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Condensed the Logistics section, and renamed it to Chassis pools for better representation of the content. Added a few lines for clarity. Moved around the thumbnails to better distribute them.
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==Operation==
==Operation==
The use of chassis to haul containers over-the-road is known as [[drayage|drayage trucking]], and represents the roadway section of intermodal, which also includes rail transport using well or flat cars and overseas transport in ships or barges. Lifting a container onto a chassis is performed by a [[Reach stacker|crane]] and must ensure that the container's corner castings line up with the chassis’ [[twistlock]]s (pins). The container is locked to the chassis by twisting the pins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hildebrand |first1=Michael |last2=Noll |first2=Gregory |last3=Hand |first3= William |date=2018 |title=Intermodal Container Emergencies |location=Burlington, MA |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |page=69 |edition=2nd }}</ref> The length of a chassis determines which container it can accept (e.g., a 40-foot-long chassis only fits a 40-foot-long container), however some models are adjustable length.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muller |first=Gerhardt |date=1989 |title=Intermodal Freight Transportation |publisher=Eno Foundation for Transportation |page=113 }}</ref> [[File:HUA-171566-Afbeelding van de overslag van containers op de Container Terminal Amsterdam in de Westhaven te Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A port crane lifts a container from a ship to a chassis for road transport.]]
The use of chassis to haul containers over-the-road is known as [[drayage|drayage trucking]], and is a section of intermodal, which also includes rail transport of containers using well or flat cars and overseas transport in ships or barges. Like other intermodal equipment, chassis are equipped with [[twistlock]]s at each corner which allows a container (hoisted onto or off the chassis by a [[Reach stacker|crane]]), to be locked on for secure transport or unlocked to be lifted off.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hildebrand |first1=Michael |last2=Noll |first2=Gregory |last3=Hand |first3= William |date=2018 |title=Intermodal Container Emergencies |location=Burlington, MA |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |page=69 |edition=2nd }}</ref> The length of a chassis corresponds to which container size will fit (i.e., a 40-foot-long chassis fits a 40-foot-long container), but some models are adjustable length.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muller |first=Gerhardt |date=1989 |title=Intermodal Freight Transportation |publisher=Eno Foundation for Transportation |page=113 }}</ref> [[File:HUA-171566-Afbeelding van de overslag van containers op de Container Terminal Amsterdam in de Westhaven te Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A port crane lifts a container from a ship to a chassis for road transport.]]
[[File:Container lock----6001【 Pictures taken in Japan 】.jpg|thumb|200px|Twistlocks.]]
[[File:Container lock----6001【 Pictures taken in Japan 】.jpg|thumb|200px|Twistlocks.]]
[[Tractor unit|Semi-tractor trucks]] can hook up to chassis via the [[Fifth-wheel coupling|kingpin]]. When disconnected from a tractor, the chassis' landing gear can be cranked down to park it.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Containerisation International Year Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKseAQAAMAAJ |magazine=Containerisation International Year Book |location=London |publisher=National Magazine Company |date=1971 |access-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>
[[Tractor unit|Semi-tractor trucks]] hook up to chassis via the [[Fifth-wheel coupling|kingpin]]. When disconnected from a tractor, the chassis' landing gear can be cranked down to park it.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Containerisation International Year Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKseAQAAMAAJ |magazine=Containerisation International Year Book |location=London |publisher=National Magazine Company |date=1971 |access-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>


Portable [[Diesel generator|generators]], also called gensets, can be mounted (underslung) onto chassis. These gensets are used to power a [[refrigerated container]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Filina-Dawidowicz |first1=L. |last2=Santos |first2=T. |last3=Guedes Soares |first3=C. |editor-last1=Guedes Soares |editor-first1=C. |editor-last2=Santos |editor-first2=T. |date=2016 |section=Refrigerated cargo handling: Demand and requirements for Portuguese ports |title=Maritime Technology and Engineering 3 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |volume=1 |page=63 |isbn=978-1-138-03222-4}}</ref>
Portable [[Diesel generator|generators]], also called gensets, can be mounted (underslung) onto chassis. These gensets are used to power a [[refrigerated container]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Filina-Dawidowicz |first1=L. |last2=Santos |first2=T. |last3=Guedes Soares |first3=C. |editor-last1=Guedes Soares |editor-first1=C. |editor-last2=Santos |editor-first2=T. |date=2016 |section=Refrigerated cargo handling: Demand and requirements for Portuguese ports |title=Maritime Technology and Engineering 3 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |volume=1 |page=63 |isbn=978-1-138-03222-4}}</ref>


In the US, some chassis, especially 20-foot and 53-foot chassis, have sliding tandems. The tandems are pulled back for heavy containers to comply with federal [[Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula|bridge law]] weight restrictions.
The axle group on some chassis (especially 20-foot and 53-foot units) can be slid backwards or forwards to change the weight distribution of heavy containers, allowing safe operation and compliance with [[Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula|weight restrictions]].


An identification number is usually stenciled on chassis to keep track of each unit in a fleet. According to [[ISO 6346]], a chassis should have the letter "Z" at the end of its [[reporting mark]]. For example, ABC'''Z'''-123456 7 would mean the equipment is a chassis, specifically, number 1234567 in the fleet of company ABC.
An identification number is often stenciled on chassis to track each unit in a fleet. According to [[ISO 6346]], a chassis should have the letter "Z" at the end of its [[reporting mark]].
[[File:Skeleton container semi-trailer.jpg|thumb|200px|Chassis can be stacked to reduce parking space.]]
[[File:Skeleton container semi-trailer.jpg|thumb|200px|Chassis can be stacked to reduce parking space.]]
A variation is the tank container chassis, which are used for portable bulk liquid containers or [[ISO tank container|ISO tank containers]]. They are characteristically longer and have lower deck height then standard chassis, ideal for transporting constantly shifting payloads. These chassis can also be fitted with additional accessories including: lift kits to facilitate product discharge, hose tubes, and hi/lo kits to carry two empty tanks. The tank chassis has evolved over the years to accommodate greater payload weights. They come in tandem [[axle]], spread axle, tri-axle, and hi/lo combo configurations.
A variation is the tank container chassis, which are used for [[ISO tank container|ISO tank containers]]. They are characteristically longer and have lower deck height then standard chassis, ideal for transporting constantly shifting payloads. These chassis can also be fitted with additional accessories including: lift kits to facilitate product discharge, hose tubes, and hi/lo kits to carry two empty tanks. They come in tandem axle, spread axle, tri-axle, and hi/lo combo configurations.
[[File:Stacking Intermodal container in Port of Chittagong (14).jpg|thumb|200px|A truck hauling a bomb cart, which are used by [[Stevedore|dockworkers]] to shuttle containers within a [[Container port|port]]. They have side panels instead of twistlocks which allows [[Container crane|crane]] operators to quickly place containers on them to hasten the unloading process.]]
[[File:Stacking Intermodal container in Port of Chittagong (14).jpg|thumb|200px|A truck hauling a bomb cart, which are used by [[Stevedore|dockworkers]] to shuttle containers within a [[Container port|port]]. They have side panels instead of twistlocks which allows [[Container crane|crane]] operators to quickly place containers on them to hasten the unloading process.]]
==Chassis Pools==
==Chassis Pools==
[[File:View from RTD commuter train passing UP DIF during A-Line opening, 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bare container chassis parked at an intermodal facility.]]
[[File:View from RTD commuter train passing UP DIF during A-Line opening, 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bare container chassis parked at an intermodal facility.]]
Unlike other countries where chassis are mostly owned or long-term leased by trucking companies, in the United States most chassis are currently owned by a few leasing companies (pools) which rent out the equipment to truckers.<ref name="Chassis"/>{{rp|page=1|quote=Conventionally in the U.S., ocean carriers have supplied, owned, and incurred the responsibility for managing ocean container chassis. This is unlike other regions of the world where chassis are supplied largely by motor carriers and logistics companies.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocema.org/cpi.html |title=Changing U.S. Intermodal Chassis Operations |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=OCEMA |publisher= |access-date=January 8, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> When a trucker leaves or enters a facility with a pool chassis, an [[Electronic data interchange|EDI]] record is generated at the facility gate which identifies the trucking company and the chassis pool, and this allows the pool to invoice the appropriate trucking company for chassis usage. The steamship lines influence this system by offering a service called ″carrier haulage″ or ″store door delivery″, whereby they arrange the drayage of a customer’s container. The steamship line hires a local trucking company and pays the pool for the chassis usage. In order for a steamship line to lock in chassis prices for this ″carrier haulage″ service, they often contract with a particular chassis pool and require the truckers they hire to use that pool.<ref>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=U.S. Container Port Congestion & Related International Supply Chain Issues: Causes, Consequences & Challenges |url=https://www.fmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/PortForumReport_FINALwebAll.pdf |publisher=[[Federal Maritime Commission]] |access-date=December 29, 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|page=26|quote=When they sold chassis to the leasing companies, the ocean carriers negotiated contractual arrangements with the leasing companies acquiring those assets to ensure a continued supply of chassis. As a result of these commercial deals, ocean carriers began announcing to motor carriers that transportation of their marine containers must be on a chassis rented with the leasing company designated by the ocean carrier at rates already set in the purchase contract with the chassis leasing company.}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.joc.com/trucking-logistics/trucking-equipment/chassis-%E2%80%98utility%E2%80%99-model-proposed-ports-hubs_20190613.html |title=Chassis 'utility' model proposed for ports, hubs |last=Mongelluzzo |first=Bill |date=June 13, 2019 |website=[[JOC Group|JOC.com]] |access-date=December 30, 2020 |url-access=limited |quote='Carriers bought the chassis and gave them away for free to attract business,' Rooney said. Then, carriers went almost full circle by renting back the chassis from the equipment providers and offering them at discounted rates, once again to attract business, he said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.joc.com/trucking-logistics/us-truckers-shippers-frustrated-chassis-splits-shortages_20180530.html |title=US truckers, shippers frustrated with chassis splits, shortages |last=Ashe |first=Ari |date=May 30, 2018 |website=[[JOC Group|JOC.com]] |access-date=December 23, 2020 |url-access=limited |quote='in Memphis, we run a TRAC pool and then we contribute to the CCM pool. If we have assets devoted to the TRAC pool for the steamship line for an agreed upon rate, that’s the asset the motor carrier needs to use.'}}</ref> Some disadvantages of this system are that it can restrict truckers' choice of which chassis to use<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/news-insights/news/2016/01/hapag-lloyd-chassis-program-usa-chassis-provider-summary-janu_45854.html |title=Hapag-Lloyd Chassis Program – USA Chassis Provider Summary - January Update - Chassis Program Update |quote=In cases where Hapag-Lloyd is responsible for chassis usage, we will only accept usage from the above providers and pools. If these providers are not used, the trucker will be charged directly, regardless of the terms of chassis provision.}}</ref> (especially at facilities where containers are mounted onto chassis before the trucker arrives to pickup<ref>{{cite report |author=Fact Finding 28: The Memphis Supply Chain Innovation Team |title=A Single Gray Chassis Pool Fosters Fluid Commerce and Improves Supply Chain Velocity |url=https://www.fmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MemphisSupplyChainWhitepaper.pdf |page=2 |access-date=December 29, 2020 |quote=truckers do not have a choice on chassis provisioning when rail operators have a mounted operational procedure. Containers are available as a mounted unit; shippers and truckers must take the unit as tendered or wait in line for a flip fee to move that container onto another chassis.}}</ref>) and it can cause "chassis splits", which are when a container and its required chassis pool are in different locations.
Unlike other countries where chassis are mostly owned or long-term leased by trucking companies, in the United States most chassis are currently owned by a few leasing companies (pools) which rent out the equipment to truckers.<ref name="Chassis"/>{{rp|page=1|quote=Conventionally in the U.S., ocean carriers have supplied, owned, and incurred the responsibility for managing ocean container chassis. This is unlike other regions of the world where chassis are supplied largely by motor carriers and logistics companies.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocema.org/cpi.html |title=Changing U.S. Intermodal Chassis Operations |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=OCEMA |publisher= |access-date=January 8, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> When a trucker leaves or enters a facility with a pool chassis, an [[Electronic data interchange|EDI]] record is generated at the facility gate which identifies the trucking company and the chassis pool, and this allows the pool to invoice the appropriate trucking company for chassis usage. The system is influenced by the steamship lines and by the operation of container terminals. Firstly, containers are commonly stored on chassis as a single mounted unit at rail yards and depots–such terminals are known as "wheeled" facilities. Secondly, steamship lines offer a service called ″carrier haulage″ or ″store door delivery″, whereby they arrange the drayage of a customer’s container. The steamship line hires a local trucking company and pays the pool for the chassis usage.
As a result, steamship lines formed contractual agreements with the pools which entail that when a container is on-terminal it must be on a pool specified by the steamship line.<ref>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=U.S. Container Port Congestion & Related International Supply Chain Issues: Causes, Consequences & Challenges |url=https://www.fmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/PortForumReport_FINALwebAll.pdf |publisher=[[Federal Maritime Commission]] |access-date=December 29, 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|page=26|quote=When they sold chassis to the leasing companies, the ocean carriers negotiated contractual arrangements with the leasing companies acquiring those assets to ensure a continued supply of chassis. As a result of these commercial deals, ocean carriers began announcing to motor carriers that transportation of their marine containers must be on a chassis rented with the leasing company designated by the ocean carrier at rates already set in the purchase contract with the chassis leasing company.}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.joc.com/trucking-logistics/trucking-equipment/chassis-%E2%80%98utility%E2%80%99-model-proposed-ports-hubs_20190613.html |title=Chassis 'utility' model proposed for ports, hubs |last=Mongelluzzo |first=Bill |date=June 13, 2019 |website=[[JOC Group|JOC.com]] |access-date=December 30, 2020 |url-access=limited |quote='Carriers bought the chassis and gave them away for free to attract business,' Rooney said. Then, carriers went almost full circle by renting back the chassis from the equipment providers and offering them at discounted rates, once again to attract business, he said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.joc.com/trucking-logistics/us-truckers-shippers-frustrated-chassis-splits-shortages_20180530.html |title=US truckers, shippers frustrated with chassis splits, shortages |last=Ashe |first=Ari |date=May 30, 2018 |website=[[JOC Group|JOC.com]] |access-date=December 23, 2020 |url-access=limited |quote='in Memphis, we run a TRAC pool and then we contribute to the CCM pool. If we have assets devoted to the TRAC pool for the steamship line for an agreed upon rate, that’s the asset the motor carrier needs to use.'}}</ref> This means that at wheeled facilities, containers are mounted onto chassis selected by the steamship line before the trucker arrives to pickup.<ref>{{cite report |author=Fact Finding 28: The Memphis Supply Chain Innovation Team |title=A Single Gray Chassis Pool Fosters Fluid Commerce and Improves Supply Chain Velocity |url=https://www.fmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MemphisSupplyChainWhitepaper.pdf |page=2 |access-date=December 29, 2020 |quote=truckers do not have a choice on chassis provisioning when rail operators have a mounted operational procedure. Containers are available as a mounted unit; shippers and truckers must take the unit as tendered or wait in line for a flip fee to move that container onto another chassis.}}</ref> Some disadvantages of this system are that it can restrict truckers' choice of which chassis to use<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/news-insights/news/2016/01/hapag-lloyd-chassis-program-usa-chassis-provider-summary-janu_45854.html |title=Hapag-Lloyd Chassis Program – USA Chassis Provider Summary - January Update - Chassis Program Update |quote=In cases where Hapag-Lloyd is responsible for chassis usage, we will only accept usage from the above providers and pools. If these providers are not used, the trucker will be charged directly, regardless of the terms of chassis provision.}}</ref> and it can cause "chassis splits", which are when a container and its required chassis pool are in different locations.


==Shortages==
==Shortages==

Revision as of 00:35, 12 November 2023

For other uses, see Undercarriage (disambiguation).
A semi-tractor hauling a bare chassis.

A container chassis, also called intermodal chassis or skeletal trailer, is a type of semi-trailer designed to securely carry an intermodal container. Chassis are used by truckers to deliver containers between ports, railyards, container depots, and shipper facilities,[1]: 2–3  and are thus a key part of the intermodal supply chain.

Operation

The use of chassis to haul containers over-the-road is known as drayage trucking, and is a section of intermodal, which also includes rail transport of containers using well or flat cars and overseas transport in ships or barges. Like other intermodal equipment, chassis are equipped with twistlocks at each corner which allows a container (hoisted onto or off the chassis by a crane), to be locked on for secure transport or unlocked to be lifted off.[2] The length of a chassis corresponds to which container size will fit (i.e., a 40-foot-long chassis fits a 40-foot-long container), but some models are adjustable length.[3]

A port crane lifts a container from a ship to a chassis for road transport.
Twistlocks.

Semi-tractor trucks hook up to chassis via the kingpin. When disconnected from a tractor, the chassis' landing gear can be cranked down to park it.[4]

Portable generators, also called gensets, can be mounted (underslung) onto chassis. These gensets are used to power a refrigerated container.[5]

The axle group on some chassis (especially 20-foot and 53-foot units) can be slid backwards or forwards to change the weight distribution of heavy containers, allowing safe operation and compliance with weight restrictions.

An identification number is often stenciled on chassis to track each unit in a fleet. According to ISO 6346, a chassis should have the letter "Z" at the end of its reporting mark.

Chassis can be stacked to reduce parking space.

A variation is the tank container chassis, which are used for ISO tank containers. They are characteristically longer and have lower deck height then standard chassis, ideal for transporting constantly shifting payloads. These chassis can also be fitted with additional accessories including: lift kits to facilitate product discharge, hose tubes, and hi/lo kits to carry two empty tanks. They come in tandem axle, spread axle, tri-axle, and hi/lo combo configurations.

A truck hauling a bomb cart, which are used by dockworkers to shuttle containers within a port. They have side panels instead of twistlocks which allows crane operators to quickly place containers on them to hasten the unloading process.

Chassis Pools

Bare container chassis parked at an intermodal facility.

Unlike other countries where chassis are mostly owned or long-term leased by trucking companies, in the United States most chassis are currently owned by a few leasing companies (pools) which rent out the equipment to truckers.[1]: 1 [6] When a trucker leaves or enters a facility with a pool chassis, an EDI record is generated at the facility gate which identifies the trucking company and the chassis pool, and this allows the pool to invoice the appropriate trucking company for chassis usage. The system is influenced by the steamship lines and by the operation of container terminals. Firstly, containers are commonly stored on chassis as a single mounted unit at rail yards and depots–such terminals are known as "wheeled" facilities. Secondly, steamship lines offer a service called ″carrier haulage″ or ″store door delivery″, whereby they arrange the drayage of a customer’s container. The steamship line hires a local trucking company and pays the pool for the chassis usage.

As a result, steamship lines formed contractual agreements with the pools which entail that when a container is on-terminal it must be on a pool specified by the steamship line.[7]: 26 [8][9] This means that at wheeled facilities, containers are mounted onto chassis selected by the steamship line before the trucker arrives to pickup.[10] Some disadvantages of this system are that it can restrict truckers' choice of which chassis to use[11] and it can cause "chassis splits", which are when a container and its required chassis pool are in different locations.

Shortages

In the United States, container chassis shortages are a chronic problem, especially during peaks in container volume.[12] There are several causes of chassis shortages, but a common problem is excessive off-terminal dwell time. Off-terminal dwell time is the length of time a shipper keeps a chassis/container at their premises. Long dwell times mean less free chassis on-site at ports and rail ramps.[13][14]

An APL 20-foot container and chassis at a loading dock.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2012). Guidebook for Assessing Evolving International Container Chassis Supply Models. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/22682. ISBN 978-0-309-25863-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Hildebrand, Michael; Noll, Gregory; Hand, William (2018). Intermodal Container Emergencies (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 69.
  3. ^ Muller, Gerhardt (1989). Intermodal Freight Transportation. Eno Foundation for Transportation. p. 113.
  4. ^ "Containerisation International Year Book". Containerisation International Year Book. London: National Magazine Company. 1971. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  5. ^ Filina-Dawidowicz, L.; Santos, T.; Guedes Soares, C. (2016). "Refrigerated cargo handling: Demand and requirements for Portuguese ports". In Guedes Soares, C.; Santos, T. (eds.). Maritime Technology and Engineering 3. Vol. 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-138-03222-4.
  6. ^ "Changing U.S. Intermodal Chassis Operations". OCEMA. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  7. ^ U.S. Container Port Congestion & Related International Supply Chain Issues: Causes, Consequences & Challenges (PDF) (Report). Federal Maritime Commission. July 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  8. ^ Mongelluzzo, Bill (June 13, 2019). "Chassis 'utility' model proposed for ports, hubs". JOC.com. Retrieved December 30, 2020. 'Carriers bought the chassis and gave them away for free to attract business,' Rooney said. Then, carriers went almost full circle by renting back the chassis from the equipment providers and offering them at discounted rates, once again to attract business, he said.
  9. ^ Ashe, Ari (May 30, 2018). "US truckers, shippers frustrated with chassis splits, shortages". JOC.com. Retrieved December 23, 2020. 'in Memphis, we run a TRAC pool and then we contribute to the CCM pool. If we have assets devoted to the TRAC pool for the steamship line for an agreed upon rate, that's the asset the motor carrier needs to use.'
  10. ^ Fact Finding 28: The Memphis Supply Chain Innovation Team. A Single Gray Chassis Pool Fosters Fluid Commerce and Improves Supply Chain Velocity (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved December 29, 2020. truckers do not have a choice on chassis provisioning when rail operators have a mounted operational procedure. Containers are available as a mounted unit; shippers and truckers must take the unit as tendered or wait in line for a flip fee to move that container onto another chassis.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Hapag-Lloyd Chassis Program – USA Chassis Provider Summary - January Update - Chassis Program Update". In cases where Hapag-Lloyd is responsible for chassis usage, we will only accept usage from the above providers and pools. If these providers are not used, the trucker will be charged directly, regardless of the terms of chassis provision.
  12. ^ "Long tail of US chassis shortage snaps shippers". JOC.com. January 22, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2020. The container chassis shortage ranks with the truck driver shortage as a perennial issue that returns to disrupt supply chains whenever freight demand surges.
  13. ^ Ozkan, Utku (October 9, 2020). "WHY THERE IS A CHASSIS SHORTAGE AT THE PORTS OF LOS ANGELES AND LONG BEACH". More Than Shipping. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  14. ^ Mongelluzzo, Bill (July 23, 2020). "Chassis equipment issues reemerge at LA–LB port complex". JOC.com. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
Further reading
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