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The fictional portrayal of the Solar System has often included planets, moons, and other celestial objects which do not actually exist. Some of these objects were, at one time, seriously considered as hypothetical planets which were either thought to have been observed, or were hypothesized to be orbiting the Sun in order to explain certain celestial phenomena. Often such objects continued to be used in literature long after the hypotheses upon which they were based had been abandoned.

Other non-existent Solar System objects used in fiction have been proposed or hypothesized by persons with no scientific standing; yet others are purely fictional and were never intended as serious hypotheses about the structure of the Solar System.

Vulcan

Anomalies in Mercury's orbit around the Sun led Urbain Le Verrier to propose the existence of an unseen planet with an orbit interior to Mercury's exerting gravitational influence in 1859, similar to how irregularities in Uranus' orbit had led to his discovery of Neptune in 1846. This hypothesized planet was dubbed "Vulcan", and featured in several works of fiction including the 1932 short story "The Hell Planet" by Leslie F. Stone where it is mined for resources, the 1936 short story "At the Center of Gravity" by Ross Rocklynne where its hollow interior is visited, and the 1942 short story "Child of the Sun" by Leigh Brackett where it is inhabited by intelligent life. Mercury's orbital anomalies are now understood to be caused by the effects of general relativity.^[1]^[2]^[3] In science fiction, the name has since come to be more associated with the extrasolar planet Vulcan in the Star Trek franchise.^[1]^[3]

Counter-Earth

Refer to caption — Schematic diagram of the shared orbit of Earth and the fictional Counter-Earth (Gor). The two planets are always hidden from each other's view by the Sun. In reality, this orbital arrangement would not be stable.^[4]^[5]

The most popular hypothetical planet in fiction is Counter-Earth—a planet diametrically opposite Earth in its orbit around the Sun.^[6] The underlying concept was originally proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Philolaus in the fifth century BCE, working in a pre-heliocentric framework where the Earth, Sun, and Counter-Earth (called Antichthon) all revolve around a "Central Fire" and Counter-Earth is perpetually hidden from Earth's view.^[4]^[5] The position of Counter-Earth on the other side of the Sun corresponds to the Sun–Earth L₃ Lagrange point.^[4] In reality, the two planets would not remain hidden from each other as the gravitational influence from other planets would perturb their orbits, altering their relative positions.^[4]^[5] Conversely, Counter-Earth would reveal its existence indirectly by exerting gravitational influence on other celestial bodies.^[5]

Counter-Earth is variously depicted as very similar to Earth or very different,^[7] and often employed as a vehicle for satire.^[6] Its earliest appearance in fiction may be D. L. Stump [Wikidata]'s 1896 novel From World to World (later expanded into the 1913 novel The Love of Meltha Laone).^[4]^[6] In Paul Capon's 1950 novel The Other Side of the Sun and its sequels in the Antigeos trilogy, there are two societies on Antigeos—one of which is utopian—separated by extreme tides caused by the planet's moons.^[4]^[6]^[8] The Doctor Who villains Cybermen, first introduced in the 1966 serial "The Tenth Planet", originate from a Counter-Earth known as Mondas.^[4]^[5]^[8] John Norman's Gor series, starting with the 1966 novel Tarnsman of Gor, uses the titular planet as the setting for planetary romance stories.^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Counter-Earth being inhabited by counterparts of the people of Earth is a recurring theme.^[4]^[8] In Edison Marshall's 1916 short story "Who Is Charles Avison?", the two versions of the title character depart from their respective planets by spaceship but inadvertently both return to the same one.^[6]^[7] In Edgar Wallace's 1929 novel Planetoid 127, both individuals and events are identical between the two worlds, though with a slight and variable time difference in either direction that enables the inhabitants to gain foreknowledge by communicating with the other planet.^[4]^[8] In Ben Barzman's 1960 novel Out of This World (a.k.a. Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star; a.k.a. Echo X), Counter-Earth hosts an alternate history where World War II never happened.^[4]^[8] The 1952-1963 comic strip Twin Earths involves visitors from a scientifically-advanced and matriarchal Counter-Earth. In the 1969 film Doppelgänger (a.k.a. Journey to the Far Side of the Sun), Counter-Earth is the mirror reflection of Earth, but is otherwise identical.^[4]^[5]^[8] The theme also resurfaced decades later in the 2011 film Another Earth.^[8]^[9]

Variations on the concept have also appeared.^[4] Extrasolar examples of planets on opposite sides in the same orbit around their star appear in the 1976 episode "The Last Enemy" of the television show Space: 1999, where one planet has an all-female population and the other an all-male one, and the two planets are at war;^[5]^[8] and Malcolm MacCloud [Wikidata]'s 1981 novel A Gift of Mirrorvax.^[4] A planet hidden on the other side of the Moon, rather than Sun, appears in Paul Ernst's 1931 short story "The World Behind the Moon" and W. J. Passingham's 1938 short story likewise titled "The World Behind the Moon".^[4] The Mars equivalent, Counter-Mars, also appears occasionally.^[10]

Phaëton

How might it be if Ceres and Pallas were just a pair of fragments, or portions of a once greater planet which at one time occupied its proper place between Mars and Jupiter, and was in size more analogous to the other planets, and perhaps millions of years ago, had, either through the impact of a comet, or from an internal explosion, burst into pieces?

Letter from Heinrich Olbers to William Herschel, May 17, 1802^[11]

A now-superseded theory for the existence of the asteroid belt posited that it consisted of the remnants of a planet predicted by the Titius–Bode law to exist between Mars and Jupiter, which had somehow been destroyed.^[12]^[13]^[14] The idea was originally proposed by German astronomer Heinrich Olbers, who discovered the asteroids Pallas and Vesta in 1802 and 1807, respectively.^[12]^[13]^[15]^[16] In astronomy, this hypothetical former fifth planet is known as Phaëton;^[16] in science fiction, it is often called "Bodia" after Johann Elert Bode.^[14]^[10] An early science fiction work that mentions this theory for the origin of the asteroids was Robert Cromie's 1895 novel The Crack of Doom, which describes the release of energy stored in atomic nuclei a few thousand years ago as the culprit.^[12]^[14]^[17]

By the pulp era of science fiction, Bodia was a recurring theme. In these stories, it is typically similar to Earth and inhabited by humans, often an advanced line of humans who are occasionally the ancestors of the humans on Earth.^[13]^[10]^[18]^[19] Interplanetary warfare with Mars causes the destruction of Bodia—and indirectly, the end of civilization on Mars—in Harl Vincent's 1930 short story "Before the Asteroids".^[14]^[20] An internal disaster resulting in the explosion of the planetary core is responsible in John Francis Kalland's 1932 short story "The Sages of Eros".^[13]^[21] In Leslie F. Stone's 1934 short story "The Rape of the Solar System," war with Mars over the colonization of then-uninhabited Earth results both in the partial destruction of Bodia, thus creating the asteroids, and the displacement of the largest fragment to a much wider orbit to create Pluto, while the settlers on Earth eventually become humanity.^[14]^[22]

Following the invention of the atomic bomb in 1945, stories of this planetary destruction became increasingly common, encouraged by the advent of a plausible-seeming means of disintegration.^[6] Robert A. Heinlein's 1948 novel Space Cadet thus states that the fifth planet was destroyed as a result of nuclear war, and in Ray Bradbury's 1948 short story "Asleep in Armageddon" (a.k.a. "Perchance to Dream"), the ghosts of the planet's former warring factions infect the mind of an astronaut stranded on an asteroid.^[12]^[14]^[23] Several works of the 1950s reused the idea to warn of the dangers of nuclear weapons, including Lord Dunsany's 1954 Joseph Jorkens short story "The Gods of Clay" and James Blish's 1957 novel The Frozen Year (a.k.a. Fallen Star).^[12]^[14]^[15] In Jack Williamson's 1942–1949 Seetee series, the planet "Adonis" is destroyed in a collision with a rogue planet made of antimatter, ^[24]^[25] while in Theodore Cogswell's 1955 short story "Test Area", the destruction results from a nuclear test conducted by the inhabitants of Mars; in Heinlein's 1951 novel Between Planets, the technology that caused the destruction has been lost to time.^[26] The planet is also destroyed by Martians in Heinlein's 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land, although deliberately and via supernatural powers.^[26]^[27]^[28] In James P. Hogan's 1977 Velikovskian novel Inherit the Stars, the first of the Giants series, the very Earth-like "Minerva" is destroyed about fifty thousand years ago in a war fought with antimatter-based energy weapons.^[29]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[30]

In Raymond Z. Gallun's 1950 short story "A Step Farther Out", valuables from the destroyed civilization are recovered,^[31] while in Harry Harrison's 1969 novel Plague Ship, an ancient virus is found in the asteroid remnants.^[32] Paul Preuss's 1985 short story "Small Bodies", where fossils are found on an asteroid, is a late example of the destroyed planet theme;^[23]^[33] it has otherwise largely been relegated to deliberately retro works such as the 1989 tabletop role-playing game Space: 1889.^[34] A variation on the theme appears in Clifford D. Simak's 1973 short story "Construction Shack", where the asteroids are leftover material originally intended for the construction of a fifth planet.^[12]

Trans-Neptunian planets

Planets beyond the orbit of Neptune (or even Pluto) appear in several works of science fiction.^[6]^[35]^[36] The most common name for this hypothetical ninth (or tenth, if Pluto is counted) planet is "Persephone".^[35]

Elsewhere in the Solar System

Science fiction bibliographers E. F. Bleiler and Richard Bleiler, in the 1998 reference work Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years, list various imaginary constituents of the pre-modern "science-fiction Solar System". Among these are planets between Venus and Earth, planets on the inside of a hollow Earth, and a planet "behind the Earth".^[10]

Rogue planets

A rogue planet colliding with Earth is a recurring motif in apocalyptic fiction.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Mercury". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 443. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
^ Gillett, Stephen L. (2005). "Mercury". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
^ ^a ^b Westfahl, Gary (2019). "Vulcan". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2021-11-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Langford, David (2022). "Counter-Earth". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-04-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bloom, Steven D. (2016). "Mirror Universes and Reversed Time Universes". The Physics and Astronomy of Science Fiction: Understanding Interstellar Travel, Teleportation, Time Travel, Alien Life and Other Genre Fixtures. McFarland. pp. 104–106. ISBN 978-0-7864-7053-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Stableford, Brian (2006). "Planet". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 374–376. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ash, Brian, ed. (1977). "Future and Alternative Histories". The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. p. 122. ISBN 0-517-53174-7. OCLC 2984418.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Stanway, Elizabeth (2023-09-24). "Counterweight Worlds". Warwick University. Cosmic Stories Blog. Archived from the original on 2024-03-26. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
^ Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Parallel Worlds". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "The Science-Fiction Solar System". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
^ Murdin, Paul (2016). "Pallas: A Second New Planet". Rock Legends: The Asteroids and Their Discoverers. Springer. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-319-31836-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2023). "Asteroids". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-10-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stableford, Brian (2006). "Asteroid". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Asteroids". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
^ ^a ^b Hampton, Steven (Summer 2000). Lee, Tony (ed.). "Momentos of Creation: Asteroids & Comets in SF". The Planets Project: A Science Fictional Tour of the Solar System. The Zone. No. 9. pp. 6–7. ISSN 1351-5217.
^ ^a ^b Caryad; Römer, Thomas; Zingsem, Vera (2014). "Steine vom Himmel – und eine Lücke im Sonnensystem" [Rocks from the Sky – and a Gap in the Solar System]. Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie [Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology] (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 162–164. ISBN 978-3-642-55343-1.
^ Clute, John (2022). "Cromie, Robert". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-02-18.
^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Introduction". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3. The "science" in science-fiction of the Gernsback period was not wholly borrowed from the outside world. Some concepts were created on a mythical level. [...] Particularly interesting is the establishment of "Bodia" (according to one cosmology of the day, a former fifth planet whose destruction formed the asteroids) as the ultimate origin of mankind and possessor of a supercivilization.
^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Motif and Theme Index". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. pp. 627–628. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3. Bode's Fifth Planet, "Bodia." (A hypothetical planet between Mars and Jupiter that broke up to form the asteroid belt. It is usually fictionally considered as Earth-like, with a human population.)
^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Vincent, Harl". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. pp. 455–456. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Kalland, John Francis". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Stone, Leslie F.". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
^ ^a ^b Gillett, Stephen L. (2005). "Comets and Asteroids". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
^ "Astounding, April 1949".
^ Ash, Brian, ed. (1977). "Technologies and Artefacts". The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-517-53174-7. OCLC 2984418.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2023). "Asteroids". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-10-06.
^ ^a ^b Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Asteroids". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
^ ^a ^b Caryad; Römer, Thomas; Zingsem, Vera (2014). "Science vs. Fiction: der ganz andere Asteroidengürtel aus Roman und Film" [Science vs. Fiction: The Entirely Different Asteroid Belt from Novel and Film]. Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie [Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology] (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 170–172. ISBN 978-3-642-55343-1.
^ "Inherit the Stars". Del Rey. Retrieved 21 Apr 2024.
^ Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2021). "Moon". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-03-09.
^ Ash, Brian, ed. (1977). "Technologies and Artefacts". The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-517-53174-7. OCLC 2984418.
^ Ash, Brian, ed. (1977). "Exploration and Colonies". The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. p. 82. ISBN 0-517-53174-7. OCLC 2984418.
^ Fraknoi, Andrew (January 2024). "Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index" (PDF). Astronomical Society of the Pacific (7.3 ed.). pp. 2, 7–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
^ Caryad; Römer, Thomas; Zingsem, Vera (2014). "Science vs. Fiction: der ganz andere Asteroidengürtel aus Roman und Film" [Science vs. Fiction: The Entirely Different Asteroid Belt from Novel and Film]. Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie [Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology] (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 170–172. ISBN 978-3-642-55343-1.
^ ^a ^b Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Outer Planets". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 485–487. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
^ Langford, David; Stableford, Brian (2021). "Outer Planets". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-03-20.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Counter-Earth is variously depicted as very similar to Earth or very different,<ref name="VisualEncyclopediaFutureAndAlternativeHistories">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=122 |chapter=Future and Alternative Histories |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/122/mode/2up}}</ref> and often employed as a vehicle for [[satire]].<ref name="StablefordPlanet" /> Its earliest appearance in fiction may be {{Interlanguage link|D. L. Stump|WD=Q122058110}}'s 1896 novel ''[[From World to World]]'' (later expanded into the 1913 novel ''[[The Love of Meltha Laone]]'').<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StablefordPlanet" /> In [[Paul Capon]]'s 1950 novel [[The Other Side of the Sun (Capon novel)|''The Other Side of the Sun'']] and its sequels in the [[Antigeos trilogy|''Antigeos'' trilogy]], there are two societies on Antigeos—one of which is [[Utopian and dystopian fiction|utopian]]—separated by extreme tides caused by the planet's moons.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StablefordPlanet" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> The ''[[Doctor Who]]'' villains [[Cyberman|Cybermen]], first introduced in the 1966 [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] "[[The Tenth Planet]]", originate from a Counter-Earth known as Mondas.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="BloomMirrorUniversesAndReversedTimeUniverses" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> [[John Norman]]'s ''[[Gor]]'' series, starting with the 1966 novel ''[[Tarnsman of Gor]]'', uses the titular planet as the [[Setting (narrative)|setting]] for [[planetary romance]] stories.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StablefordPlanet" /><ref name="VisualEncyclopediaFutureAndAlternativeHistories" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" />
-Counter-Earth being inhabited by counterparts of the people of Earth is a recurring theme.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> In [[Edison Marshall]]'s 1916 short story "[[Who Is Charles Avison?]]", the two versions of the title character depart from their respective planets by spaceship but inadvertently both return to the same one.<ref name="StablefordPlanet" /><ref name="VisualEncyclopediaFutureAndAlternativeHistories" /> In [[Edgar Wallace]]'s 1929 novel ''[[Planetoid 127]]'', both individuals and events are identical between the two worlds, though with a slight and variable time difference in either direction that enables the inhabitants to gain foreknowledge by communicating with the other planet.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> In [[Ben Barzman]]'s 1960 novel ''[[Out of This World (Barzman novel)|Out of This World]]'' ({{Aka}} ''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star''; {{Aka}} ''Echo X''), Counter-Earth displays an [[alternate history]] where [[World War II]] never happened.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> In the 1969 film ''[[Doppelgänger (1969 film)|Doppelgänger]]'' ({{Aka}} ''Journey to the Far Side of the Sun''), Counter-Earth is the [[Chirality|mirror reflection]] of Earth, but is otherwise identical.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="BloomMirrorUniversesAndReversedTimeUniverses" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> The theme also resurfaced decades later in the 2011 film ''[[Another Earth]]''.<ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Westfahl |title=Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3 |pages=492 |language=en |chapter=Parallel Worlds |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA492}}</ref>
+Counter-Earth being inhabited by counterparts of the people of Earth is a recurring theme.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> In [[Edison Marshall]]'s 1916 short story "[[Who Is Charles Avison?]]", the two versions of the title character depart from their respective planets by spaceship but inadvertently both return to the same one.<ref name="StablefordPlanet" /><ref name="VisualEncyclopediaFutureAndAlternativeHistories" /> In [[Edgar Wallace]]'s 1929 novel ''[[Planetoid 127]]'', both individuals and events are identical between the two worlds, though with a slight and variable time difference in either direction that enables the inhabitants to gain foreknowledge by communicating with the other planet.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> In [[Ben Barzman]]'s 1960 novel ''[[Out of This World (Barzman novel)|Out of This World]]'' ({{Aka}} ''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star''; {{Aka}} ''Echo X''), Counter-Earth hosts an [[alternate history]] where [[World War II]] never happened.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> The 1952-1963 comic strip [[Twin Earths|''Twin Earths'']] involves visitors from a scientifically-advanced and matriarchal Counter-Earth. In the 1969 film ''[[Doppelgänger (1969 film)|Doppelgänger]]'' ({{Aka}} ''Journey to the Far Side of the Sun''), Counter-Earth is the [[Chirality|mirror reflection]] of Earth, but is otherwise identical.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /><ref name="BloomMirrorUniversesAndReversedTimeUniverses" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /> The theme also resurfaced decades later in the 2011 film ''[[Another Earth]]''.<ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Westfahl |title=Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3 |pages=492 |language=en |chapter=Parallel Worlds |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA492}}</ref>
 Variations on the concept have also appeared.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /> Extrasolar examples of planets on opposite sides in the same orbit around their star appear in the 1976 episode "[[The Last Enemy (Space: 1999)|The Last Enemy]]" of the television show ''[[Space: 1999]]'', where one planet has an all-female population and the other an all-male one, and the two planets are at war;<ref name="BloomMirrorUniversesAndReversedTimeUniverses" /><ref name="StanwayCounterweightWorlds">{{Cite web |last=Stanway |first=Elizabeth |author-link=<!-- No article at present (March 2024); Stanway is an astrophysicist at the University of Warwick who has been published in [[Foundation (journal)]], among others (see https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction) --> |date=2023-09-24 |title=Counterweight Worlds |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/counterweight_worlds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326225747/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/counterweight_worlds/ |archive-date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Warwick University]] |series=Cosmic Stories Blog}}</ref> and {{Interlanguage link|Malcolm MacCloud|WD=Q55749211}}'s 1981 novel ''[[A Gift of Mirrorvax]]''.<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /> A planet hidden on the other side of the [[Moon]], rather than Sun, appears in [[Paul Ernst (American writer)|Paul Ernst]]'s 1931 short story "[[The World Behind the Moon (Ernst short story)|The World Behind the Moon]]" and [[W. J. Passingham]]'s 1938 short story likewise titled "[[The World Behind the Moon (Passingham short story)|The World Behind the Moon]]".<ref name="SFECounterEarth" /> The Mars equivalent, Counter-Mars, also appears occasionally.<ref name="GernsbackYearsScienceFictionSolarSystem" />
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-A now-superseded theory to explain the existence of the [[asteroid belt]] that was popular in the 1800s was that it consists of the remnants of a planet predicted by the [[Titius–Bode law]] to exist between [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]] that had somehow been destroyed.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="StablefordAsteroid">{{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |title=[[Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia]] |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97460-8 |pages=40–41 |language=en |chapter=Asteroid |author-link=Brian Stableford |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA40}}</ref><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /> The idea was originally proposed by German astronomer [[Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers|Heinrich Olbers]], who discovered the asteroids [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] and [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] in 1802 and 1807, respectively.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="StablefordAsteroid" /><ref name="TheZoneMomentosOfCreation">{{Cite magazine |last=Hampton |first=Steven |date=Summer 2000 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Tony |editor-link=<!-- No article at present (June 2023); not the same as [[Tony Lee]] --> |title=Momentos of Creation: Asteroids & Comets in SF |department=The Planets Project: A Science Fictional Tour of the Solar System<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160818162252/http://www.zone-sf.com/planetsproject.html --> |magazine=[[The Zone (magazine)|The Zone]]<!-- Not the same as [[Zone (magazine)]] --> |pages=6–7 |issue=9 |issn=1351-5217}}</ref><ref name="WandererAmHimmelSteineVomHimmel" /> In astronomy, this hypothetical former fifth planet is known as [[Phaeton (hypothetical planet)|Phaëton]];<ref name="WandererAmHimmelSteineVomHimmel">{{Cite book |last1=Caryad |first1=<!-- None; mononymous --> |url= |title=Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |last3=Zingsem |first3=Vera |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-642-55343-1 |pages=162–164 |language=de |trans-title=Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology |chapter=Steine vom Himmel – und eine Lücke im Sonnensystem |trans-chapter=Rocks from the Sky – and a Gap in the Solar System |author-link2=<!-- No article at present (January 2023); editor for Phantastische Medien, Wikidata Q126753 --> |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref> in science fiction, it is often called "Bodia" after [[Johann Elert Bode]].<ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref name="GernsbackYearsScienceFictionSolarSystem">{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=539 |language=en |chapter=The Science-Fiction Solar System |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA539}}</ref> An [[early science fiction]] work that mentions this explanation for the origin of the asteroids is [[Robert Cromie]]'s 1895 novel ''[[The Crack of Doom]]'', which describes the release of energy stored in [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] a few thousand years ago as the culprit.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref name="SFERobertCromie">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Cromie, Robert |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/cromie_robert |access-date=2024-02-18 |edition=4th |author1-last=Clute |author1-first=John |author1-link=John Clute |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref>
+A now-superseded theory for the existence of the [[asteroid belt]] posited that it consisted of the remnants of a planet predicted by the [[Titius–Bode law]] to exist between [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]], which had somehow been destroyed.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="StablefordAsteroid">{{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |title=[[Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia]] |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97460-8 |pages=40–41 |language=en |chapter=Asteroid |author-link=Brian Stableford |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA40}}</ref><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /> The idea was originally proposed by German astronomer [[Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers|Heinrich Olbers]], who discovered the asteroids [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] and [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] in 1802 and 1807, respectively.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="StablefordAsteroid" /><ref name="TheZoneMomentosOfCreation">{{Cite magazine |last=Hampton |first=Steven |date=Summer 2000 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Tony |editor-link=<!-- No article at present (June 2023); not the same as [[Tony Lee]] --> |title=Momentos of Creation: Asteroids & Comets in SF |department=The Planets Project: A Science Fictional Tour of the Solar System<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160818162252/http://www.zone-sf.com/planetsproject.html --> |magazine=[[The Zone (magazine)|The Zone]]<!-- Not the same as [[Zone (magazine)]] --> |pages=6–7 |issue=9 |issn=1351-5217}}</ref><ref name="WandererAmHimmelSteineVomHimmel" /> In astronomy, this hypothetical former fifth planet is known as [[Phaeton (hypothetical planet)|Phaëton]];<ref name="WandererAmHimmelSteineVomHimmel">{{Cite book |last1=Caryad |first1=<!-- None; mononymous --> |url= |title=Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |last3=Zingsem |first3=Vera |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-642-55343-1 |pages=162–164 |language=de |trans-title=Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology |chapter=Steine vom Himmel – und eine Lücke im Sonnensystem |trans-chapter=Rocks from the Sky – and a Gap in the Solar System |author-link2=<!-- No article at present (January 2023); editor for Phantastische Medien, Wikidata Q126753 --> |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref> in science fiction, it is often called "Bodia" after [[Johann Elert Bode]].<ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref name="GernsbackYearsScienceFictionSolarSystem">{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=539 |language=en |chapter=The Science-Fiction Solar System |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA539}}</ref> An [[early science fiction]] work that mentions this theory for the origin of the asteroids was [[Robert Cromie]]'s 1895 novel ''[[The Crack of Doom]]'', which describes the release of energy stored in [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] a few thousand years ago as the culprit.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref name="SFERobertCromie">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Cromie, Robert |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/cromie_robert |access-date=2024-02-18 |edition=4th |author1-last=Clute |author1-first=John |author1-link=John Clute |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref>
-By the [[pulp era]] of science fiction, Bodia was a recurring theme. In these stories it is typically [[Earth analog|similar to Earth]] and inhabited by humans, often advanced humans and occasionally the ancestors of humans on Earth.<ref name="StablefordAsteroid" /><ref name="GernsbackYearsScienceFictionSolarSystem" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=xvii |language=en |chapter=Introduction |quote=The "science" in science-fiction of the Gernsback period was not wholly borrowed from the outside world. Some concepts were created on a mythical level. [...] Particularly interesting is the establishment of "Bodia" (according to one cosmology of the day, a former fifth planet whose destruction formed the asteroids) as the ultimate origin of mankind and possessor of a supercivilization. |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PR17}}</ref><ref name="GernsbackYearsMotifAndThemeIndex">{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=627–628 |language=en |chapter=Motif and Theme Index |quote=Bode's Fifth Planet, "Bodia." (A hypothetical planet between Mars and Jupiter that broke up to form the asteroid belt. It is usually fictionally considered as Earth-like, with a human population.) |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA627}}</ref> Interplanetary warfare with Mars causes the destruction of Bodia—and indirectly, [[Mars in fiction#Past and non-humanoid life|the end of civilization on Mars]]—in [[Harl Vincent]]'s 1930 short story "[[Before the Asteroids]]".<ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=455–456 |language=en |chapter=Vincent, Harl |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA455}}</ref> An internal disaster resulting in the explosion of the [[planetary core]] is responsible in [[John Francis Kalland]]'s 1932 short story "[[The Sages of Eros]]".<ref name="StablefordAsteroid" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=204 |language=en |chapter=Kalland, John Francis |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA204}}</ref> In [[Leslie F. Stone]]'s 1934 short story "[[The Rape of the Solar System]]", war with Mars over the colonization of then-uninhabited [[Earth]] results both in the partial destruction of Bodia, thus creating the asteroids, and the displacement of the largest fragment to a much wider orbit to create [[Pluto]], while the settlers on Earth eventually become humanity.<ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=417 |language=en |chapter=Stone, Leslie F. |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA417}}</ref>
+By the [[pulp era]] of science fiction, Bodia was a recurring theme. In these stories, it is typically [[Earth analog|similar to Earth]] and inhabited by humans, often an advanced line of humans who are occasionally the ancestors of the humans on Earth.<ref name="StablefordAsteroid" /><ref name="GernsbackYearsScienceFictionSolarSystem" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=xvii |language=en |chapter=Introduction |quote=The "science" in science-fiction of the Gernsback period was not wholly borrowed from the outside world. Some concepts were created on a mythical level. [...] Particularly interesting is the establishment of "Bodia" (according to one cosmology of the day, a former fifth planet whose destruction formed the asteroids) as the ultimate origin of mankind and possessor of a supercivilization. |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PR17}}</ref><ref name="GernsbackYearsMotifAndThemeIndex">{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=627–628 |language=en |chapter=Motif and Theme Index |quote=Bode's Fifth Planet, "Bodia." (A hypothetical planet between Mars and Jupiter that broke up to form the asteroid belt. It is usually fictionally considered as Earth-like, with a human population.) |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA627}}</ref> Interplanetary warfare with Mars causes the destruction of Bodia—and indirectly, [[Mars in fiction#Past and non-humanoid life|the end of civilization on Mars]]—in [[Harl Vincent]]'s 1930 short story "[[Before the Asteroids]]".<ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=455–456 |language=en |chapter=Vincent, Harl |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA455}}</ref> An internal disaster resulting in the explosion of the [[planetary core]] is responsible in [[John Francis Kalland]]'s 1932 short story "[[The Sages of Eros]]".<ref name="StablefordAsteroid" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=204 |language=en |chapter=Kalland, John Francis |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA204}}</ref> In [[Leslie F. Stone]]'s 1934 short story "[[The Rape of the Solar System]]," war with Mars over the colonization of then-uninhabited [[Earth]] results both in the partial destruction of Bodia, thus creating the asteroids, and the displacement of the largest fragment to a much wider orbit to create [[Pluto]], while the settlers on Earth eventually become humanity.<ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |title=[[Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936]] |last2=Bleiler |first2=Richard |date=1998 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0-87338-604-3 |pages=417 |language=en |chapter=Stone, Leslie F. |author-link=E. F. Bleiler |author-link2=Richard Bleiler |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA417}}</ref>
-Following the invention of the [[atomic bomb]] in 1945, stories of this planetary destruction became increasingly common, encouraged by the advent of a plausible-seeming means of disintegration.<ref name="StablefordPlanet">{{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stableford |title=[[Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia]] |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97460-8 |pages=374–376 |language=en |chapter=Planet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA375}}</ref> [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s 1948 novel ''[[Space Cadet]]'' thus states that the fifth planet was destroyed as a result of [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], and in [[Ray Bradbury]]'s 1948 short story "[[Asleep in Armageddon]]" ({{Aka}} "Perchance to Dream"), the ghosts of the former warring factions infect the mind of an astronaut stranded on an asteroid.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref name="GreenwoodCometsAndAsteroids">{{Cite book |last=Gillett |first=Stephen L. |title=[[The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders]] |date=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32951-7 |editor-last=Westfahl |editor-first=Gary |editor-link=Gary Westfahl |pages=146–148 |language=en |chapter=Comets and Asteroids |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9/page/146/mode/2up}}</ref> Several works of the 1950s reused the idea to warn of the dangers of nuclear weapons, including [[Lord Dunsany]]'s 1954 [[Joseph Jorkens]] short story "[[The Gods of Clay]]" and [[James Blish]]'s 1957 novel ''[[The Frozen Year]]'' ({{Aka}} ''Fallen Star'').<ref name="SFEAsteroids">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023<!-- 2 January --> |title=Asteroids |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/asteroids |access-date=2023-10-06 |edition=4th |author1-last=Stableford |author1-first=Brian |author1-link=Brian Stableford |author2-last=Langford |author2-first=David |author2-link=David Langford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids">{{Cite book |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |title=Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3 |pages=139–141 |language=en |chapter=Asteroids |author-link=Gary Westfahl |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref name="TheZoneMomentosOfCreation" /> In [[Jack Williamson]]'s 1942–1949 [[Seetee series|''Seetee'' series]], the fifth planet Adonis is destroyed in a collision with a [[rogue planet]] made of [[antimatter]], <ref>{{cite web |title=Astounding, April 1949 |url=https://archive.org/details/Astounding_v43n02_1949-04_cape1736/page/n104/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="VisualEncyclopediaTechnologiesAndArtefacts3">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=163–164 |chapter=Technologies and Artefacts |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/163/mode/2up}}</ref> while in [[Theodore Cogswell]]'s 1955 short story "[[Test Area]]", the destruction results from a [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear test]] conducted by the inhabitants of Mars; in Heinlein's 1951 novel ''[[Between Planets]]'', the technology that caused the destruction has been lost to time.<ref name="SFEAsteroids3">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023<!-- 2 January --> |title=Asteroids |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/asteroids |access-date=2023-10-06 |author1-link=Brian Stableford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |edition=4th |author2-last=Langford |author2-first=David |author1-last=Stableford |author1-first=Brian |author2-link=David Langford |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref> The planet is also destroyed by Martians in Heinlein's 1961 novel ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'', although deliberately and via [[supernatural]] powers.<ref name="SFEAsteroids3" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids3">{{Cite book |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Westfahl |title=Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3 |pages=139–141 |language=en |chapter=Asteroids |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref name="WandererAmHimmelAsteroids3">{{Cite book |last1=Caryad |first1=<!-- None; mononymous --> |url= |title=Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |author-link2=<!-- No article at present (January 2023); editor for Phantastische Medien, Wikidata Q126753 --> |last3=Zingsem |first3=Vera |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-642-55343-1 |pages=170–172 |language=de |trans-title=Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology |chapter=Science vs. Fiction: der ganz andere Asteroidengürtel aus Roman und Film |trans-chapter=Science vs. Fiction: The Entirely Different Asteroid Belt from Novel and Film |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref> In[[James P. Hogan (writer)|James P. Hogan]]'s 1977 [[Velikovskian]] novel [[Inherit the Stars|''Inherit the Stars'']], the first of the [[Giants (series)|''Giants'' series]], the planet Minerva is destroyed about fifty thousand years ago in a war fought with antimatter-based energy weapons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inherit the Stars |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritstars00jame/page/139/mode/1up |access-date=21 Apr 2024 |publisher=Del Rey}}</ref><ref name="SFEAsteroids3" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids3" /><ref name="WandererAmHimmelAsteroids3" /><ref name="SFEMoon">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2021 |title=Moon |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/moon |access-date=2024-03-09 |author1-link=Brian Stableford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |edition=4th |author2-last=Langford |author2-first=David |author1-last=Stableford |author1-first=Brian |author2-link=David Langford |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref>
+Following the invention of the [[atomic bomb]] in 1945, stories of this planetary destruction became increasingly common, encouraged by the advent of a plausible-seeming means of disintegration.<ref name="StablefordPlanet">{{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stableford |title=[[Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia]] |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97460-8 |pages=374–376 |language=en |chapter=Planet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA375}}</ref> [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s 1948 novel ''[[Space Cadet]]'' thus states that the fifth planet was destroyed as a result of [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], and in [[Ray Bradbury]]'s 1948 short story "[[Asleep in Armageddon]]" ({{Aka}} "Perchance to Dream"), the ghosts of the planet's former warring factions infect the mind of an astronaut stranded on an asteroid.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids" /><ref name="GreenwoodCometsAndAsteroids">{{Cite book |last=Gillett |first=Stephen L. |title=[[The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders]] |date=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32951-7 |editor-last=Westfahl |editor-first=Gary |editor-link=Gary Westfahl |pages=146–148 |language=en |chapter=Comets and Asteroids |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9/page/146/mode/2up}}</ref> Several works of the 1950s reused the idea to warn of the dangers of nuclear weapons, including [[Lord Dunsany]]'s 1954 [[Joseph Jorkens]] short story "[[The Gods of Clay]]" and [[James Blish]]'s 1957 novel ''[[The Frozen Year]]'' ({{Aka}} ''Fallen Star'').<ref name="SFEAsteroids">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023<!-- 2 January --> |title=Asteroids |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/asteroids |access-date=2023-10-06 |edition=4th |author1-last=Stableford |author1-first=Brian |author1-link=Brian Stableford |author2-last=Langford |author2-first=David |author2-link=David Langford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids">{{Cite book |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |title=Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3 |pages=139–141 |language=en |chapter=Asteroids |author-link=Gary Westfahl |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref name="TheZoneMomentosOfCreation" /> In [[Jack Williamson]]'s 1942–1949 [[Seetee series|''Seetee'' series]], the planet "Adonis" is destroyed in a collision with a [[rogue planet]] made of [[antimatter]], <ref>{{cite web |title=Astounding, April 1949 |url=https://archive.org/details/Astounding_v43n02_1949-04_cape1736/page/n104/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="VisualEncyclopediaTechnologiesAndArtefacts3">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=163–164 |chapter=Technologies and Artefacts |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/163/mode/2up}}</ref> while in [[Theodore Cogswell]]'s 1955 short story "[[Test Area]]", the destruction results from a [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear test]] conducted by the inhabitants of Mars; in Heinlein's 1951 novel ''[[Between Planets]]'', the technology that caused the destruction has been lost to time.<ref name="SFEAsteroids3">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023<!-- 2 January --> |title=Asteroids |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/asteroids |access-date=2023-10-06 |author1-link=Brian Stableford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |edition=4th |author2-last=Langford |author2-first=David |author1-last=Stableford |author1-first=Brian |author2-link=David Langford |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref> The planet is also destroyed by Martians in Heinlein's 1961 novel ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'', although deliberately and via [[supernatural]] powers.<ref name="SFEAsteroids3" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids3">{{Cite book |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Westfahl |title=Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3 |pages=139–141 |language=en |chapter=Asteroids |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref name="WandererAmHimmelAsteroids3">{{Cite book |last1=Caryad |first1=<!-- None; mononymous --> |url= |title=Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |author-link2=<!-- No article at present (January 2023); editor for Phantastische Medien, Wikidata Q126753 --> |last3=Zingsem |first3=Vera |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-642-55343-1 |pages=170–172 |language=de |trans-title=Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology |chapter=Science vs. Fiction: der ganz andere Asteroidengürtel aus Roman und Film |trans-chapter=Science vs. Fiction: The Entirely Different Asteroid Belt from Novel and Film |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref> In [[James P. Hogan (writer)|James P. Hogan]]'s 1977 [[Velikovskian]] novel [[Inherit the Stars|''Inherit the Stars'']], the first of the [[Giants (series)|''Giants'' series]], the very Earth-like "Minerva" is destroyed about fifty thousand years ago in a war fought with antimatter-based energy weapons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inherit the Stars |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritstars00jame/page/139/mode/1up |access-date=21 Apr 2024 |publisher=Del Rey}}</ref><ref name="SFEAsteroids3" /><ref name="WestfahlAsteroids3" /><ref name="WandererAmHimmelAsteroids3" /><ref name="SFEMoon">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2021 |title=Moon |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/moon |access-date=2024-03-09 |author1-link=Brian Stableford |editor1-last=Clute |editor1-first=John |edition=4th |author2-last=Langford |author2-first=David |author1-last=Stableford |author1-first=Brian |author2-link=David Langford |editor1-link=John Clute |editor2-last=Langford |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Langford |editor3-last=Sleight |editor3-first=Graham |editor3-link=Graham Sleight}}</ref>
-In [[Raymond Z. Gallun]]'s 1950 short story "[[A Step Farther Out]]"<!-- The source gives the title as "A Step Further Out". This is an error, see https://archive.org/details/Super_Science_Stories_v06n03_1950-03_Tawrast-EXciter_FIXED/page/n47/mode/2up. -->, valuables from the destroyed civilization are recovered,<ref name="VisualEncyclopediaTechnologiesAndArtefacts">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=163–164 |chapter=Technologies and Artefacts |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/163/mode/2up}}</ref> and in [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]]'s 1969 novel ''[[Plague Ship (Harrison novel)|Plague Ship]]'', an ancient virus is found in the asteroid remnants.<ref name="VisualEncyclopediaExplorationAndColonies">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=82 |chapter=Exploration and Colonies |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/82/mode/2up}}</ref> [[Paul Preuss (author)|Paul Preuss]]'s 1985 short story "[[Small Bodies]]", where [[fossil]]s are found on an asteroid, is a late example of the destroyed planet theme;<ref name="GreenwoodCometsAndAsteroids" /><ref name="FraknoiAsteroids">{{Cite web |last=Fraknoi |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Fraknoi |date=January 2024 |title=Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index |url=https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/7b5edc23-7a89-46c1-a6b3-33a30ed4c876 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210011957/https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/7b5edc23-7a89-46c1-a6b3-33a30ed4c876 |archive-date=2024-02-10 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |pages=2, 7–8 |format=PDF |edition=7.3}}</ref> it has otherwise largely been relegated to deliberately retro works such as the 1989 [[tabletop role-playing game]] ''[[Space: 1889]]''.<ref name="WandererAmHimmelAsteroids">{{Cite book |last1=Caryad |first1=<!-- None; mononymous --> |url= |title=Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |last3=Zingsem |first3=Vera |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-642-55343-1 |pages=170–172 |language=de |trans-title=Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology |chapter=Science vs. Fiction: der ganz andere Asteroidengürtel aus Roman und Film |trans-chapter=Science vs. Fiction: The Entirely Different Asteroid Belt from Novel and Film |author-link2=<!-- No article at present (January 2023); editor for Phantastische Medien, Wikidata Q126753 --> |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref> A variation on the theme appears in [[Clifford D. Simak]]'s 1973 short story "[[Construction Shack]]", where the asteroids are leftover material originally intended for the construction of a fifth planet.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" />
+In [[Raymond Z. Gallun]]'s 1950 short story "[[A Step Farther Out]]"<!-- The source gives the title as "A Step Further Out". This is an error, see https://archive.org/details/Super_Science_Stories_v06n03_1950-03_Tawrast-EXciter_FIXED/page/n47/mode/2up. -->, valuables from the destroyed civilization are recovered,<ref name="VisualEncyclopediaTechnologiesAndArtefacts">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=163–164 |chapter=Technologies and Artefacts |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/163/mode/2up}}</ref> while in [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]]'s 1969 novel ''[[Plague Ship (Harrison novel)|Plague Ship]]'', an ancient virus is found in the asteroid remnants.<ref name="VisualEncyclopediaExplorationAndColonies">{{Cite book |title=[[The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=1977 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=0-517-53174-7 |editor-last=Ash |editor-first=Brian |editor-link=Brian Ash (bibliographer) |pages=82 |chapter=Exploration and Colonies |oclc=2984418 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00ashb/page/82/mode/2up}}</ref> [[Paul Preuss (author)|Paul Preuss]]'s 1985 short story "[[Small Bodies]]", where [[fossil]]s are found on an asteroid, is a late example of the destroyed planet theme;<ref name="GreenwoodCometsAndAsteroids" /><ref name="FraknoiAsteroids">{{Cite web |last=Fraknoi |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Fraknoi |date=January 2024 |title=Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index |url=https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/7b5edc23-7a89-46c1-a6b3-33a30ed4c876 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210011957/https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/7b5edc23-7a89-46c1-a6b3-33a30ed4c876 |archive-date=2024-02-10 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |pages=2, 7–8 |format=PDF |edition=7.3}}</ref> it has otherwise largely been relegated to deliberately retro works such as the 1989 [[tabletop role-playing game]] ''[[Space: 1889]]''.<ref name="WandererAmHimmelAsteroids">{{Cite book |last1=Caryad |first1=<!-- None; mononymous --> |url= |title=Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |last3=Zingsem |first3=Vera |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-642-55343-1 |pages=170–172 |language=de |trans-title=Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology |chapter=Science vs. Fiction: der ganz andere Asteroidengürtel aus Roman und Film |trans-chapter=Science vs. Fiction: The Entirely Different Asteroid Belt from Novel and Film |author-link2=<!-- No article at present (January 2023); editor for Phantastische Medien, Wikidata Q126753 --> |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref> A variation on the theme appears in [[Clifford D. Simak]]'s 1973 short story "[[Construction Shack]]", where the asteroids are leftover material originally intended for the construction of a fifth planet.<ref name="SFEAsteroids" />
 == Trans-Neptunian planets ==