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==Identification==
==Identification==
Even though some historians, such as [[Przemysław Urbańczyk]], claim that the Vistulans did not exist, there are three documents from the 9th century which can be tied to this tribe. First is the so-called ''Vita Methodii'' or ''Pannonian Legend'' (The Life of [[Saint Methodius of Thessaloniki|St. Methodius]]), second is the [[Bavarian Geographer]], and third is [[Alfred the Great]]'s ''Germania''.<ref name="Lewicki"/> Scholars consider that the Vistulans could also have been mentioned in the Old English and Nordic epic poems. The verse in Old English poem ''[[Widsith]]'' (10th century):

{|style="border: 0px" align=center cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
|-
| |''Wulfhere sohte ic ond Wyrmhere; ful oft þær wig ne alæg,''
| |I visited Wulfhere and Wyrmhere; there battle often raged,
|-
| |''þonne Hræda here heardum sweordum,''
| | when the Hræda with their sharp swords,
|-
| |''ymb Wistlawudu wergan sceoldon''
| | in the [[Vistula]] woods/wooden hills had to defend
|-
| |''ealdne eþelstol Ætlan leodum.''
| | their ancestral seat against [[Attila]]'s host.
|}

It is considered that parts of the epic poem could be dated to the 6th century. The syntagma ''ymb Wistlawudu'' has seen different translations by the scholars depending on the consideration whether ''Wistla'' is a borrowing from a German, Latin, or Slavic language. As such ''*Wīstle'' could be identified with the people, while ''Wistlawudu'' interpreted as "by the Vistulan woods" or "by the Vistulan wooden hills" ([[Beskids]] and [[Western Carpathians]]). However, the Hræda which is genitive plural of ''*Hraede'', gives further insight to the meaning and age of the poem. Although it is usually related with the [[Goths]] from the same poem (''Hred-Gotum'', ''Hreth-Gotan'', ''Hreidhgotar''),<ref name="Lewicki"/> this verse is similar to the one in [[Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks]] (13th century), where prior the battle between Goths and Huns, [[Heidrek]] died in ''Harvaða fjöllum'' (Carpathian Mountains) which is sometimes translated as "beneath the mountains of Harvathi", considered somewhere beneath Carpathian Mountains near river [[Dnieper]].<ref name="Lewicki"/><ref name="Łowmiański"/>

===White Croats===
Lewicki argued that [[Anglo-Saxons]], as in the case of Alfred the Great where called Croats ''Horithi'', often distorted foreign Slavic names and it wasn't uncommon that the same Slavic tribe was known by different names, in this case, Vistulans being another name for the [[White Croats]].<ref name="Lewicki"/> [[Henryk Łowmiański]] also argued that the Vistulans, and [[Lendians]], were tribes of White Croats,<ref name="Łowmiański">{{cite book |last=Łowmiański |first=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Łowmiański |title=Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) |trans-title=Croatian ancient homeland |editor1-last=Nosić |editor1-first=Milan |translator-last1=Kryżan-Stanojević |translator-first1=Barbara |language=hr |publisher=Maveda |year=2004 |orig-year=1964 |oclc=831099194 |page=30–31, 51, 57–60, 94, 125–126}}</ref> but most other scholars refute these assumptions.{{sfn|Majorov|2006|p=48}}{{sfn|Voitovych|2011|p=26|loc="H. Łowmiański also decided that at least one of the tribes of Croats named in the Prague Privilege could be without hesitation located on Vistula and identified with Vistulans, thus, without any justification, omitting the remarks of Vladislav Kentshinsky and the conclusions of J. Vidayevich, who did not admit the possibility of identifying the Vistulans with the Croats"}} [[Leontii Voitovych]] believed that the Vistulans were the main tribe among those Silesian and Lechitic tribes who invaded this territory, dividing the Croatian lands into Eastern and Western parts.{{sfn|Voitovych|2011|p=29}}
Lewicki argued that [[Anglo-Saxons]], as in the case of Alfred the Great where called Croats ''Horithi'', often distorted foreign Slavic names and it wasn't uncommon that the same Slavic tribe was known by different names, in this case, Vistulans being another name for the [[White Croats]].<ref name="Lewicki"/> [[Henryk Łowmiański]] also argued that the Vistulans, and [[Lendians]], were tribes of White Croats,<ref name="Łowmiański">{{cite book |last=Łowmiański |first=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Łowmiański |title=Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) |trans-title=Croatian ancient homeland |editor1-last=Nosić |editor1-first=Milan |translator-last1=Kryżan-Stanojević |translator-first1=Barbara |language=hr |publisher=Maveda |year=2004 |orig-year=1964 |oclc=831099194 |page=30–31, 51, 57–60, 94, 125–126}}</ref> but most other scholars refute these assumptions.{{sfn|Majorov|2006|p=48}}{{sfn|Voitovych|2011|p=26|loc="H. Łowmiański also decided that at least one of the tribes of Croats named in the Prague Privilege could be without hesitation located on Vistula and identified with Vistulans, thus, without any justification, omitting the remarks of Vladislav Kentshinsky and the conclusions of J. Vidayevich, who did not admit the possibility of identifying the Vistulans with the Croats"}} [[Leontii Voitovych]] believed that the Vistulans were the main tribe among those Silesian and Lechitic tribes who invaded this territory, dividing the Croatian lands into Eastern and Western parts.{{sfn|Voitovych|2011|p=29}}


Revision as of 21:20, 8 September 2021

Central Europe in 870. Eastern Francia in blue, Bulgaria in orange, Great Moravia under Rastislav in green. The green line depicts the borders of Great Moravia after the territorial expansion under Svatopluk I (894). Note that some of the borders of Great Moravia are under debate

The Vistulans, or Vistulanians[1][2][3] (Template:Lang-pl), were an early medieval Lechitic tribe inhabiting the western part of modern Lesser Poland.[4]

Etymology

Mentioned as Uuislane by Bavarian Geographer, v Vislè and v Vislèh in the Vita Methodii, and Visleland by Alfred the Great in the 9th century, their name derives from the hydronym of the river Vistula, meaning "inhabitants of Vistula".[5][6]

Identification

Even though some historians, such as Przemysław Urbańczyk, claim that the Vistulans did not exist, there are three documents from the 9th century which can be tied to this tribe. First is the so-called Vita Methodii or Pannonian Legend (The Life of St. Methodius), second is the Bavarian Geographer, and third is Alfred the Great's Germania.[5] Scholars consider that the Vistulans could also have been mentioned in the Old English and Nordic epic poems. The verse in Old English poem Widsith (10th century):

Wulfhere sohte ic ond Wyrmhere; ful oft þær wig ne alæg, I visited Wulfhere and Wyrmhere; there battle often raged,
þonne Hræda here heardum sweordum, when the Hræda with their sharp swords,
ymb Wistlawudu wergan sceoldon in the Vistula woods/wooden hills had to defend
ealdne eþelstol Ætlan leodum. their ancestral seat against Attila's host.

It is considered that parts of the epic poem could be dated to the 6th century. The syntagma ymb Wistlawudu has seen different translations by the scholars depending on the consideration whether Wistla is a borrowing from a German, Latin, or Slavic language. As such *Wīstle could be identified with the people, while Wistlawudu interpreted as "by the Vistulan woods" or "by the Vistulan wooden hills" (Beskids and Western Carpathians). However, the Hræda which is genitive plural of *Hraede, gives further insight to the meaning and age of the poem. Although it is usually related with the Goths from the same poem (Hred-Gotum, Hreth-Gotan, Hreidhgotar),[5] this verse is similar to the one in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (13th century), where prior the battle between Goths and Huns, Heidrek died in Harvaða fjöllum (Carpathian Mountains) which is sometimes translated as "beneath the mountains of Harvathi", considered somewhere beneath Carpathian Mountains near river Dnieper.[5][7]

White Croats

Lewicki argued that Anglo-Saxons, as in the case of Alfred the Great where called Croats Horithi, often distorted foreign Slavic names and it wasn't uncommon that the same Slavic tribe was known by different names, in this case, Vistulans being another name for the White Croats.[5] Henryk Łowmiański also argued that the Vistulans, and Lendians, were tribes of White Croats,[7] but most other scholars refute these assumptions.[8][9] Leontii Voitovych believed that the Vistulans were the main tribe among those Silesian and Lechitic tribes who invaded this territory, dividing the Croatian lands into Eastern and Western parts.[10]

Based on Lubor Niederle's thesis that the Vistulans are remnants of the once strong alliance of Croatian tribes which fell apart after the migration of the Croats to the Western Balkans in the 7th century, Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński additionally noted that the name of Vistulans was only known among Western Slavs and Germans, while in the East among Byzantine and Arabian sources for the same territory was kept the old traditional name of Croats.[11] Such an interpretation of the poem argues that instead of 5th century events in which is evident archaic presentation of personalities were instead intended 6th century events contemporaneous to Lombards king Alboin and Myrging bard, when the Pannonian Avars led by Bayan I (Attila's people) expanded between 568 and 595 into Pannonian Basin and along with it their influence northward on the Slavs (Vistulans, Croats) in Upper Vistula valley, seen in Avarian archaeological remains up to Gniezno in central-western Poland.[5]

History

Little is known about early history of the Vistulans. Their territory might have been conquered by Greater Moravia, though no conclusive evidence exists to prove this theory. According to archaeological findings, in the late 9th century several gords in southern Lesser Poland were destroyed. This might have been during the conquest of the Vistulans by Great Moravia, but it might have been the result of a conflict between the Vistulans and other tribes, like the Golensizi. In the 950s, the land of the Vistulans was probably conquered by Czech Duke Boleslaus I, which is confirmed by Abraham ben Jacob, whose work was used by Muslim geographer al-Bakri in his Book of Roads and Kingdoms.

It is not known when and how the land of the Vistulans joined into the state of the Polans. Archaeological research has not found any evidence of armed conflicts between the Polans and the Vistulans. Most likely, Bolesław I the Brave, future king of Poland, was named the ruler of Kraków by his grandfather, Boleslaus I. After the death of his father Mieszko I of Poland (992), Chrobry united Kraków with Poland, with the consent of the Vistulan ruling class.

So far historians have not been able to name any Vistulan dukes, but Vita Methodii does mention a "very powerful pagan prince settled on the Vistula" who "began mocking the Christians and doing evil" because of which was contacted by Saint Methodius who said it would be better to be baptized of one's own free will than as a prisoner in foreign land.[12] Furthermore, little is known about their religious rituals and the date of baptism of the tribe. It was possibly around the same period, c. 874, when they were subjugated by king Svatopluk I of Moravia, and the Vistulan duke was forced to accept baptism.[12]

Territory

The area inhabited by the Vistulans probably ranged from the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains in the south, to the sources of the Pilica and Warta in the north. In the east, it reached the Dunajec, and in the west, the Skawa. The first Slavic gords were not built here until the mid 8th century, which means that the Vistulans probably frequently migrated, changing locations.

Since the 8th century, the Vistulans began construction of spacious gords, whose areas frequently reached over 10 hectares. Most gords were ring-shaped, and located on hills. Among major ones were the gords at Kraków, Stradów, Demblin, Naszczowice, Podegrodzie, Stawy, Trzcinica, Wiślica and on Bocheniec hill in Jadowniki. Most probably, the capital of the Vistulans was located in Kraków, which is confirmed by the size of the local gord, together with a fortified stronghold, located on the Wawel hill. Furthermore, the Vistulans probably built several mounds, such as the Krakus Mound, but historians argue whether these are of earlier, Celtic origin.

In the 9th century, they created a tribal state, with probable major centers in Kraków, Wiślica, Sandomierz, and Stradów. Probably around 874 they were subjugated by king Svatopluk I of Moravia, who was a contemporary of the emperor Arnulf. After a later period of Czech domination, the Vistulan lands became controlled by the Polans in the late tenth century, and were incorporated into Poland.

See also

References

  1. ^ Brzechczyn, Krzysztof (2009), Idealization XIII: Modeling in History. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 9789042028319.
  2. ^ Davies, Norman (2003), God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199253395 .
  3. ^ Topolski, Jerzy (1976), Methodology of History.Warsaw: PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers in Jaakko Hintikka, Synthese Library. Boston: D.Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 978-94-010-1125-9
  4. ^ "The main tribe inhabiting the reaches of the Upper Vistula and its tributaries was the Vislane (Wislanie) who, by the mid-ninth century were considered by the neighbouring Moravians as "very powerful" The expansionist policy of the Christian Moravian state led to eventual conflict with the pogan Vislane. ending in the defeat of the latter and their annexation to the Great Moravian Empire between Ad 875-879" . [in:] Trade and urban development in Poland: an economic geography of Cracow. Francis W. Carter. P. 46. 1994 op. cit. L. Hajdukiewicz and M. Karaś. The Jagiellonian University: Traditions, The Present, The Future. Cracow. 1978, p. 17.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Lewicki, Tadeusz (2006) [1951]. "Najstarije spominjanje Višljana u izvorima (Najdawniejsza wzmianka źródłowa o Wiślanach)" [The earliest mention of the Vistulans in sources]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 86–99. ISBN 953-7029-04-2.
  6. ^ Łuczyński, Michal (2017). "„Geograf Bawarski" — nowe odczytania" ["Bavarian Geographer" — New readings]. Polonica (in Polish). XXXVII (37): 81. doi:10.17651/POLON.37.9. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b Łowmiański, Henryk (2004) [1964]. Nosić, Milan (ed.). Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) [Croatian ancient homeland] (in Croatian). Translated by Kryżan-Stanojević, Barbara. Maveda. p. 30–31, 51, 57–60, 94, 125–126. OCLC 831099194.
  8. ^ Majorov 2006, p. 48.
  9. ^ Voitovych 2011, p. 26, "H. Łowmiański also decided that at least one of the tribes of Croats named in the Prague Privilege could be without hesitation located on Vistula and identified with Vistulans, thus, without any justification, omitting the remarks of Vladislav Kentshinsky and the conclusions of J. Vidayevich, who did not admit the possibility of identifying the Vistulans with the Croats".
  10. ^ Voitovych 2011, p. 29.
  11. ^ Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1951). "Zagadnienie Chorwatów nadwiślańskich" [The problem of Vistula Croats]. Pamiętnik Słowiański (in Polish). 2: 17–32.
  12. ^ a b Kantor, Marvin (1983). Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes. University of Michigan, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures. pp. 119–120, 136. ISBN 978-0-930042-44-8.

Sources

  • Majorov, Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich (2006). Velikaya Khorvatiya: Etnogenez i rannyaya istoriya slavyan Prikarpatskogo regiona Великая Хорватия: этногенез и ранняя история славян Прикарпатского региона [Great Croatia: Ethnogenesis and early history of the Slavs of the Carpathian region] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press. ISBN 5-288-03948-8.
  • Voitovych, Leontii (2011). "Проблема "білих хорватів"". Галицько-волинські етюди (PDF). Біла Церква. ISBN 978-966-2083-97-2. Retrieved 5 July 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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