The Maratha rebellion: Difference between revisions

The Maratha rebellion
	Part of Mughal-Maratha Wars
	; Map of Deccan in the Indian subcontinent
Date	1644 to 1674 AD
Location	Deccan ( Maharashtra, India )
Result	Maratha victory Establishment of the Maratha Empire;
Territorial; changes	Marathas gained control over the parts of the Deccan region
Belligerents
Maratha Army	Mughal Empire; Bijapur Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Shivaji; Baji Deshpande; Tanhaji Malusare †; Firangoji Narsala; Hambirrao Mohite; Prataprao Gujar; Kanhoji Jedhe; Bahirji Nail; Sambhaji Kavji; Anandrao; Netaji Palkar; Moropant Pingale	Bijapur commanders; Afzal Khan †; Abdul Sayyid (WIA); Rahim Khan †; Pahlawan Khan †; Rustam Khan (WIA); Siddi Jauhar; Mughal commanders; Aurangzeb; Shaista Khan (WIA); Jai Singh I; Diler Khan; Inayat Khan; Bahadur Khan; Udaybhan Rathore †; Bahlol Khan (POW); Ibrahim Khan (POW); Ikhlas Khan (POW)
Strength
100,000 infantry and cavalry	Unknown but large

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^[1]^[2]The Maratha rebellion or the Maratha insurgency was a revolt against the Mughal Empire and Bijapur Sultanate.This insurgency was activated between 1644 to 1674 by the Marathas of Deccan region under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji with the intention of forming a separate Hindvi Swaraj (Independent Hindu State) from the Sultanates.

Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsle or Shivaji I, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the son of a former military general of Ahmednagar Sultanate, Shahaji Bhonsle^[5]. Shivaji prepared a small army and started capturing the forts of Bijapur Sultanate or Adil Shahi dynasty of Deccan. Shivaji starts gaining political influence and power after the battle of Pratapgarh in 1659.

The battle of Surat^[6] in 1664 was one of the most significant event for the Marathas after the failure of Shaista Khan^[7]. Aurangzeb sent an expedition under the command of Jai Singh I^[8] to defeat Shivaji in 1665, after which the Battle of Purandar was fought and the Treaty of Purandar was signed between Shivaji and the Mughal empire. Following the Treaty, the Marathas were forced to surrender their 23 captured forts to the Mughal Empire. Shivaji along with his son, Sambhaji were also taken to Agra as prisoners by the Mughals^[9] but they escaped later. Although, the peace between the Marathas and Mughal Empire lasted only for five years. In 1670, Shivaji sent some Maratha troops under the command of Tanhaji Malusare to recapture Sinhagad( then, Kondhana fort) where the battle of Sinhagad^[10] was fought and Marathas recaptured the fort. Following the reconquest by Shivaji, many battles such as the Battle of Vani-Dindori and Battle of Salher were fought.

Aftermath

^[11]The Maratha Revolt or rebellion did not resulted as useless or wasteful for the Maratha Clan. By capturing many forts and emerging victorious in the battles, the Marathas gained control over many of the western parts of Deccan. By fulfilling his mother Jijabai's dream of Swaraj in 1674, Shivaji established the Maratha Empire and crowned himself as the first Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire^[12] at fort Raigarh^[13]. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ruled for only six years(1674-1680), He died on 3rd April 1680. He was succeeded by his son, Chhatrapati Sambhaji.

List of battles

Battle of Pratapgarh: Shivaji captures Pratapgarh fort killing Afzal Khan and defeating the Bijapur forces in 1659.
Battle of Umberkhind: 3000 Maratha cavalry defeated 20,000 Mughal troops at Umberkhind in 1661^[14].
Capture of Panhala: Shivaji captured Panhala fort in 1659.^[15]
Battle of Pavan Khind: An inconclusive battle between the Marathas and the Bijapur Sultanate.
Battle of Chakan: Shaista Khan defeated the Marathas at Chakan in 1660.
Battle of Surat: Shivaji sacks Surat in 1664 defeating the Mughal garrisons of Surat.
Battle of Bhupalgarh: Diler Khan, a Mughal general defeated Maratha troops at Bhupalgarh in 1679.
Battle of Purandar: Mughal troops under the command of Jai Singh I defeated Maratha garrisons of Purandar fort in 1665.
Battle of Sinhagad: Maratha forces under the command of Tanaji Malusare recaptured Sinhagad (Kondhana fort) in 1670 defeating the Mughal garrisons.
Sack of Surat (1670): Shivaji sacks Surat for second time in 1670^[16]
Battle of Salher: Marathas recaptured the forts of Salher and Mulher in 1672 and Mughal commanders were taken as prisoners.
Battle of Umrani
Battle of Vani-Dindori: The Marathas recaptured the fort Dindori in 1670^[17].
Battle of Sangamner

References

^ Sarkar, Jadunath (26 April 2020). History of Aurangzeb: Indian Histroy. Independently Published. ISBN 9798640392647.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Desai, Ranjit (2017). Shivaji: The Great Maratha. HarperPerennial. ISBN 9789352774401.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Gordon, Stewart (February 2007). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.
^ Kumar, Ram (28 June 2022). Great Speeches of India. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789355212092.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Shivaji The Great Vol. I by Dr. Balkrishna p.53
^ J. Ghugare, Dr. Ganesh (21 June 2021). Unbelievable Battles Moves Of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Pencil. ISBN 9789354580789.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1920). Shivaji and his Times. Longmans, Green and Company. p. 110.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110669.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Incorporated. p. 47. ISBN 9781932705546.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Barua, Pradip (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780803213449.
^ Pillai, Manu S. (3 August 2020). Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji. Juggernaut Publication, 2020. ISBN 9789353451066.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Ranade, Govind (1900). Rise of the Maratha Power.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Pillai, Manu S (2018). Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji. Jagarnaut Publication, 2020. ISBN 978-93-86228-73-4.
^ Sorokhaibam, Jeneet (2013). Chhatrapati Shivaji: The Maratha Warrior and His Campaign. Vij Books India Private Limited. ISBN 9382573496.
^ A Comprehensive Guide to General Awareness for NRA CET Exam eBook. Metis Eduventures pvt Limited. 25 February 2020. p. 51.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Burn, Sir Richard (15 May 2017). The Travels of the Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674. Taylor & Francis. pp. XXIII. ISBN 9781317013099.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (10 March 2015). History of Aurangzib. Longmans, Green and Company, 1920. p. 129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[1] Sarkar, Jadunath (26 April 2020). History of Aurangzeb: Indian Histroy. Independently Published. ISBN 9798640392647.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[2] Desai, Ranjit (2017). Shivaji: The Great Maratha. HarperPerennial. ISBN 9789352774401.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[3] Gordon, Stewart (February 2007). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.

[4] Kumar, Ram (28 June 2022). Great Speeches of India. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789355212092.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[archive.org-5] Shivaji The Great Vol. I by Dr. Balkrishna p.53

[6] J. Ghugare, Dr. Ganesh (21 June 2021). Unbelievable Battles Moves Of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Pencil. ISBN 9789354580789.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[7] Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1920). Shivaji and his Times. Longmans, Green and Company. p. 110.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[8] Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110669.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[9] Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Incorporated. p. 47. ISBN 9781932705546.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[10] Barua, Pradip (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780803213449.

[11] Pillai, Manu S. (3 August 2020). Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji. Juggernaut Publication, 2020. ISBN 9789353451066.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[12] Ranade, Govind (1900). Rise of the Maratha Power.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[13] Pillai, Manu S (2018). Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji. Jagarnaut Publication, 2020. ISBN 978-93-86228-73-4.

[14] Sorokhaibam, Jeneet (2013). Chhatrapati Shivaji: The Maratha Warrior and His Campaign. Vij Books India Private Limited. ISBN 9382573496.

[15] A Comprehensive Guide to General Awareness for NRA CET Exam eBook. Metis Eduventures pvt Limited. 25 February 2020. p. 51.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[16] Burn, Sir Richard (15 May 2017). The Travels of the Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674. Taylor & Francis. pp. XXIII. ISBN 9781317013099.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[17] Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (10 March 2015). History of Aurangzib. Longmans, Green and Company, 1920. p. 129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

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 == List of battles ==
 *'''[[Battle of Pratapgarh]]''': Shivaji captures Pratapgarh fort killing Afzal Khan and defeating the Bijapur forces in 1659.
-*'''[[Battle of Umberkhind]]:''' 600 Maratha forces defeated 2000 Mughal troops at Umberkhind<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Jeneet |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: The Maratha Warrior and His Campaign |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=9382573496}}</ref>
+*'''[[Battle of Umberkhind]]:''' 3000 Maratha cavalry defeated 20,000 Mughal troops at Umberkhind in 1661<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Jeneet |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: The Maratha Warrior and His Campaign |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=9382573496}}</ref>.
 *'''[[Capture of Panhala]]:''' Shivaji captured Panhala fort in 1659'''.'''<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Comprehensive Guide to General Awareness for NRA CET Exam eBook |date=25 February 2020 |publisher=Metis Eduventures pvt Limited |year=2020 |pages=51 |language=English}}</ref>
 *'''[[Battle of Pavan Khind]]''': An inconclusive battle between the Marathas and the Bijapur Sultanate.
 *'''[[Battle of Chakan]]''': [[Shaista Khan]] defeated the Marathas at Chakan in 1660.
 *'''[[Sack of Surat|Battle of Surat]]''': Shivaji sacks Surat in 1664 defeating the Mughal garrisons of Surat.
-*[[Battle of Bhupalgarh]]
+*'''[[Battle of Bhupalgarh]]''': [[Diler Khan]], a Mughal general defeated Maratha troops at Bhupalgarh in 1679.
 *'''[[Battle of Purandar]]''': Mughal troops under the command of [[Jai Singh I]] defeated Maratha garrisons of Purandar fort in 1665.
 *'''[[Battle of Sinhagad]]''': Maratha forces under the command of [[Tanaji Malusare]] recaptured Sinhagad (Kondhana fort) in 1670 defeating the Mughal garrisons.
 *'''[[Sack of Surat(1670)|Sack of Surat (1670)]]''': Shivaji sacks Surat for second time in 1670<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burn |first=Sir Richard |title=The Travels of the Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674 |date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=9781317013099 |pages=XXIII}}</ref>
 *'''[[Battle of Salher]]''': Marathas recaptured the forts of Salher and Mulher in 1672 and Mughal commanders were taken as prisoners.
-*[[Battle of Umrani]]
+*Battle of Umrani
-*[[Battle of Vani-Dindori]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company, 1920 |year=2015 |pages=129 |language=English}}</ref>
+*[[Battle of Vani-Dindori]]: The Marathas recaptured the fort Dindori in 1670<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company, 1920 |year=2015 |pages=129 |language=English}}</ref>.
 *Battle of Sangamner
 == References ==