Chukotka Mountains: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Mountain range in Russia}} |
{{short description|Mountain range in Russia}} |
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{{Infobox mountain |
{{Infobox mountain |
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| name=Chukotka Mountains |
| name = Chukotka Mountains |
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| other_name=Чукотское нагорье |
| other_name = Чукотское нагорье |
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| photo=Правый берег р. Паляваам ниже притока р. Пустынная.jpg |
| photo = Правый берег р. Паляваам ниже притока р. Пустынная.jpg |
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| photo_caption= Landscape of the [[Palyavaam Range]] |
| photo_caption = Landscape of the [[Palyavaam Range]] |
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| country= [[Russia]] |
| country = [[Russia]] |
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| subdivision1_type=[[Federal subject]] |
| subdivision1_type = [[Federal subject]] |
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| subdivision1= [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]] |
| subdivision1 = [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]] |
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| highest=[[Iskhodnaya]] |
| highest = [[Iskhodnaya]] |
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| elevation_m= 1843 |
| elevation_m = 1843 |
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| coordinates= |
| coordinates = |
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| length_km= 1300 |
| length_km = 1300 |
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| width_km= |
| width_km = |
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| area_km2= |
| area_km2 = |
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| range_coordinates= {{coord|68|0|N|177|0|E|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |
| range_coordinates = {{coord|68|0|N|177|0|E|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |
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| range_coordinates_ref= |
| range_coordinates_ref = |
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| parent= [[East Siberian System]] |
| parent = [[East Siberian System]] |
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| geology= {{enum|[[Sandstone]]|[[shale]] with [[granite]] [[intrusion]]s|[[ |
| geology = {{enum|[[Sandstone]]|[[shale]] with [[granite]] [[intrusion]]s|[[volcanic rock]]s}} |
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| age= {{enum|[[Jurassic]]|[[Triassic]]|[[Permian]]|[[Proterozoic]]}} |
| age = {{enum|[[Jurassic]]|[[Triassic]]|[[Permian]]|[[Proterozoic]]}} |
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| orogeny= |
| orogeny = |
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| map= Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
| map = Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
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| map_caption= Location in the [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], Russia |
| map_caption = Location in the [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], Russia |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Chukotka Mountains''' ({{lang-rus|Чукотское нагорье}}) or '''Chukotka Upland''' ''(Чукотская горная страна)''<ref>[http://elibrary.sgu.ru/uch_lit/573.pdf Геоморфология России (Geomorphology of Russia)]</ref> is a mountainous area in the [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], [[Far Eastern Federal District]], Russia.<ref name="ЭСБЕ">[https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/4688774 Chukchi Highlands] / Great Russian Encyclopedia; in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]], 2004—2017.</ref> |
The '''Chukotka Mountains''' ({{lang-rus|Чукотское нагорье}}) or '''Chukotka Upland''' ''(Чукотская горная страна)''<ref>[http://elibrary.sgu.ru/uch_lit/573.pdf Геоморфология России (Geomorphology of Russia)]</ref> is a mountainous area in the [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], [[Far Eastern Federal District]], Russia.<ref name="ЭСБЕ">[https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/4688774 Chukchi Highlands] / Great Russian Encyclopedia; in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]], 2004—2017.</ref> |
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The ridges of this system are largely barren and desolate. About half of their area is above the [[Arctic Circle]]. The climate is one of the harshest in the [[Russian Federation]], with minimum absolute temperatures reaching -73° |
The [[Ridge|ridges]] of this system are largely barren and desolate. About half of their area is above the [[Arctic Circle]]. The climate is one of the harshest in the [[Russian Federation]], with minimum absolute temperatures reaching -73°С. Traditionally [[Chukchi people]] lived only in few intermontane areas, such as the [[Amguema]] valley that cuts across the vast mountain zone. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The Chukotka Mountains are one of the two main mountain regions of Chukotka. They rise west and east of the isthmus area of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], in the central Chukotka region, bounded by the [[Anadyr Highlands]] in the southwest. They are composed of mountains of middle height displaying alpine relief, as well as low mountains. They stretch in roughly WNW/ESE direction for {{convert|450|km|sp=us}}, between the head of [[Chaun Bay]] and the [[Bering Sea]] shore. The ranges of the northern area consist of [[sandstone]] and [[shale]] with [[granite]] [[intrusion]]s, while those of the southern part are made up of [[volcanic rock]]s. The highest peak is Mount [[Iskhodnaya]] (Исходная) in the [[Chantal Range]].<ref name="ЭСБЕ"/> which is {{convert|1843|m|ft}} high<ref>Czukockie, Góry - Encyklopedia PWN - źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy, encyklopedia.pwn.pl</ref><ref name=":0" >Wielka Encyklopedia Gór i Alpinizmu, tom 2 Góry Azji, Katowice: Wydawnictwo STAPIS, 2005, {{ISBN|83-88212-42-7}}.</ref> |
The Chukotka Mountains are one of the two main mountain regions of Chukotka. They rise west and east of the [[isthmus]] area of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], in the central Chukotka region, bounded by the [[Anadyr Highlands]] in the southwest. They are composed of mountains of middle height displaying alpine relief, as well as low mountains. They stretch in roughly [[Points of the compass|WNW/ESE direction]] for {{convert|450|km|sp=us}}, between the head of [[Chaun Bay]] and the [[Bering Sea]] shore. The ranges of the northern area consist of [[sandstone]] and [[shale]] with [[granite]] [[intrusion]]s, while those of the southern part are made up of [[volcanic rock]]s. The highest peak is Mount [[Iskhodnaya]] (Исходная) in the [[Chantal Range]].<ref name="ЭСБЕ"/> which is {{convert|1843|m|ft}} high<ref>Czukockie, Góry - Encyklopedia PWN - źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy, encyklopedia.pwn.pl</ref><ref name=":0" >Wielka Encyklopedia Gór i Alpinizmu, tom 2 Góry Azji, Katowice: Wydawnictwo STAPIS, 2005, {{ISBN|83-88212-42-7}}.</ref> — or {{convert|1887|m|ft}} according to other sources.<ref name="ЭСБЕ"/> |
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===Hydrography=== |
===Hydrography=== |
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Among the rivers that have their source in the mountains, the following deserve mention: the [[Amguema River]] with its tributaries [[Ekityki River|Ekityki]] and [[Chantalveergyn River|Chantalveergyn]], the [[Palyavaam River|Palyavaam]], [[Pegtymel River|Pegtymel]] and [[Tanyurer River|Tanyurer]] of the Chukchi Sea side, as well as the [[Kanchalan River|Kanchalan]] and the [[Belaya River (Chukotka)|Belaya River]] tributaries [[Bolshoi Pykarvaam]] and [[Bolshaya Osinovaya]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]] side. The largest lakes in the mountain area are [[Ekityki Lake|Ekityki]], [[Ioni]] and [[Koolen]].<ref name=WR>[https://water-rf.ru/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8/2588/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - Water of Russia]</ref> |
Among the rivers that have their source in the mountains, the following deserve mention: the [[Amguema River]] with its tributaries [[Ekityki River|Ekityki]] and [[Chantalveergyn River|Chantalveergyn]], the [[Palyavaam River|Palyavaam]], [[Pegtymel River|Pegtymel]] and [[Tanyurer River|Tanyurer]] of the [[Chukchi Sea]] side, as well as the [[Kanchalan River|Kanchalan]] and the [[Belaya River (Chukotka)|Belaya River]] tributaries [[Bolshoi Pykarvaam]] and [[Bolshaya Osinovaya]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]] side. The largest lakes in the mountain area are [[Ekityki Lake|Ekityki]], [[Ioni]] and [[Koolen]].<ref name=WR>[https://water-rf.ru/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8/2588/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - Water of Russia]</ref> |
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There are 47 small glaciers in the ranges of the highlands, with a total area of {{convert|13.53|sqkm|sp=us}}.<ref>John F. Shroder, Gregory B Greenwood, ''Mountain Ice and Water, Investigations of the Hydrologic Cycle in Alpine Environments;'' Volume 21. 1st Edition. p.98</ref> |
There are 47 small glaciers in the ranges of the highlands, with a total area of {{convert|13.53|sqkm|sp=us}}.<ref>John F. Shroder, Gregory B Greenwood, ''Mountain Ice and Water, Investigations of the Hydrologic Cycle in Alpine Environments;'' Volume 21. 1st Edition. p.98</ref> |
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The system of the Chukotka Mountains comprises a number of subranges, including the following:<ref>Oleg Leonidovič Kryžanovskij, ''A Checklist of the Ground-beetles of Russia and Adjacent Lands.'' p. 16</ref><ref name="ЭСБЕ"/><ref>[http://gull-research.org/schistisagus/images/pdf/WetlandsinRussia_Vol_4_English.pdf Wetlands in Russia - Vol.4]</ref> |
The system of the Chukotka Mountains comprises a number of subranges, including the following:<ref>Oleg Leonidovič Kryžanovskij, ''A Checklist of the Ground-beetles of Russia and Adjacent Lands.'' p. 16</ref><ref name="ЭСБЕ"/><ref>[http://gull-research.org/schistisagus/images/pdf/WetlandsinRussia_Vol_4_English.pdf Wetlands in Russia - Vol.4]</ref> |
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*[[Shelag Range]], highest point {{convert|1105|m|ft}} |
*[[Shelag Range]], highest point {{convert|1105|m|ft}} — the northwesternmost, reaching up to [[Cape Shelagsky]]. |
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*[[Ichuveem Range]], highest point {{convert|1030|m|ft}} |
*[[Ichuveem Range]], highest point {{convert|1030|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Ekvyvatap Range]], highest point {{convert|1636|m|ft}} |
*[[Ekvyvatap Range]], highest point {{convert|1636|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Pegtymel Range]], highest point {{convert|1794|m|ft}} |
*[[Pegtymel Range]], highest point {{convert|1794|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Palyavaam Range]], highest point {{convert|1551|m|ft}} |
*[[Palyavaam Range]], highest point {{convert|1551|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Chantal Range]], highest point {{convert|1887|m|ft}} |
*[[Chantal Range]], highest point {{convert|1887|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Ekityk Range]], highest point {{convert|1317|m|ft}} |
*[[Ekityk Range]], highest point {{convert|1317|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Pekulney Range]], highest point {{convert|1362|m|ft}} |
*[[Pekulney Range]], highest point {{convert|1362|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Iskaten Range]], highest point {{convert|1335|m|ft}} |
*[[Iskaten Range]], highest point {{convert|1335|m|ft}}. |
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*[[Ghenkanyi Range]], highest point {{convert|978|m|ft}} |
*[[Ghenkanyi Range]], highest point {{convert|978|m|ft}} — the easternmost, near the Bering Sea. |
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Revision as of 07:10, 3 November 2021
| Chukotka Mountains | |
|---|---|
| Чукотское нагорье | |
 Landscape of the Palyavaam Range | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Iskhodnaya |
| Elevation | 1,843 m (6,047 ft) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 1,300 km (810 mi) |
| Geography | |
  Chukotka Mountains Location in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
| Range coordinates | 68°0′N 177°0′E / 68.000°N 177.000°E |
| Parent range | East Siberian System |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Jurassic, Triassic, Permian and Proterozoic |
| Type of rock | Sandstone, shale with granite intrusions and volcanic rocks |
The Chukotka Mountains (Russian: Чукотское нагорье) or Chukotka Upland (Чукотская горная страна)[1] is a mountainous area in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia.[2]
The ridges of this system are largely barren and desolate. About half of their area is above the Arctic Circle. The climate is one of the harshest in the Russian Federation, with minimum absolute temperatures reaching -73°С. Traditionally Chukchi people lived only in few intermontane areas, such as the Amguema valley that cuts across the vast mountain zone.
Geography
The Chukotka Mountains are one of the two main mountain regions of Chukotka. They rise west and east of the isthmus area of the Chukchi Peninsula, in the central Chukotka region, bounded by the Anadyr Highlands in the southwest. They are composed of mountains of middle height displaying alpine relief, as well as low mountains. They stretch in roughly WNW/ESE direction for 450 kilometers (280 mi), between the head of Chaun Bay and the Bering Sea shore. The ranges of the northern area consist of sandstone and shale with granite intrusions, while those of the southern part are made up of volcanic rocks. The highest peak is Mount Iskhodnaya (Исходная) in the Chantal Range.[2] which is 1,843 metres (6,047 ft) high[3][4] — or 1,887 metres (6,191 ft) according to other sources.[2]
Hydrography
Among the rivers that have their source in the mountains, the following deserve mention: the Amguema River with its tributaries Ekityki and Chantalveergyn, the Palyavaam, Pegtymel and Tanyurer of the Chukchi Sea side, as well as the Kanchalan and the Belaya River tributaries Bolshoi Pykarvaam and Bolshaya Osinovaya of the Pacific Ocean side. The largest lakes in the mountain area are Ekityki, Ioni and Koolen.[5]
There are 47 small glaciers in the ranges of the highlands, with a total area of 13.53 square kilometers (5.22 sq mi).[6]
Subranges
The system of the Chukotka Mountains comprises a number of subranges, including the following:[7][2][8]
- Shelag Range, highest point 1,105 metres (3,625 ft) — the northwesternmost, reaching up to Cape Shelagsky.
- Ichuveem Range, highest point 1,030 metres (3,380 ft).
- Ekvyvatap Range, highest point 1,636 metres (5,367 ft).
- Pegtymel Range, highest point 1,794 metres (5,886 ft).
- Palyavaam Range, highest point 1,551 metres (5,089 ft).
- Chantal Range, highest point 1,887 metres (6,191 ft).
- Ekityk Range, highest point 1,317 metres (4,321 ft).
- Pekulney Range, highest point 1,362 metres (4,469 ft).
- Iskaten Range, highest point 1,335 metres (4,380 ft).
- Ghenkanyi Range, highest point 978 metres (3,209 ft) — the easternmost, near the Bering Sea.
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Climate
The climate of the Chukotka Mountains area is severe, with short cool summers and very cold 8-month long winters where blizzards are common owing to the influence of both the Arctic Ocean and the Aleutian Low. The valley areas have a continental climate while the mountain ranges are under the influence of an oceanic climate, which is felt more in the lower altitude mountains and less in the medium-high ones.[9]
Flora and fauna
The lower slopes of the mountains have tundra vegetation, often marshy in the intermontane basins, while the higher altitudes are Arctic desert. Rivers are abundant in fish.[10]
References
- ^ Геоморфология России (Geomorphology of Russia)
- ^ a b c d Chukchi Highlands / Great Russian Encyclopedia; in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- ^ Czukockie, Góry - Encyklopedia PWN - źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy, encyklopedia.pwn.pl
- ^ Wielka Encyklopedia Gór i Alpinizmu, tom 2 Góry Azji, Katowice: Wydawnictwo STAPIS, 2005, ISBN 83-88212-42-7.
- ^ Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - Water of Russia
- ^ John F. Shroder, Gregory B Greenwood, Mountain Ice and Water, Investigations of the Hydrologic Cycle in Alpine Environments; Volume 21. 1st Edition. p.98
- ^ Oleg Leonidovič Kryžanovskij, A Checklist of the Ground-beetles of Russia and Adjacent Lands. p. 16
- ^ Wetlands in Russia - Vol.4
- ^ Soil zonality of the Chukotka Upland
- ^ A.P. Gorkin. Encyclopedia "Geography". - ACT: Rosman, 2008 p. 1374 - ISBN 5353024435 (in Russian)
External links
Media related to Chukotka Mountains at Wikimedia Commons- Geography of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
- Geology of Chukotka
