Roman Catholic Diocese of Reval: Difference between revisions

Bishopric of Reval
Bisdom Reval
Bishopric of Reval Bisdom Reval
1560–1561
	Flag Coat of arms
	The Bishopric of Reval was located on the former territory of Danish Estonia (above). The Bishopric of Reval was located on the former territory of Danish Estonia (above).
Capital	Reval
Common languages	Low German, Latin, Danish, Estonian
Religion	Lutheranism
Government	Principality
Bishop of Reval
Historical era	Livonian War
• Established	June 29 1560
• Disestablished	June 6 1561
Preceded by	Succeeded by
File:Baltic coat of arms.gif	Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Swedish Estonia
Principality of Estland	File:Flag of Estland.png

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The Bishopric of Reval (Low German: Bisdom Reval; Latin: Episcopatus Revaliensis) was a bishopric in Danish Estonia, 1219 - 1346, and in The Monastic State of Livonian Order, 1346 - 1560; the independent bishopric since June 29, 1560 until June 6, 1561.

History

Livonia was a confederation of numerous elements; decisions made by the Landtag depended on consensus which made the implementation of reforms rather difficult. Ecclesiastically, The Bishopric of Reval continued to be under the Archbishop of Lund (Denmark), as Estland technically was only temporarily Livonian. Due to the opposition by some of the Livonian Order and in wanting to remain neutral, Gustav I of Sweden refused any appeals Gotthard Kettler made to him or his sons, Eric XIV of Sweden and John III of Sweden. But in the spring of 1560, Gustavus decided to become active and offered money and mediation in the war between Muscovy and Livonia. Although by that time Kettler no longer wanted Sweden's help and insisted that their offers came too late, afraid that they would lose help from The Kingdom of Poland. Moritz von Wrangel, the Bishop of Reval, saw the advantage of Ivan IV the Terrible and quickly resigned his office to Magnus in June 29, 1560. Soon after this happened Grand Master Gotthard Kettler decided to make Magnus an ally and met him at Pernau in August. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor once again asked for Gustavus' help and Poland also began direct negotiations with Gustavus, but nothing resulted because on September 29, 1560, Gustavus I Vasa died. The chances for success of Magnus and his supporters looked particularly good in 1560 (and 1570). In the former case he had been recognised as their sovereign by The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and The Bishopric of Courland, and as their prospective ruler by the authorities of The Bishopric of Dorpat; the Bishop of Reval and chapter together with the Harrien-Wierland gentry were on his side; Livonian Order conditionally recognised his right of ownership of Estland (Principality of Estland). Then along with Archbishop Wilhelm von Brandenburg of The Archbishopric of Riga and his Coadjutor Christoph of Mecklenburg, Kettler gave to Magnus the portions of The Kingdom of Livonia, which he had taken possession of, but they refused to give him any more land. Once Erik XIV became king he took quick actions to get involved in the war. He negotiated a continued peace with Muscovy and spoke to the burghers of Reval city. He offered them goods to submit to him as well as threatening them. By June 6, 1561 they submitted to him contrary to the persuasions of Kettler to the burghers. In 1561 the city of Reval politically became a dominion of Sweden. After Sweden occupied Reval, Frederick II of Denmark made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561.

Subsequent

King Erik's brother Johan married the Polish princess Catherine Jagiellon. Wanting to obtain his own land in Livonia, he loaned Poland money and then claimed the castles they had pawned as his own instead of using them to pressure Poland. After Johan returned to Finland, Erik XIV forbade him to deal with any foreign countries without his consent. Shortly after that Erik XIV started acting quickly lost any allies he was about to obtain, either from Magnus or the Archbishop of Riga.

Bishops

Kingdom of Denmark

Wesselin (1219-1227)
Thorkill (1238/40-1260)
Thrugot (1260/63-1279)
Johannes (1280-1294)
Heinrich, OFM (1298-1318)
Olav von Roskilde, OFM (1323-1350)

Livonian Brothers of the Sword

Ludwig von Münster alias Ludovicus de Monasterio (1352-1389)
Johannes Rekeling (1390-1403)
Dietrich Theodor Tolke (1403-1405)
Johannes von Aken-Achmann (Ochmann) (1405-1418)
Arnold Stoltevoet (1418-1419)
Heinrich Uexküll (1419-1456)
Everhard Kalle (Call) (1457-1475)
Iwan Stoltevoet (1475-1477)
Simon von der Borch (1477-1492)
Nikolaus Roddendorp (1493-1509)
Gottschalk Hagen (1509-1513)
Christian Czernekow (1513-1514)
Johannes Blankenfeld (1514-1524) (also the Bischof von Dorpat and Erzbischof von Riga)
Georg von Tiesenhausen (1525-1530)
Johannes Roterd (1531-1536)
Arnold Annebat (1536-1551)
Friedrich von Ampten (1551-1557)
Moritz (Mauritius) von Wrangel (1558-1560)

Independent

Magnus Herzog von Holstein (1560-1561)

Principality of Estland

Magnus Herzog von Holstein (1561-1578)

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Infobox Former Country
-The '''Bishopric of Reval''' ({{lang-et|Tallinna Piiskopkond}}; {{lang-de|Bistum Reval}}; [[Low German]]: ''Bisdom Reval''; {{lang-la|Episcopatus Revaliensis}}) was a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[diocese]] in [[Danish Estonia]] (1219–1346) and in the territory of the [[Livonian Order]] (1346-1560). Its seat was in the city of [[Tallinn|Reval (Tallinn)]]. Unlike the nearby Bishoprics of [[Bishopric of Dorpat|Dorpat]] and [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek|Ösel-Wiek]], the Bishopric of Reval was not a [[prince-bishop]]ric and lacked lay authority.
+|native_name= Bisdom Reval
+|conventional_long_name= Bishopric of Reval
+|common_name = Reval
+|continent= Europe
+|era= Livonian War
+|p1= Livonian Brothers of the Sword
+|image_p1= [[Image:Baltic coat of arms.gif|20px]]
+|s1= Swedish Estonia
+|flag_s1= Flag of Sweden.svg
+|s2= Principality of Estland
+|flag_s2= Flag of Estland.png
+|year_start= 1560
+|date_start= June 29
+|event_start=
+|year_end= 1561
+|date_end= June 6
+|event_end=
+|title_leader= Bishop of Reval
+|leader1= Magnus of Livonia
+|image_flag= Flag of Tallinn.svg
+|image_coat= Tallinn greater coatofarms.png
+|image_map = Confederation of Livonia 1260.svg
+|image_map_caption = The Bishopric of Reval was located on the former territory of [[Danish Estonia]] (above).
+|government_type= Principality
+|common_languages= [[Low German]], [[Latin]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
+|religion= Lutheranism
+|capital= Reval
+|currency= <!-- [[Ferding]]?<br>Livonian [[Penny]]?<br>Livonian [[Schilling]]? -->
+}}
+The '''Bishopric of Reval''' ([[Low German]]: ''Bisdom Reval''; [[Latin]]: ''Episcopatus Revaliensis'') was a [[bishopric]] in [[Danish Estonia]], [[1219]] - [[1346]], and in The [[Monastic State of Livonian Order]], [[1346]] - [[1560]]; the [[Independence|independent]] [[bishopric]] since [[June 29]], [[1560]] until [[June 6]], [[1561]].
 == History ==
+[[Livonian Confederation|Livonia was a confederation]] of numerous elements; decisions made by the ''[[Landtag]]'' depended on [[consensus]] which made the [[implementation]] of reforms rather difficult. [[Ecclesiology|Ecclesiastically]], The Bishopric of [[Reval]] continued to be under the [[Archbishop of Lund]] ([[Denmark]]), as [[Estland]] technically was only temporarily [[Livonia]]n. Due to the opposition by some of the [[Livonian Order]] and in wanting to remain neutral, [[Gustav I of Sweden]] refused any appeals [[Gotthard Kettler]] made to him or his sons, [[Eric XIV of Sweden]] and [[John III of Sweden]]. But in the spring of [[1560]], Gustavus decided to become active and offered money and mediation in the [[Livonian War|war between Muscovy and Livonia]]. Although by that time Kettler no longer wanted [[Sweden]]'s help and insisted that their offers came too late, afraid that they would lose help from The [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]. [[Moritz von Wrangel]], the Bishop of Reval, saw the advantage of [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan IV the Terrible]] and quickly resigned his office to [[Magnus of Livonia|Magnus]] in [[June 29]], [[1560]]. Soon after this happened [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] Gotthard Kettler decided to make Magnus an ally and met him at [[Pernau]] in August. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] once again asked for Gustavus' help and Poland also began direct negotiations with Gustavus, but nothing resulted because on [[September 29]], [[1560]], Gustavus I Vasa died. The chances for success of Magnus and his supporters looked particularly good in 1560 (and 1570). In the former case he had been [[recognition|recognised]] as their [[sovereign]] by The [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]] and The [[Bishopric of Courland]], and as their prospective ruler by the authorities of The [[Bishopric of Dorpat]]; the Bishop of Reval and chapter together with the [[Harrien]]-[[Wierland]] [[gentry]] were on his side; [[Livonian Order]] conditionally recognised his right of [[ownership]] of [[Estland]] ([[Principality of Estland]]). Then along with [[Archbishop]] [[Wilhelm von Brandenburg]] of The [[Archbishopric of Riga]] and his [[Coadjutor]] [[Christoph of Mecklenburg]], Kettler gave to Magnus the portions of The [[Kingdom of Livonia]], which he had taken possession of, but they refused to give him any more land. Once Erik XIV became king he took quick actions to get involved in the war. He negotiated a continued [[peace]] with [[Muscovy]] and spoke to the [[burgher]]s of [[Reval]] [[city]]. He offered them goods to submit to him as well as threatening them. By [[June 6]], [[1561]] they submitted to him contrary to the [[persuasion]]s of Kettler to the burghers. In 1561 the city of Reval politically became a [[dominion]] of Sweden. After Sweden [[occupation|occupied]] Reval, [[Frederick II of Denmark]] made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561.
-The [[Livonian Confederation]] consisted of numerous elements; decisions made by the ''[[Landtag]]'' depended on consensus which made the implementation of reforms rather difficult. Ecclesiastically, the Bishopric of Reval continued to be under the [[Archbishop of Lund]] ([[Denmark]]), as [[Estland]] technically was only temporarily [[Livonia]]n.
-Due to the opposition of some within the [[Livonian Order]] and in wanting to remain neutral, King [[Gustav I of Sweden]] refused any appeals Livonian Master [[Gotthard Kettler]] made to him or his sons, [[Eric XIV of Sweden|Eric]] and [[John III of Sweden|John]]. In the spring of 1560, Gustavus offered money and mediation in the [[Livonian War]] between Muscovy and Livonia. By that time Kettler no longer wanted [[Sweden]]'s help and insisted that their offers came too late, afraid that they would lose help from the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]. [[Moritz von Wrangel]], Bishop of Reval, saw the advantage of allying with Tsar [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan IV the Terrible]] and quickly resigned his office to [[Magnus of Livonia|Magnus]] in [[June 29]], [[1560]]. Soon after this happened Kettler decided to make Magnus an ally and met him at [[Pärnu|Pernau (Pärnu)]] in August.
-Gustavus received inquiries from [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]], and from Poland, but nothing resulted after the death of Gustavus on [[September 29]], [[1560]]. The chances for success of Magnus and his supporters looked particularly good in 1560 (and 1570). In the former case he had been recognised as their sovereign by the [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]] and the [[Bishopric of Courland]], and as their prospective ruler by the authorities of the [[Bishopric of Dorpat]]. The Bishop of Reval and chapter together with the [[Harrien]]-[[Wierland]] [[gentry]] were on his side, while the Livonian Order conditionally recognised his right of ownership of the [[Principality of Estland]]. Along with [[William of Brandenburg]], Archbishop of [[Archbishopric of Riga|Riga]], and his [[coadjutor]] [[Christoph of Mecklenburg]], Kettler gave to Magnus the portions of the [[Kingdom of Livonia]] which he had taken possession of, but they refused to give him any more land.
-Once Gustavus' son Erik became King [[Erik XIV of Sweden]], he quickly entered the war. He negotiated a continued peace with [[Muscovy]] and spoke to the burghers of Reval. He offered them goods to submit to him as well as threatening them. By [[June 6]], [[1561]], they submitted to him against the objections of Kettler. In 1561 the city of Reval politically became a [[Dominions of Sweden|dominion of Sweden]]. After Sweden occupied Reval, [[Frederick II of Denmark]] made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561.
 === Subsequent ===
-[[Image:Toompea ordulinnus 2005.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Castrum Danorum]], the residence of the Bishops of Reval.]]
-Erik's brother [[John III of Sweden|John]] married the Polish princess [[Catherine Jagiellon]]. Wanting to obtain his own land in Livonia, he loaned Poland money and then claimed the castles they had pawned as his own instead of using them to pressure Poland. After John returned to [[Finland]], Erik forbade him to deal with any foreign countries without his consent. Shortly after that Erik started acting quickly lost any allies he was about to obtain, either from Magnus or the Archbishop of Riga.
+King Erik's brother Johan married the Polish [[princess]] [[Catherine Jagiellon]]. Wanting to obtain his own land in Livonia, he loaned Poland money and then claimed the [[castle]]s they had pawned as his own instead of using them to pressure Poland. After Johan returned to [[Finland]], Erik XIV forbade him to deal with any foreign countries without his consent. Shortly after that Erik XIV started acting quickly lost any allies he was about to obtain, either from Magnus or the Archbishop of [[Riga]].
+[[Image:Toompea ordulinnus 2005.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Castrum Danorum]], the residence of the [[Bishop]]s of [[Reval]], [[2005]].]]
 == Bishops ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 55: @@
 * Olav von Roskilde, OFM (1323-1350)
-=== Livonian Order ===
+=== Livonian Brothers of the Sword ===
 {{main|Livonian Brothers of the Sword}}
@@ Line 45: / Line 71: @@
 * Gottschalk Hagen (1509-1513)
 * Christian Czernekow (1513-1514)
-* [[Johannes Blankenfeld]] (1514-1524) (also the [[Bishopric of Dorpat|Bishop of Dorpat]] and [[Archbishopric of Riga|Archbishop of Riga]])
+* [[Johannes Blankenfeld]] (1514-1524) (also the ''[[Bishopric of Dorpat|Bischof von Dorpat]]'' and ''[[Archbishopric of Riga|Erzbischof von Riga]]'')
 * Georg von Tiesenhausen (1525-1530)
 * Johannes Roterd (1531-1536)
@@ Line 51: / Line 77: @@
 * Friedrich von Ampten (1551-1557)
 * Moritz (Mauritius) von Wrangel (1558-1560)
-* [[Magnus of Livonia|Magnus Herzog von Holstein]] (1560-1578, only nominal)
+=== Independent ===
+* [[Magnus of Livonia|Magnus Herzog von Holstein]] (1560-1561)
+=== Principality of Estland ===
+{{main|Principality of Estland}}
+* [[Magnus of Livonia|Magnus Herzog von Holstein]] (1561-1578)
 ==See also==
@@ Line 59: / Line 94: @@
 *[[Bishopric of Dorpat]]
 *[[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]]
-*[[Estland]]
-*[[Kingdom of Livonia]]
 *[[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]]
-*[[Principality of Estland]]
 == External links ==
+*[http://www.snynumis.fi/huutokaupat/hk358/images/05.htm BALTIAN METALLIRAHOJA • BALTISKA MYNT • BALTIC COINS]
 *[http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=94&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=2 ca 1200–1558. Estonian middle ages]
+*[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/r/books/r_731.html REVALIA]
+*[http://someoldcoins.org/saur/d/d214d.htm Schilling - D. Baltic, Others]
+*[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x8382561jxt80n25/ ...statu reverendi patris, domini episcopi Revaliensis, confirmatoris...]
+*[http://www.freeessay.com/essays/115710.html The Baltics: Nationalities And Other Problems]
 [[Category:Balticum|Reval, Bishopric of]]