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|July 28, 1914
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|{{Flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{Efn|''De facto'' dissolved on [[Aster Revolution|October 31, 1918]], being replaced with the [[Republic of German-Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary]].}}
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|{{Flag|Kingdom of Serbia|name=Serbia}}
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|August 1, 1914
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| rowspan="4" |{{Flag|German Empire}}
| rowspan="4" |{{Flag|German Empire}}{{Efn|Also includes the [[Weimar Republic]], which was ''de facto'' established on November 10, 1918, after the [[abdication of Wilhelm II]].}}
|{{Flag|Russian Empire}}{{Efn|Including the protectorates of the [[Uryankhay Krai]] (modern day [[Tuva]]), [[Emirate of Bukhara]], and the [[Khanate of Khiva]].}}
|{{Flag|Russian Empire}}{{Efn|Including the protectorates of the [[Uryankhay Krai]] (modern day [[Tuva]]), [[Emirate of Bukhara]], and the [[Khanate of Khiva]].}}
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|November 10, 1918
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}}
|{{Plainlist|* {{Flag|Weimar Republic}}
* {{Flag|Republic of German-Austria|name=German-Austria}}
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Hungary|name=Hungary}}
* {{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria}}}}
|W
|Re-declared war after the [[abdication of Wilhelm II]], and one day before the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]]
|[[Second Romanian campaign of World War I|Declaration]]
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferro |first=Marc |title=The Great War, 1914–1918 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=9780415267359 |page=121}}</ref>
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Revision as of 11:00, 16 March 2024

Key to type (fourth column):
A Attack without prior, formal declaration of war;
S Severing of diplomatic relations without a formal declaration of war;
U State of war arrived at through use of ultimatum;
V Volunteers sent out without a formal declaration of war;
W Formal declaration of war made.
Date Initiator nation(s) Targeted nation(s) Type Notes/comments Document/event Reference
July 28, 1914  Austria-Hungary[a]  Serbia W The Bombing of Belgrade, and by extension the first military action of the war, began at midnight on July 28 and 29.[1] Declaration [2]
August 1, 1914  German Empire[b]  Russian Empire[c] W Declaration [3]
August 2, 1914  Luxembourg A Invasion started 3 p.m. CET. While Luxembourg never officially declared war, it participated in the Treaty of Versailles. Invasion [4]
August 3, 1914  France[d] W Declaration [3]
August 4, 1914  Belgium U Invasion [5]
 British Empire[e]  German Empire U Ultimatum expired at 11 p.m. GMT, and 12 a.m. CET on August 5.[6] Declaration [7]
August 6, 1914  Montenegro  Austria-Hungary W Declaration [8]
 Austria-Hungary  Russian Empire W
August 8, 1914
 German Empire W
August 12, 1914
 Austria-Hungary W
August 23, 1914  Japan  German Empire U Ultimatum sent by Germany on August 15, but when unanswered by the government. Declaration [9]
August 25, 1914  Austria-Hungary W [10]
August 28, 1914  Austria-Hungary  Belgium W
October 29, 1914  Ottoman Empire  Russian Empire A Attacks against Russian ports by German admiral Wilhelm Souchon. Attacks [11]
November 1, 1914  Russian Empire  Ottoman Empire W [12]
November 5, 1914
W [13]
W [13]
November 11, 1914  Ottoman Empire
W Read out on November 14 as a jihad against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except the Central Powers." Declaration [14]
December 2, 1914  Serbia  Ottoman Empire W
December 3, 1914  Montenegro W
December 5, 1914  Japan W
June 3, 1915  San Marino  Austria-Hungary W Despite declaring war, the nation sent very few volunteer forces, nor did it participate in any peace treaties.[15] [16][17]
September 21, 1917  Costa Rica  German Empire S [18]
December 7, 1917  Ecuador S Did not declare war, but was present at the Treaty of Versailles. [19]
 United States  Austria-Hungary W Declaration [20]
December 10, 1917  Panama W Of the Central American nations, Panama was the only one to quickly follow the U.S. in declaring war on Austria-Hungary. [21]
May 6, 1918  Nicaragua W Nicaragua was the only other Central American nation to declare war on both Germany and Austria-Hungary. [22]
 German Empire W
May 23, 1918  Costa Rica W [23]
July 12, 1918  Haiti W
July 19, 1918  Honduras W
November 10, 1918  Romania
W Re-declared war after the abdication of Wilhelm II, and one day before the Armistice of 11 November 1918 Declaration [24]

Notes

  1. ^ De facto dissolved on October 31, 1918, being replaced with the Republic of German-Austria and Kingdom of Hungary.
  2. ^ Also includes the Weimar Republic, which was de facto established on November 10, 1918, after the abdication of Wilhelm II.
  3. ^ Including the protectorates of the Uryankhay Krai (modern day Tuva), Emirate of Bukhara, and the Khanate of Khiva.
  4. ^ Including all colonies, Morocco and Tunisia
  5. ^ Including the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and all colonies and protectorates.

References

  1. ^ Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). The First World War: and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. Translated by Güttel-Bellert, Anna; Kay, Alex. Böhlau Wien. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-3-205-79370-0.
  2. ^ Joseph, Franz (July 29, 1914). "Kriegserklärung Österreichs an Serbien" [Austria declares war on Serbia]. Wiener Zeitung (in German). No. 175. Government of Austria-Hungary. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Declaration of War by Germany on Russia (Saturday, August 1, at7.10 P.M.); and on France (Monday, August 3, at 6.45 P.M.)". The American Journal of International Law. 9 (2): 260–302. 1915. doi:10.2307/2212042. ISSN 0002-9300.
  4. ^ Otte, Thomas (2014). July Crisis: The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914. Cambridge University. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-1070-6490-4.
  5. ^ Skinner, Henry; Stacke, Harry (1922). "History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence". Principal Events 1914–1918. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. OCLC 17673086.
  6. ^ Churchill, Winston S. (1938). "X: The Mobiliization of the Navy". The World Crisis 1911-1918. Vol. 1. Odhams Press. p. 186.
  7. ^ "Violation of Belgian Neutrality". Government of the United Kingdom. August 4, 1914. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  8. ^ Rappaport, Alfred (1929). "Die Mobilmachung Montenegros im Sommer 1914" [The Mobilization of Montenegro in the Summer of 1914]. Berliner Monatshefte (in German). pp. 941–966.
  9. ^ 宣戦の詔書 [Imperial Rescript on Declaration of War] (PDF) (in Japanese). Library of Congress. August 23, 1914. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  10. ^ Mizokami, Kyle (July 26, 2014). "Japan's baptism of fire: World War I put country on a collision course with West". The Japan Times. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  11. ^ Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 978-1902886114.
  12. ^ McMeekin, Sean (June 5, 2013). The Russian Origins of the First World War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674072336. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Vasquez, John A. (November 19, 2018). Contagion and War: Lessons from the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108417044.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ^ Lüdke, Tilman (December 17, 2018). "Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)". 1914-1918-online. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  15. ^ "World Wars and Fascism in San Marino". SanMarinoSite.com. April 10, 2014. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  16. ^ "International law documents, neutrality, breaking of diplomatic relations, war, with notes 1917". Naval War College. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  17. ^ "TINY SAN MARINO AT WAR WITH AUSTRIA; Republic Surrounded by Italian Territory Has are Army of About 1,000 Men". The New York Times. June 4, 1915. p. 3. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  18. ^ Lansing (September 21, 1917). "The Secretary of State to the Chargé in Costa Rica ( Johnson)". Government of the United States. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  19. ^ "Ecuador Severs Relations with Germany". The New Zealand Herald. New Zealand Media and Entertainment. December 11, 1917. p. 5. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  20. ^ Elsea, Jennifer (April 18, 2014). "Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  21. ^ Price (December 10, 1917). "The Minister in Panama ( Price ) to the Secretary of State". Government of the United States. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  22. ^ "Nicaragua Declares War on Germany and Her Allies". The New York Times. May 8, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  23. ^ Cuatro, Pagina (May 24, 1918). "Se Proclama el Estado de Guerra Entre Costa Rica y el Imperio Aleman" [State of war Declared Between Costa Rica and the German Empire]. La Información (in Spanish). p. 4.
  24. ^ Ferro, Marc (2002). The Great War, 1914–1918. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9780415267359.
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