area of Saba' in modern-day [[Yemen]] where he married the sister of the king of the Al Haqar clan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=نور|first=مكتبة|title=تحميل كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد إسحاق لعبدالرحمن دبة pdf|url=https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-تحفه-المشتاق-لنسب-السيد-اسحاق-لعبدالرحمن-دبه-pdf|access-date=2021-08-08|website=www.noor-book.com|language=ar}}</ref> She bore him two sons; Dir'an and Shareef, who's descendants are the Al Dir'an and Al-Ashraf clans respectively.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reer Shiekh Isaxaaq|url=https://qabaayil.webs.com/reershiekhisaxaaq.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Hoyga Qabaayilka Reer Sheekh Isaxaaq}}</ref> Sheikh Ishaaq later settled in the [[Al Jawf Governorate|Al-Jawf]] region in northern Yemen where he married once again and had a son, Mansur, who is the forefather of the Al Mansur clan in the Al-Jawf region. He then travelled to Yaba where he married and had a son, Yusuf, who is the forefather of the Al Yusuf clan based in Yaba and [[Marib Governorate|Ma'rib]] regions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zaylaʻī|first=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100055464|title=al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization|last2=زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود.|date=2018|isbn=978-9948-39-903-2|edition=al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá|location=Dubayy|oclc=1100055464}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Before embarking
After the death of Sheikh Ishaaq's grandfather he went on a series of migrations in order to study further and [[Dawah|preach Islam]]. He first preached in Mecca and then travelled to [[Egypt]], and hence to [[Eritrea]] and [[Zeila]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dierk-lange-ancient-kingdoms-of-west-africa-1|title=Dierk Lange Ancient Kingdoms Of West Africa 1}}</ref> He then later settled in the area of Saba' in modern-day [[Yemen]] where he married the sister of the king of the Al Haqar clan.<ref name=":3" /> She bore him two sons; Dir'an and Shareef, who's descendants are the Al Dir'an and Al-Ashraf clans respectively.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reer Shiekh Isaxaaq|url=https://qabaayil.webs.com/reershiekhisaxaaq.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Hoyga Qabaayilka Reer Sheekh Isaxaaq}}</ref> Sheikh Ishaaq later settled in the [[Al Jawf Governorate|Al-Jawf]] region in northern Yemen where he married once again and had a son, Mansur, who is the forefather of the Al Mansur clan in the Al-Jawf region. He then travelled to Yaba where he married and had a son, Yusuf, who is the forefather of the Al Yusuf clan based in Yaba and [[Marib Governorate|Ma'rib]] regions.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Before embarking


=== Arrival in the Horn of Africa ===
=== Arrival in the Horn of Africa ===
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The tomb of Aw Barkhadle, which is located to the southwest of [[Berbera]], was also used by the [[Isaaq]] clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to [[Bilal Ibn Rabah]], with the [[Garhajis|Eidagale]] historically acting as mediators.<blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>{{cite web|year=1849|title=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=130MAAAAIAAJ&q=Gerhajis&pg=PA73}}</ref></blockquote>After studying and proselytizing in Harar he then undertook the pilgrimage to Mecca, came back to Somaliland and went along the shore eastward to the coastal town of Maydh in eastern [[Somaliland]], where he converted the pagan peoples to Islam.<ref name=":5" /> He later settled in the town aged 60,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=يحيى|first=بن نصر الله الهرري|title=مناقب الشيخ أبادر- متحف الشريف عبد الله في هرر}}</ref> where he married two women; one of the [[Dir (clan)|Magaadle Dir]] tribe called Magaado, and a [[Harari people|Harari]] woman called Xiis Xaniifa, the daughter of a Harari emir, with descendants belonging to the ''Habar Magaadle'' or ''Habar Habusheed'' branches respectively.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Lewis3">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> He sired eight sons who are the common ancestors of the clans of the Isaaq clan-family. He remained in Maydh until his death.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adam|first=Hussein M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1gMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sheikh+isaaq%22|title=Somalia and the World: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Mogadishu on the Tenth Anniversary of the Somali Revolution, October 15–21, 1979|date=1980|publisher=Halgan|language=en}}</ref><ref name="">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Laurence|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|isbn=978-1-55022-177-0|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|year=1970}}</ref>
The tomb of Aw Barkhadle, which is located to the southwest of [[Berbera]], was also used by the [[Isaaq]] clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to [[Bilal Ibn Rabah]], with the [[Garhajis|Eidagale]] historically acting as mediators.<blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>{{cite web|year=1849|title=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=130MAAAAIAAJ&q=Gerhajis&pg=PA73}}</ref></blockquote>After studying and proselytizing in Harar he then undertook the pilgrimage to Mecca, came back to Somaliland and went along the shore eastward to the coastal town of Maydh in eastern [[Somaliland]], where he converted the pagan peoples to Islam.<ref name=":5" /> He later settled in the town aged 60,<ref name=":0" /> where he married two women; one of the [[Dir (clan)|Magaadle Dir]] tribe called Magaado, and a [[Harari people|Harari]] woman called Xiis Xaniifa, the daughter of a Harari emir, with descendants belonging to the ''Habar Magaadle'' or ''Habar Habusheed'' branches respectively.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Lewis3">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> He sired eight sons who are the common ancestors of the clans of the Isaaq clan-family. He remained in Maydh until his death.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adam|first=Hussein M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1gMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sheikh+isaaq%22|title=Somalia and the World: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Mogadishu on the Tenth Anniversary of the Somali Revolution, October 15–21, 1979|date=1980|publisher=Halgan|language=en}}</ref><ref name="">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Laurence|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|isbn=978-1-55022-177-0|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|year=1970}}</ref>

==Lineage==
The lineage of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed, traced from [[Ali|Ali ibn Abu Talib]]:<ref>{{Cite book|last=الاسحاقي الصومالي|first=عبدالرحمن|title=كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=An example family tree}}
{{Tree chart| | | |ALI |~|y|~| UMB | |ALI=[[Ali ibn Abu Talib]]|UMB=[[Fatimah]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | LBU |y| ABS | | | |LBU=[[Husayn ibn Ali]]|ABS=[[Shahrbanu]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | UBD | | | | | | |UBD=[[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zayn al-Abidin]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AHS | | | | | | |AHS=[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | HMZ | | | | | | |HMZ=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | JFR | | | | | | |JFR=[[Musa al-Kadhim]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | ALZ | | | | | | |ALZ=[[Ali al-Ridha]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | QSM | | | | | | |QSM=[[Muhammad al-Jawad]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | TYR | | | | | | |TYR=[[Ali al-Hadi]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | QSZ | | | | | | |QSZ=[[Jafar ibn Ali al-Hadi|Ja'far Al Zaki]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | HML | | | | | | |HML=Hasan al-Askari al-Khalis}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | YAL | | | | | | |YAL=Muhammad al-Muhtadi}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Ali al-Mulaqqab bil Taqi}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN='Isa}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Yahya}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Ahmad}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Qasim}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Muhammad}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Ayyub}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN='Abdallah}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Hamza al-Mudhar}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN='Ali}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Hussein}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Hussam al-Din Muhammad}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Ahmad}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWN | | | | | | |AWN=Ash-Shaykh Ishaq}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AWA | | | | | | |AWA=[[Isaaq|Isaaqs]]|border=0}}
{{Tree chart/end}}


== Descendants ==
== Descendants ==
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One tradition maintains that Sheikh Ishaaq had twin sons: Muhammad (Arap), and Ismail (Garhajis).<ref name="laurence">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|year=1970|isbn=978-1-55022-177-0|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|page=145|quote=Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .|author-link=Margaret Laurence}}</ref> In addition, Sheikh Ishaaq had four additional sons in Yemen (Dir'an, Shareef, Yusuf and Mansur) who's descendants inhabit parts of northern [[Yemen]], including the [[Khwlan District|Khawlan]] district and the [[Marib Governorate|Ma'rib]] governorate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=الاسحاقي الصومالي|first=عبدالرحمن|title=كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MENAFN|title=History of Sheikh Isaaq bin Mohammed (Al-Hashimi)|url=https://menafn.com/1100257084/History-of-Sheikh-Isaaq-bin-Mohammed-Al-Hashimi|access-date=2021-08-07|website=menafn.com}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Zaylaʻī|first=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100055464|title=al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization|last2=زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود.|date=2018|isbn=978-9948-39-903-2|edition=al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá|location=Dubayy|oclc=1100055464}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=الغرباني|first=محمد بن أحمد|title=صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي|pages=95-96}}</ref>
One tradition maintains that Sheikh Ishaaq had twin sons: Muhammad (Arap), and Ismail (Garhajis).<ref name="laurence">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|year=1970|isbn=978-1-55022-177-0|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|page=145|quote=Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .|author-link=Margaret Laurence}}</ref> In addition, Sheikh Ishaaq had four additional sons in Yemen (Dir'an, Shareef, Yusuf and Mansur) who's descendants inhabit parts of northern [[Yemen]], including the [[Khwlan District|Khawlan]] district and the [[Marib Governorate|Ma'rib]] governorate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=الاسحاقي الصومالي|first=عبدالرحمن|title=كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MENAFN|title=History of Sheikh Isaaq bin Mohammed (Al-Hashimi)|url=https://menafn.com/1100257084/History-of-Sheikh-Isaaq-bin-Mohammed-Al-Hashimi|access-date=2021-08-07|website=menafn.com}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Zaylaʻī|first=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100055464|title=al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization|last2=زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود.|date=2018|isbn=978-9948-39-903-2|edition=al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá|location=Dubayy|oclc=1100055464}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=الغرباني|first=محمد بن أحمد|title=صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي|pages=95-96}}</ref>

==Poetry==
In addition to being an Islamic scholar, Sheikh Ishaaq was also well-known for his poetry, having composed over a dozen poems, including ''Laamiyah'' and ''Qaafiyah''. Below is a translated excerpt from ''Qaafiyah;''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=الغرباني|first=محمد بن أحمد|title=صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي|pages=95-96}}</ref>

{{Verse translation|lang=ar|
إن الرجل الي ترق قلوبهم لسماع نظمي حين يسمع يعجبُ
فارقت ارضا ذات نخل ثمرها تينا فواكه والعنب متعكبُ
وسكنت ارضا لم اجد رفها بها غير القديد وبفضل ذر اشربُ
وسكنتها و احببت تربة ارضها و غرستها ثمرآ الذ واطيبُ
ثمر الفؤاد أولاد إسحاق الذي جال الفيافي شرقها والمغربُ

يعلوهم بعض السواد جلودهم لغلو أرض عندها متقلبُ
فسوادهم لا ضير في انسابهم إن الشريف العاقل المتأدبُ
إن الشرف من شرفت اخلاقهم بالعز والدين الذي لا ينضبُ
إن التقي يعلو على اقرانه لو كان عبدا جاء لسوق يجلبُ

فعليك تقوى رب قادر قاهر يغنيك ذاك عن نصيب مذنبُ
إن النسيب هو المطيع لربه لم يعتني عما سواه و يطلبُ
هذه صفات أهل المكارم والعلا شرق الشريف العالي المتحببُ
من أذهب الله عنه رجس الذي قد نص فيها ذو الكتاب الأغلبُ

من كان يدري هذه اوصاف من قبلهم اصبح حماهم خائفا يترقبُ
هم أهل البيت المصطفى وبحبهم ينجو من النار الشقي المذنبُ
نحن القرابة اوجب الله حبنا إلا المودة في القريب الاقاربُ
يا سامعا هذا فثق في حبنا نحن القرابة أين منا تهربُ

أما الصحيح فسوف يصوف قلبه و سقيم قلب قلبه يتقلبُ
فعليك يا صاح النصيحة بثها وإذا جفاك أهل الجفا أو كذبوا
لا يرهبنك من مكذب قائل إسحاق ضل ما كتب في مكتبُ
فتش لهم هذه النميقة واسقهم منها غوما هاطلات تسكبُ
واخبرهمو بالحق كي ما يرعو عما يصيب المرأ حين يكذبُ
|attr1=Sheikh Ishaaq ''Qaafiyah''<ref>{{Cite book|last=الغرباني|first=محمد بن أحمد الغرباني|title=صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي|pages=95-96}}</ref>|Surely the hearts of men of renown are concerned -
with my prose, upon hearing it they are in aw,
I departed from a land abundant with date harvests,
Figs, a variety of fruits and plump grapes,

I settled in a land where I could find no comfort,
Other than cured meats and small water found by the foliage,
And I lived in this land, loving the very dust of its earth,
I cultivated in it a fruit of delight and of excellent fragrance,

The fruit of the hearts of Ishaq's sons who-
Roam vast deserts east and west,
They will be darkened due to their prolonged occupation in this land,
But their darkness shall affect not their lineage,

Indeed the honourable [[Sharif]] is intelligent and of good character,
Honour is that which envelops one's character,
With glory and religiosity that shall never dry out,
The pious man is risen above his peers for-
if a slave arrived at the market he would seek him out,

I counsel you with God-Consciousness of a Lord that is All-Powerful and Irresistible,
He shall make you free of that which gives rise to sin,
The fortuitous one is he who obeys his Lord,
He cares not for anything else and but only asks of Him,

These are the qualities of the Honoured Folk of high esteem,
The honour of the Sharif is lofty and enamored by all,
They are those whom Allah has removed all filth (33:33),
Inscribed in the Book that conquers all (Qur'an),

For whosoever acknowledges these qualities will surely be,
a guardian unto them having fear and due preponderance,
They are the Household of the Chosen One and by having love of them-,
The wretched is set free from hell,

We are The Relatives, Allah has made obligatory the act of having love for us,
For having love of a relative will undoubtedly draw one near,
O you who is listening to this be firm in your love for us!
We are The Relatives regardless of wherever you flee from us,

As for one who is of sound mind his heart shall surely be made pure,
And as for he of foul heart, his heart shall surely change,
I warn you O adviser that you proclaim and spread this message,
And if the people of mockery and repulsion repulse you, or declare you a liar-

Do not let a liar cause you to flee in sadness, who says:
"Ishaq was a lost man! He didn't write anything!"
Search this well written book for them and give them a drink!
A drink of diverse clouds of rain that unceasingly pours and overspills,

And Inform them such that they may not err-
Of what befalls a man when he is bent on lying.}}


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
According to genealogical books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 13th or 14th century with the arrival Sheikh Ishaaq from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] in [[Maydh]].<ref name="McGown"/><ref name="Lewis">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22</ref> He settled in the coastal town of [[Maydh]] in modern-day northeastern [[Somaliland]], where he married into the local Magaadle clan.<ref name="Lewis3">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref>
According to genealogical books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 13th or 14th century with the arrival Sheikh Ishaaq from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], a descendant of [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib in [[Maydh]].<ref name="McGown">Rima Berns McGown, ''Muslims in the diaspora'', (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28</ref><ref name="Lewis">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22</ref> He settled in the coastal town of [[Maydh]] in modern-day northeastern [[Somaliland]], where he married into the local Magaadle clan.<ref name="Lewis3">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref>


There are also numerous existing [[Isaaq#Historical publications|hagiologies]] in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.<ref name="RolandAnthony">Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, ''Journal of African history, Volume 3'' (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45</ref> Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the ''Amjaad'' of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in [[Aden]] in 1955.<ref name="Lewis4">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.</ref>
There are also numerous existing [[Isaaq#Historical publications|hagiologies]] in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.<ref name="RolandAnthony">Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, ''Journal of African history, Volume 3'' (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45</ref> Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the ''Amjaad'' of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in [[Aden]] in 1955.<ref name="Lewis4">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.</ref>

Revision as of 16:31, 24 August 2021

In this Arabic name, the surname is al-Hashimi.
Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi
الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد بن الحسين الهاشمي
Tomb of Sheikh Ishaaq in Maydh, Sanaag, Somaliland
TitleSheikh
Personal
Born1095
Samarra, Abbasid Caliphate (today Iraq)
Diedmid 12th century
Maydh, modern-day Somaliland
ReligionIslam
Children12
Ahmed (Tolje'lo)
Musa (Je'lo)
Muhammad ('Ibran)
Ibrahim (Sanbuur)
Isma'il (Garhajis)
Muhammad (Arap)
Ayub
Abd al-Rahman (Awal)
Dir'an[1]
Shareef[2]
Mansur[3]
Yusuf[4]
Era12th century
LineageBanu Hashim
JurisprudenceShafi'i
CreedAsh'ari
Main interest(s)Islamic literature, Islamic philosophy
Other namesAsh-Shaykh Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin al-Hussein bin 'Ali bin Hamza bin 'Abdullah al-Hashimi al-Qurashi

Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi, more commonly known as Sheikh Ishaaq or Sheikh Isaaq (Arabic: الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد الهاشمي, romanized: Ash-Shaykh Isḥāq bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad al-Hāshimīy, Somali: Sheekh Isxaaq) was an Arab Islamic scholar and poet and was the forefather and common ancestor of the Somali Isaaq clan-family in the Horn of Africa, who's traditional territory is wide and densely populated. Sheikh Ishaaq belonged to the Banu Hashim subclan of the Quraysh and was a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Prophet Mohammed's son in-law and Fatimah, his daughter.[5][6][7][8][9]

Early life

Sheikh Ishaaq was born in 1095 in Samarra, modern-day Iraq, with a lineage tracing to Prophet Mohammed's daughter Fatimah and cousin Ali. From the line of Hussein, the son of Ali, the Sheikh belonged to the Sharif community, a title conferred to the descendants of Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet.[10][11] He had four brothers; Sufyan bin Ahmed who had no descendants, Nasir li-Din Allah bin Ahmed, Muhammad bin Ahmed and Tahir bin Ahmed. Nasir li-Din Allah, Muhammad and Tahir's descendants today inhabit the Khawlan region near Sanaa, Yemen.[12]

Due to tensions, instability and civil strife under the then reigning Caliph Al-Mustazhir of the Abbasid Caliphate, along with the persecution of the ashraf, he and his family, led by his grandfather Muhammad bin Al-Hussein migrated from Samarra to Madinah in Hejaz, where he was taught classical Arabic and finished his Islamic studies.[13][14]

Migrations

After the death of Sheikh Ishaaq's grandfather he went on a series of migrations in order to study further and preach Islam. He first preached in Mecca and then travelled to Egypt, and hence to Eritrea and Zeila.[15] He then later settled in the area of Saba' in modern-day Yemen where he married the sister of the king of the Al Haqar clan.[12] She bore him two sons; Dir'an and Shareef, who's descendants are the Al Dir'an and Al-Ashraf clans respectively.[12][16] Sheikh Ishaaq later settled in the Al-Jawf region in northern Yemen where he married once again and had a son, Mansur, who is the forefather of the Al Mansur clan in the Al-Jawf region. He then travelled to Yaba where he married and had a son, Yusuf, who is the forefather of the Al Yusuf clan based in Yaba and Ma'rib regions.[11][12][17] Before embarking

Arrival in the Horn of Africa

Sheikh Ishaaq then continued his journey and migrated to Zeila, Somaliland and finally Harar in Ethiopia.[17] Several accounts indicate Shaykh Yusuf al Kownayn and Sheikh Isaaq were known to be contemporaries in Zeila and in contact at the same time.[18][19][20] According to a popular legend, Shaykh Yusuf al Kownayn, known locally as Aw-Barkhadle, upon meeting Sheikh Ishaaq prophesied that Sheikh Ishaaq would be blessed by Allah with many children while Shaykh Yusuf would not have descendants. According to the prophecy the descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq would also visit Aw-Barkhadle's grave and pay respect and perform siyaaro, or pilgrimage to his tomb.[21] Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society states:

Since, however, Aw Barkhadle’s precise connection with the rulers of Ifat is not widely known, he appears as an isolated figure, and in comparison with the million or so spears of the Isaaq lineage, a saint deprived of known issue. The striking difference between these two saints is explained in a popular legend, according to which, when Sheikh Isaaq and Aw Barkhadle met, the latter prophesised that Isaaq would be blessed by God with many children. He, however, would not have descendants, but Isaaq’s issue would pay him respect and siyaaro (voluntary offerings). So it is, one is told, that every year the Isaaq clansmen gather at Aw Barkhadle’s shrine to make offerings in his name.[22]

The tomb of Aw Barkhadle, which is located to the southwest of Berbera, was also used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah, with the Eidagale historically acting as mediators.

When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.[23]

After studying and proselytizing in Harar he then undertook the pilgrimage to Mecca, came back to Somaliland and went along the shore eastward to the coastal town of Maydh in eastern Somaliland, where he converted the pagan peoples to Islam.[15] He later settled in the town aged 60,[10] where he married two women; one of the Magaadle Dir tribe called Magaado, and a Harari woman called Xiis Xaniifa, the daughter of a Harari emir, with descendants belonging to the Habar Magaadle or Habar Habusheed branches respectively.[15][24] He sired eight sons who are the common ancestors of the clans of the Isaaq clan-family. He remained in Maydh until his death.[25][26]

Lineage

The lineage of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed, traced from Ali ibn Abu Talib:[27][11][28]

Ali ibn Abu TalibFatimah
Husayn ibn AliShahrbanu
Ali Zayn al-Abidin
Muhammad al-Baqir
Ja'far al-Sadiq
Musa al-Kadhim
Ali al-Ridha
Muhammad al-Jawad
Ali al-Hadi
Ja'far Al Zaki
Hasan al-Askari al-Khalis
Muhammad al-Muhtadi
Ali al-Mulaqqab bil Taqi
'Isa
Yahya
Ahmad
Qasim
Muhammad
Ayyub
'Abdallah
Hamza al-Mudhar
'Ali
Hussein
Hussam al-Din Muhammad
Ahmad
Ash-Shaykh Ishaq
Isaaqs

Descendants

Main article: Isaaq
Sultan Abdurahman Deria of the Habr Awal Isaaq in London 1955

In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in the genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Harari woman – the Habr Habusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Somali woman of the Magaadle sub-clan of the Dir – the Habr Magaadle. Indeed, most of the largest clans of the clan-family are in fact uterine alliances hence the matronymic "Habr" which in archaic Somali means "mother".[29] This is illustrated in the following clan structure.[30]

Warriors of the Habr Awal clan

A. Habr Magaadle

B. Habr Habuusheed

Dualeh Abdi of the Musa Abokor Habr Je'lo tribe photographed in 1890

There is clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures that has not changed for a long time. The oldest recorded genealogy of a Somali in Western literature was by Sir Richard Burton in the mid–19th century regarding his Isaaq (Habr Yunis) host and the governor of Zeila, Sharmarke Ali Saleh.[31]

The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[32][33]

One tradition maintains that Sheikh Ishaaq had twin sons: Muhammad (Arap), and Ismail (Garhajis).[34] In addition, Sheikh Ishaaq had four additional sons in Yemen (Dir'an, Shareef, Yusuf and Mansur) who's descendants inhabit parts of northern Yemen, including the Khawlan district and the Ma'rib governorate.[35][36][37][38]

Poetry

In addition to being an Islamic scholar, Sheikh Ishaaq was also well-known for his poetry, having composed over a dozen poems, including Laamiyah and Qaafiyah. Below is a translated excerpt from Qaafiyah;[28]

Legacy

According to genealogical books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 13th or 14th century with the arrival Sheikh Ishaaq from Arabia, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib in Maydh.[40][41] He settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland, where he married into the local Magaadle clan.[24]

There are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.[42] Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the Amjaad of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in Aden in 1955.[43]

His descendants would later on form two powerful sultanates that would later on dominate the northern coastline of the Horn of Africa during the early modern era; the Isaaq sultanate and the Habr Yunis sultanate.[44][45][46]

Tomb

Sheikh Ishaaq's tomb is in Maydh, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.[42] Sheikh Ishaaq's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds).[24] His siyaara or pilgrimage is performed annually both within Somaliland and in the diaspora particularly in the Middle East among Isaaq expatriates.

References

  1. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  2. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  3. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  4. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  5. ^ Ethnic Groups (Map). Somalia Summary Map. Central Intelligence Agency. 2002. Retrieved 2012-07-30. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection – N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [1], [2].
  6. ^ "Somalia – The great Somali migrations". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  7. ^ MENAFN. "Somaliland: History of Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Bin Muhammad (AL-HASHIMI)". menafn.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  8. ^ Rima Berns-McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp.27–28
  9. ^ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  10. ^ a b يحيى, بن نصر الله الهرري. مناقب الشيخ أبادر- متحف الشريف عبد الله في هرر.
  11. ^ a b c Zaylaʻī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd; زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود. (2018). al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization (al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá ed.). Dubayy. ISBN 978-9948-39-903-2. OCLC 1100055464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ a b c d نور, مكتبة. "تحميل كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد إسحاق لعبدالرحمن دبة pdf". www.noor-book.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  13. ^ TARIIKHDA SH ISXAAQ QAYBTA 1AAD Full Barnaamij, retrieved 2021-03-24
  14. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-93-6.
  15. ^ a b c Dierk Lange Ancient Kingdoms Of West Africa 1.
  16. ^ "Reer Shiekh Isaxaaq". Hoyga Qabaayilka Reer Sheekh Isaxaaq. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  17. ^ a b الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  18. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021033.
  19. ^ Andrzejewski, B. W. (1983-01-01). Islamic Literature of Somalia. African Studies Program, Indiana University. ISBN 9780941934473. Shaykh Aw Barkhadle and Shaykh Isaaq belonged to the same time period.
  20. ^ Bader, Christian (2000). Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique (in French). Karthala. p. 90. ISBN 9782845860698. Translated from French to English: Then, at the age of 68 (Shaykh Isaaq), he took his pilgrim's staff and went to Harar, where the Sheikh 'Aw Barkhadle was then teaching.
  21. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-103-3.
  22. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society. Red Sea Press. p. 94. ISBN 1569021031.
  23. ^ "The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849.
  24. ^ a b c I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42
  25. ^ Adam, Hussein M. (1980). Somalia and the World: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Mogadishu on the Tenth Anniversary of the Somali Revolution, October 15–21, 1979. Halgan.
  26. ^ Laurence, Margaret (1970). A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. Hamilton: McMaster University. ISBN 978-1-55022-177-0.
  27. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  28. ^ a b الغرباني, محمد بن أحمد. صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي. pp. 95–96.
  29. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. ISBN 9783825830847.
  30. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.
  31. ^ Burton. F., Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. p. 18.
  32. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1
  33. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  34. ^ Laurence, Margaret (1970). A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. Hamilton: McMaster University. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-55022-177-0. Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .
  35. ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
  36. ^ MENAFN. "History of Sheikh Isaaq bin Mohammed (Al-Hashimi)". menafn.com. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
  37. ^ Zaylaʻī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd; زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود. (2018). al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization (al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá ed.). Dubayy. ISBN 978-9948-39-903-2. OCLC 1100055464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ^ الغرباني, محمد بن أحمد. صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي. pp. 95–96.
  39. ^ الغرباني, محمد بن أحمد الغرباني. صورة لمخطوطة الغرباني التي تتحدث عن سيرة وحياة الشريف إسحاق بن أحمد الرضوي. pp. 95–96.
  40. ^ Rima Berns McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28
  41. ^ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  42. ^ a b Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 3 (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45
  43. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.
  44. ^ "Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa | Somalidiasporanews.com". Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  45. ^ Genealogies of the Somal. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.
  46. ^ "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network". Retrieved 2021-08-09.
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