Dioscorea alata: Difference between revisions
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Zabararmon (talk | contribs) m No citation that it’s from anywhere else except the Philippines where it originally from and cultivated Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Zabararmon (talk | contribs) m No citation showing evidence of historical claims, once again. Please show credible academic citation no older than 5 years that this has been cultivated in New Guinea for 10,000 years. Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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''D. alata'' and ''D. esculenta'' were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the [[Austronesian expansion]]. ''D. alata'' in particular were introduced into the [[Pacific Islands]] and [[New Zealand]]. They were also carried by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian voyagers]] into [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]].<ref name="Crowther2016">{{cite journal |last1=Crowther |first1=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=14 June 2016 |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmid=27247383 |pmc=4914162|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Beaujard2011">{{cite journal |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |date=August 2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf}}</ref><ref name="WalterLebot2007">{{cite book |last1=Walter |first1=Annie |last2=Lebot |first2=Vincent |title=Gardens of Oceania |date=2007 |publisher=IRD Éditions-CIRAD |isbn=9781863204705 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMYkLkV4iyEC}}</ref> |
''D. alata'' and ''D. esculenta'' were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the [[Austronesian expansion]]. ''D. alata'' in particular were introduced into the [[Pacific Islands]] and [[New Zealand]]. They were also carried by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian voyagers]] into [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]].<ref name="Crowther2016">{{cite journal |last1=Crowther |first1=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=14 June 2016 |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmid=27247383 |pmc=4914162|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Beaujard2011">{{cite journal |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |date=August 2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf}}</ref><ref name="WalterLebot2007">{{cite book |last1=Walter |first1=Annie |last2=Lebot |first2=Vincent |title=Gardens of Oceania |date=2007 |publisher=IRD Éditions-CIRAD |isbn=9781863204705 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMYkLkV4iyEC}}</ref> |
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[[File:Starr 061106-9589 Dioscorea alata.jpg|left|thumb|Aerial tuber of a white variety of ''D. alata'' from [[Maui]], [[Hawaii]]]] |
[[File:Starr 061106-9589 Dioscorea alata.jpg|left|thumb|Aerial tuber of a white variety of ''D. alata'' from [[Maui]], [[Hawaii]]]] |
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The center of origin of purple yam is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in [[Island Southeast Asia]] and [[New Guinea]] before the [[Austronesian expansion]]. Purple yam is believed to be a true [[cultigen]], only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the [[Philippines |
The center of origin of purple yam is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in [[Island Southeast Asia]] and [[New Guinea]] before the [[Austronesian expansion]]. Purple yam is believed to be a true [[cultigen]], only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the [[Philippines]]. |
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[[File:Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea alata-flowers-Maui Nui Botanical Garden-Maui (24572888200).jpg|thumb|Purple yam flowers]] |
[[File:Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea alata-flowers-Maui Nui Botanical Garden-Maui (24572888200).jpg|thumb|Purple yam flowers]] |
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There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of [[Paddy field|wet cultivation]].<ref name="Chaïr2016">{{cite journal |last1=Chaïr |first1=H. |last2=Traore |first2=R. E. |last3=Duval |first3=M. F. |last4=Rivallan |first4=R. |last5=Mukherjee |first5=A. |last6=Aboagye |first6=L. M. |last7=Van Rensburg |first7=W. J. |last8=Andrianavalona |first8=V. |last9=Pinheiro de Carvalho |first9=M. A. A. |last10=Saborio |first10=F. |last11=Sri Prana |first11=M. |last12=Komolong |first12=B. |last13=Lawac |first13=F. |last14=Lebot |first14=V. |last15=Chiang |first15=Tzen-Yuh |title=Genetic Diversification and Dispersal of Taro (''Colocasia esculenta'' (L.) Schott) |journal=PLOS ONE |date=17 June 2016 |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e0157712 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157712 |pmid=27314588 |pmc=4912093 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1157712C|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bayliss-Smith2017">{{cite book |first1=Tim |last1=Bayliss-Smith |first2=Jack |last2=Golson |first3=Philip |last3=Hughes|editor1-first=Jack |editor1-last=Golson |editor2-first=Tim |editor2-last=Denham|editor3-first=Philip |editor3-last=Hughes|editor4-first=Pamela|editor4-last= Swadling|editor5-first=John |editor5-last=Muke |title=Ten Thousand Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea |chapter=Phase 4: Major Disposal Channels, Slot-Like Ditches and Grid-Patterned Fields |publisher=ANU Press |series=terra australis |volume=46 |year=2017 |pages=239–268 |isbn=9781760461164|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239}}</ref> However, much older remains identified as being probably ''D. alata'' have also been recovered from the [[Niah Caves]] of [[Borneo]] ([[Late Pleistocene]], <40,000 [[Before Present|BP]]) and the [[Ille Cave]] of [[Palawan]] (c. 11,000 [[Before Present|BP]]), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (''D. hispida'') which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that ''D. alata'' were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether ''D. alata'' is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.<ref name="Barker2017"/><ref name="Barker2011">{{cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |last2=Lloyd-Smith |first2=Lindsay |last3=Barton |first3=Huw |last4=Cole |first4=Franca |last5=Hunt |first5=Chris |last6=Piper |first6=Philip J. |last7=Rabett |first7=Ryan |last8=Paz |first8=Victor |last9=Szabó |first9=Katherine |title=Foraging-farming transitions at the Niah Caves, Sarawak, Borneo |journal=Antiquity |date=2011 |volume=85 |issue=328 |pages=492–509 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00067909 |s2cid=131187696 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Balbaligo2007">{{cite journal |last1=Balbaligo |first1=Yvette |title=A Brief Note on the 2007 Excavation at Ille Cave, Palawan, the Philippines |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |date=15 November 2007 |volume=18 |issue=2007 |pages=161 |doi=10.5334/pia.308 |url=https://www.pia-journal.co.uk/jms/article/download/pia.308/419 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Barton2005">{{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=Huw |title=The Case for Rainforest Foragers: The Starch Record at Niah Cave, Sarawak |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=2005 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=56–72 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105493.pdf |doi=10.1353/asi.2005.0005 |hdl=10125/17222 |s2cid=11596542 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HuwDenham2011">{{cite book |first1=Huw |last1=Barton |first2=Timothy |last2=Denham|editor1-first=Grame|editor1-last=Barker|editor2-first=Monica|editor2-last=Janowski |title=Why cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological Approaches to Foraging–Farming Transitions in Southeast Asia |chapter=Prehistoric vegeculture and social life in Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |year=2011 |pages=61–74 |isbn=9781902937588|chapter-url =http://austronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au/historydownloads/Barton_Denham_2011.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds2013">{{cite book |first1=Tim |last1=Reynolds |first2=Graeme |last2=Barker |first3=Huw |last3=Barton |first4=Gathorne |last4=Cranbrook |first5=Chris |last5=Hunt |first6=Lisa |last6=Kealhofer |first7=Victor |last7=Paz |first8=Alasdair |last8=Pike |first9=Philip |last9=Piper|first10=Ryan |last10=Rabett |first11=Gary |last11=Rushworth |first12=Christopher |last12=Stimpson |first13=Katherine |last13=Szabó|editor1-first=Graeme|editor1-last=Barker |title=Rainforest Foraging and Farming in Island Southeast Asia |chapter=The First Modern Humans at Niah, c. 50,000–35,000 Years Ago |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |year=2013 |pages=133–170 |isbn=9781902937540|chapter-url =https://pages.upd.edu.ph/sites/default/files/pawlik/files/niah_ch04_the_first_modern_humans_at_niah.pdf}}</ref> |
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Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the [[Philippines]] where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in [[Melanesia]], where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern [[Polynesia]] and [[New Zealand]], however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the [[sweet potato]].<ref name="temarareoUbe"/> |
Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the [[Philippines]] where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in [[Melanesia]], where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern [[Polynesia]] and [[New Zealand]], however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the [[sweet potato]].<ref name="temarareoUbe"/> |
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Revision as of 13:06, 2 November 2022
| Purple yam | |
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| Purple yam at Maui, Hawaii | |
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| Purple yam tuber | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Dioscoreales |
| Family: | Dioscoreaceae |
| Genus: | Dioscorea |
| Species: | D. alata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Dioscorea alata | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
List
| |
Dioscorea alata, also known as purple yam, ube (/ˈubɛ/, /ˈubeɪ/), or greater yam, among many other names, is a species of yam (a tuber). The tubers are usually a vivid violet-purple to bright lavender in color (hence the common name), but some range in color from cream to plain white. It is sometimes confused with taro and the Okinawa sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki), although D. alata is also grown in Okinawa, where it is known as beniimo (紅芋). With its origins in the Asian tropics, D. alata has been known to humans since ancient times.[3]
Names
Because it has become naturalized following its origins in Asia through tropical Africa, Australia, South America, and the southeastern U.S., D. alata is referred to by many different names in these regions. In English alone, aside from purple yam, other common names include ten-months yam, water yam, white yam, winged yam, violet yam, Guyana arrowroot, or simply yam.[3]
History of cultivation
 | This article is missing information about wild relatives (D. nummularia, D. transverse, and D. hastifolia; progenitor unknown) [doi:10.1111/boj.12374]). (October 2021) |
Dioscorea alata is one of the most important staple crops in Austronesian cultures. It is one of various species of yams that were domesticated and cultivated independently within the Philippines for their starchy tubers, including the round yam (Dioscorea bulbifera), ubi gadong (Dioscorea hispida), lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta), Pacific yam (Dioscorea nummularia), fiveleaf yam (Dioscorea pentaphylla), and pencil yam (Dioscorea transversa).[4] Among these, D. alata and D. esculenta were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as famine food due to their higher levels of the toxin dioscorine which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption.[5] D. alata is also cultivated more than D. esculenta, largely because of its much larger tubers.[6]
D. alata and D. esculenta were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the Austronesian expansion. D. alata in particular were introduced into the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. They were also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros.[7][8][9]
The center of origin of purple yam is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea before the Austronesian expansion. Purple yam is believed to be a true cultigen, only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in Mainland Southeast Asia, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the Philippines.
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There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of wet cultivation.[10][11] However, much older remains identified as being probably D. alata have also been recovered from the Niah Caves of Borneo (Late Pleistocene, <40,000 BP) and the Ille Cave of Palawan (c. 11,000 BP), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (D. hispida) which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that D. alata were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether D. alata is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.[4][12][13][14][15][16]
Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in Melanesia, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern Polynesia and New Zealand, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the sweet potato.[6]
Uses
Culinary
Purple yams have edible tubers which have a mildly sweet, earthy and nutty taste, reminiscent of sweet potatoes or taro. The violet cultivars, in particular, turn dishes distinctively vivid violet because of the high amount of anthocyanins.[17] Purple yams are also valued for the starch that can be processed from them.[3] Purple yam is most common in Philippine cuisine (where it is known as ube or ubi). It is widely applied for many Philippine desserts, such as ube cake, ube cheesecake and ube crinkles, as well as an ingredient or flavor for ice cream, milk, donuts, tarts, jam and other types of pastries. It is often eaten boiled, baked, or as a sweetened dessert called ube halayá; the latter being a popular ingredient in the iced dessert called halo-halo.[18][19][20] Purple yam desserts have more recently entered the United States through Philippine cuisine, under the Filipino name "ube". It is particularly popular due to the striking violet-purple color it gives to desserts.[17][18][21]
In Vietnam, purple yam is used to cook a creamy soup called canh khoai mỡ.
In Maharashtra, the stir-fried chips are eaten during religious fasting.[citation needed] Purple yam is an essential ingredient in Undhiyu.[22] Purple yam is a popular dessert in Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
Purple yam is commonly confused with purple/violet varieties of sweet potatoes because of their similarities in color, taste, and culinary uses. However, like other yams, purple yam tends to have a moister texture than sweet potatoes. Purple yams also have higher anthocyanin content than sweet potatoes. They can otherwise be used interchangeably in most recipes.[23][24]
-
Ube halaya (mashed purple yam) from the Philippines -
Binignit from the Philippines -
White ube halaya from California -
-
Purple yam cupcakes with flan top layers -
A slice of ube cake -
Filipino Ube donut -
Halo-halo with ube halaya
Supplements, folk medicine and adverse effects
Although available as a dietary supplement and used in folk medicine, there is no clinical evidence that D. alata has any therapeutic properties.[25] Use of D. alata supplements may have adverse effects in people taking estrogens, anticoagulant drugs or during pregnancy and breast-feeding.[25] Some people may have allergic reactions to use of D. alata supplements.[25]
D. alata has relatively high levels of oxalates (486–781 mg/100 g dry matter),[26] which are associated with antinutritional effects and kidney stone formation.[27]
Other uses
The color of purple varieties is due to various anthocyanin pigments.[28] The pigments are water-soluble, and have been proposed as possible food coloring agents.[29]
D. alata is sometimes grown in gardens for its ornamental value.[3]
As an invasive species
Dioscorea alata is native to Southeast Asia, as well as surrounding areas (Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands of Japan, Assam, lowland areas of Nepal, New Guinea, Christmas Island). It has escaped from its native growth area and into the wild in many other places, becoming naturalized in parts of southern and east-central China, Africa and Madagascar, the Western Hemisphere, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans.[30] It persists in the wild in Haiti, as well as the United States, in Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and in Florida where it is considered an invasive species.[31][32]
See also
- Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
- Colocasia esculenta
- Alocasia macrorrhizos
- Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
- Cyrtosperma merkusii
- Ipomoea batatas
References
- ^ Dioscorea alata was first described and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1033. 1753. "Name - Dioscorea alata L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ a b c d "Dioscorea alata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ a b Barker, Graeme; Hunt, Chris; Barton, Huw; Gosden, Chris; Jones, Sam; Lloyd-Smith, Lindsay; Farr, Lucy; Nyirí, Borbala; O'Donnell, Shawn (August 2017). "The 'cultured rainforests' of Borneo" (PDF). Quaternary International. 448: 44–61. Bibcode:2017QuInt.448...44B. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.018.
- ^ Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.
- ^ a b "*Qufi ~ Uwhi, uhi". Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. PMID 27247383.
- ^ Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.
- ^ Walter, Annie; Lebot, Vincent (2007). Gardens of Oceania. IRD Éditions-CIRAD. ISBN 9781863204705.
- ^ Chaïr, H.; Traore, R. E.; Duval, M. F.; Rivallan, R.; Mukherjee, A.; Aboagye, L. M.; Van Rensburg, W. J.; Andrianavalona, V.; Pinheiro de Carvalho, M. A. A.; Saborio, F.; Sri Prana, M.; Komolong, B.; Lawac, F.; Lebot, V.; Chiang, Tzen-Yuh (17 June 2016). "Genetic Diversification and Dispersal of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157712. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157712C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157712. PMC 4912093. PMID 27314588.
- ^ Bayliss-Smith, Tim; Golson, Jack; Hughes, Philip (2017). "Phase 4: Major Disposal Channels, Slot-Like Ditches and Grid-Patterned Fields". In Golson, Jack; Denham, Tim; Hughes, Philip; Swadling, Pamela; Muke, John (eds.). Ten Thousand Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. terra australis. Vol. 46. ANU Press. pp. 239–268. ISBN 9781760461164.
- ^ Barker, Graeme; Lloyd-Smith, Lindsay; Barton, Huw; Cole, Franca; Hunt, Chris; Piper, Philip J.; Rabett, Ryan; Paz, Victor; Szabó, Katherine (2011). "Foraging-farming transitions at the Niah Caves, Sarawak, Borneo". Antiquity. 85 (328): 492–509. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067909. S2CID 131187696.
- ^ Balbaligo, Yvette (15 November 2007). "A Brief Note on the 2007 Excavation at Ille Cave, Palawan, the Philippines". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 18 (2007): 161. doi:10.5334/pia.308.
- ^ Barton, Huw (2005). "The Case for Rainforest Foragers: The Starch Record at Niah Cave, Sarawak" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 44 (1): 56–72. doi:10.1353/asi.2005.0005. hdl:10125/17222. S2CID 11596542.
- ^ Barton, Huw; Denham, Timothy (2011). "Prehistoric vegeculture and social life in Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia" (PDF). In Barker, Grame; Janowski, Monica (eds.). Why cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological Approaches to Foraging–Farming Transitions in Southeast Asia. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 61–74. ISBN 9781902937588.
- ^ Reynolds, Tim; Barker, Graeme; Barton, Huw; Cranbrook, Gathorne; Hunt, Chris; Kealhofer, Lisa; Paz, Victor; Pike, Alasdair; Piper, Philip; Rabett, Ryan; Rushworth, Gary; Stimpson, Christopher; Szabó, Katherine (2013). "The First Modern Humans at Niah, c. 50,000–35,000 Years Ago" (PDF). In Barker, Graeme (ed.). Rainforest Foraging and Farming in Island Southeast Asia. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 133–170. ISBN 9781902937540.
- ^ a b Sutherlin, Margaret. "Everything You Need to Know About Ube, The Purple Yam". Chowhound. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ a b Kearns, Landess. "Ube Is The Natural Ingredient That Turns Food Perfectly Purple". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Bueno, Anna. "All hail ube, the culinary gem we took for granted". CNN Philippines. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Valdeavilla, Ronica. "Ube: The Philippine Purple Yam (More Popular Than Vanilla!)". culture trip. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Donut Shop in Gurnee Cranks Out Unique Freshly Made Donuts". ABC7 Chicago. November 11, 2016.
- ^ Degras, L. 1993. The Yam: A Tropical Root Crop. London, New York, and Wageningen
- ^ "Ube or Not Ube, That Is the Question…and Frieda's Is Answering". Frieda's. 17 April 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Ingredient Spotlight: Ube, the Purple Yams That Make Dessert". OneGreenPlanet. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ a b c "Wild yam". Drugs.com. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ^ Wanasundera JP, Ravindran G (1994). "Nutritional assessment of yam (Dioscorea alata) tubers". Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 46 (1): 33–9. doi:10.1007/BF01088459. PMID 7971785. S2CID 36080604.
- ^ Otegbayo, B. O.; Oguniyan, D. J.; Olunlade, B. A.; Oroniran, O. O.; Atobatele, O. E. (2017-11-01). "Characterizing genotypic variation in biochemical composition, anti-nutritional and mineral bioavailability of some Nigerian yam (Dioscorea spp.) land races". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 55 (1): 205–216. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2913-0. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 5756202. PMID 29358812.
- ^ Moriya C, Hosoya T, Agawa S, Sugiyama Y, Kozone I, Shin-Ya K (2015). "New acylated anthocyanins from purple yam and their antioxidant activity". Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 79 (9): 1484–92. doi:10.1080/09168451.2015.1027652. PMID 25848974. S2CID 11221328.
- ^ Li, Jinwei; Zhang, Lianfu; Liu, Yuanfa (2013). "Optimization of Extraction of Natural Pigment from Purple Sweet Potato by Response Surface Methodology and Its Stability". Journal of Chemistry. 2013: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2013/590512.
- ^
- Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 296, 参薯 shen shu, Dioscorea alata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753.
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- ^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dioscorea alata.
Wikispecies has information related to Dioscorea alata.
- "Dioscorea alata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 February 2006.
- Images from Forestry Images (webpages from the University of Georgia's Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health)