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[[image:Soloviev-009.jpg|250px|thumb|Dead Georgian civilian with his dog on the streets of Sukhumi, September 27, 1993]]
[[image:Soloviev-009.jpg|250px|thumb|Dead Georgian civilian with his dog on the streets of Sukhumi, September 27, 1993]]


The '''Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia''', also known as the '''Genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia''' ({{Lang-ka|ქართველთა გენოციდი აფხაზეთში}}, {{Lang-ru| Геноцид грузинского населения Абхазии}}) or the Massacre of Georgians in Abkhazia <ref>Dr Andrew Andersen, Conflict in Abkhazia, YATT Publishing 2001 </ref><ref>Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. ''Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow.'' Gothic Image Publications, 1994.</ref> — refers to [[ethnic cleansing]] <ref> Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p 230 </ref> and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic [[Georgian people|Georgians]] living in [[Abkhazia]] (de jure Autonomous Republic of [[Georgia(country)|Georgia]]) during the [[Georgian-Abkhaz conflict]] of [[1991]]-[[1993]] and [[1998]]. Between 10,000 to 30,000 Georgians were killed by the [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz separatists]], foreign mercenaries, and, allegedly, by [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|Russian Federation forces]]. Some ethnic [[Greeks]], [[Estonians]], [[Russians]] and moderate [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] were also killed. <ref>Amy McCallion, Separatism in Abkhazia, YETT Publishing, Washington, 2003 </ref>
The '''Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia''' <ref> Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians n Abkhazia between 1992-1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1998 </ref>, also known as the '''Genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia''' <ref>http://www.abkhazeti.ru/pages/main/warabkhazia.html</ref>({{Lang-ka|ქართველთა გენოციდი აფხაზეთში}}, {{Lang-ru| Геноцид грузинского населения Абхазии}}) or the Massacre of Georgians in Abkhazia <ref>Dr Andrew Andersen, Conflict in Abkhazia, YATT Publishing 2001 </ref><ref>Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. ''Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow.'' Gothic Image Publications, 1994.</ref> — refers to [[ethnic cleansing]] <ref> Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p 230 </ref> and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic [[Georgian people|Georgians]] living in [[Abkhazia]] (de jure Autonomous Republic of [[Georgia(country)|Georgia]]) during the [[Georgian-Abkhaz conflict]] of [[1991]]-[[1993]] and [[1998]]. Between 10,000 to 30,000 Georgians were killed by the [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz separatists]], foreign mercenaries, and, allegedly, by [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|Russian Federation forces]]. Some ethnic [[Greeks]], [[Estonians]], [[Russians]] and moderate [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] were also killed. <ref>Amy McCallion, Separatism in Abkhazia, YETT Publishing, Washington, 2003 </ref>


The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Georgians has been officially recognized by the OSCE convention in 1994 and again in 1996 during the [[Budapest]] summit and condemned the “''perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict''.” <ref> From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, December 6, 1994 </ref> On July 8, [[2004]] prosecutors at the [[International Criminal Court|Hague-based UN International Criminal Tribunal]] for the former [[Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) made the almost unprecedented decision to launch an investigation about [[genocide]] and [[Crime against humanity|crimes against humanity]] in Abkhazia. <ref>http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=942 </ref> The ICTY was provided with the documents selected from the 300 volumes of evidence about the genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia. These materials were collected by the Georgian Prosecutors' Office beginning in 1993 and allegedly contain horrific accounts of atrocities committed by the Abkhaz fighters and mercenaries from Russia.<ref>The Jamestown Foundation, Volume 1, Issue 57 (July 22, 2004), [http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=401&issue_id=3024&article_id=2368290]</ref> The reports included a detailed description of how the separatists played soccer with the heads of dead Georgians on the field after the executions in Gagra.<ref>Murphy, Paul J. (2004), ''The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror'', page 15. Brassey's, ISBN 1574888307</ref>
The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Georgians has been officially recognized by the OSCE convention in 1994 and again in 1996 during the [[Budapest]] summit and condemned the “''perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict''.” <ref> From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, December 6, 1994 </ref> On July 8, [[2004]] prosecutors at the [[International Criminal Court|Hague-based UN International Criminal Tribunal]] for the former [[Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) made the almost unprecedented decision to launch an investigation about [[genocide]] and [[Crime against humanity|crimes against humanity]] in Abkhazia. <ref>http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=942 </ref> The ICTY was provided with the documents selected from the 300 volumes of evidence about the genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia. These materials were collected by the Georgian Prosecutors' Office beginning in 1993 and allegedly contain horrific accounts of atrocities committed by the Abkhaz fighters and mercenaries from Russia.<ref>The Jamestown Foundation, Volume 1, Issue 57 (July 22, 2004), [http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=401&issue_id=3024&article_id=2368290]</ref> The reports included a detailed description of how the separatists played soccer with the heads of dead Georgians on the field after the executions in Gagra.<ref>Murphy, Paul J. (2004), ''The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror'', page 15. Brassey's, ISBN 1574888307</ref>

Revision as of 15:23, 6 June 2007

File:Soloviev-009.jpg
Dead Georgian civilian with his dog on the streets of Sukhumi, September 27, 1993

The Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia [1], also known as the Genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia [2](Georgian: ქართველთა გენოციდი აფხაზეთში, Russian: Геноцид грузинского населения Абхазии) or the Massacre of Georgians in Abkhazia [3][4] — refers to ethnic cleansing [5] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians living in Abkhazia (de jure Autonomous Republic of Georgia) during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict of 1991-1993 and 1998. Between 10,000 to 30,000 Georgians were killed by the Abkhaz separatists, foreign mercenaries, and, allegedly, by Russian Federation forces. Some ethnic Greeks, Estonians, Russians and moderate Abkhaz were also killed. [6]

The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Georgians has been officially recognized by the OSCE convention in 1994 and again in 1996 during the Budapest summit and condemned the “perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict.” [7] On July 8, 2004 prosecutors at the Hague-based UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) made the almost unprecedented decision to launch an investigation about genocide and crimes against humanity in Abkhazia. [8] The ICTY was provided with the documents selected from the 300 volumes of evidence about the genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia. These materials were collected by the Georgian Prosecutors' Office beginning in 1993 and allegedly contain horrific accounts of atrocities committed by the Abkhaz fighters and mercenaries from Russia.[9] The reports included a detailed description of how the separatists played soccer with the heads of dead Georgians on the field after the executions in Gagra.[10]

Background

Military conflict in Abkhazia

See also Georgian-Abkhaz conflict

Georgians can't live here any more, in Abkhazia they can only die”.[11]

The 1994 U.S. State Department Country Reports describes scenes of massive human rights abuse:

The [Abkhaz] separatist forces committed widespread atrocities against the Georgian civilian population, killing many women, children, and elderly, capturing some as hostages and torturing others ... they also killed large numbers of Georgian civilians who remained behind in Abkhaz-seized territory...



The separatists launched a reign of terror against the majority Georgian population, although other nationalities also suffered. Chechens and other north Caucasians from the Russian Federation reportedly joined local Abkhaz troops in the commission of atrocities... Those fleeing Abkhazia made highly credible claims of atrocities, including the killing of civilians without regard for age or sex. Corpses recovered from Abkhaz-held territory showed signs of extensive torture

[12]

In 1992, the political situation in Abkhazia changed into the military confrontation between Georgian government and Abkhaz separatists. The fighting escalated as Georgian Interior and Defence Ministry forces along with police units took Sukhumi and came near the city of Gudauta. The ethnically-based policies initiated by the Georgians in Sukhumi created simultaneously refugees and a core of fighters determined to regain lost homes.[13] Under the alleged aid from Russia, they managed to re-arm and organize “volunteer battalions” from North Caucasus. In early 1991, Abkhaz separatist forces and their allies started their counterattack on Georgian held-positions. Abkhazia was known for its multi-ethnic population, which included Georgians (46% in 1989), Russians, Greeks, Armenians, Ukrainians, Abkhaz, etc. Ethnic Georgians living in Abkhazia started to organize their own battalions and resistance movements which inflicted a significant blow to the separatist advance. Confronted with about 240,000 ethnic Georgians who were unwilling to leave their homes, Abkhaz side started the process of ethnic cleansing in order to expel and eliminate the Georgian ethnic population of Abkhazia. [14]

The total number of killed in the process of ethnic cleansing ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 [15], which does not include the numbers of missing, wounded and tortured people. More than 250,000 ethnic Georgians were expelled from their homes. The campaign ethnic cleansing also included Russians, moderate Abkhaz, Armenians, Greeks and other minor ethnic groups living in Abkhazia. More than 20,000 houses owned by ethnic Georgians were destroyed. Hundreds of Schools, kindergartens, churches, hospitals, historical monuments were pillaged and destroyed.[16]

File:Abkhgagraref.jpg
Ethnic Georgians flee from Abkhaz attack

After the end of the war, the government of Georgia, Hague War Crimes Tribunal, United Nations and OSCE, as well as the refugees themselves, began to investigate and gather facts about the allegations of genocide, ethnic cleansing and deportation which was conducted by the Abkhaz side during the conflict. In 1994 and again in 1996 the OSCE during the Budapest summit gave its official recognition of ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia and condemned the “perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict.” [17]

On March 2006, the Hague War Crimes Tribunal announced that it had reviewed all the documents submitted by the Georgian side. After a full-scale investigation, the Tribunal concluded that it would prosecute and start hearings against the campaign of ethnic cleansing, war-crimes and terror inflicted on ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia. [18] [19]

Reports of atrocities and war-crimes are still reaching the international community (especially the United Nations) from the Gali region. According to UN observers, the situation there is alarming.

A terrible find has been made by the local residents of the mountains of Abkhazia, near the spot where clashes with the sea-born landing troops (attempting to cut the Ochamchire-Sokhumi highway) had taken place..Pieces of a human body were hanging on long wires from tree..Those were remains of two skinned Georgian men..It is not only soldiers that are killed. In the same woods, near one village there I found a corpse of a pregnant Georgian women. She had been raped and disemboweled [20]

Facts of ethnic cleansing (1992-1993)

Following are few examples taken from the Helsinki Human Rights Watch Reports and documentation submitted for the review to United Nations and Hague War Crimes Tribunal.


Fall of Gagra

Main article: Battle of Gagra
File:Geogenocide.jpg
Dead Georgians tossed in the ditch, Gagra, 1992

On September 3, 1992, the Russian mediated agreement was signed by the Georgian and Abkhaz sides which obliged Georgia to withdraw its military forces from the city of Gagra. In return, Abkhaz separatists from Gudauta were pressured to hold their attacks on the city. Soon after, Georgian forces (along with their tanks and heavy artillery) left the city. Only small pockets of armed groups (mainly ethnic Georgians of Gagra) remained. However, on October 1, the Abkhaz side violated the agreement and launched a full scale attack on Gagra. With the fall of the city, the Georgian population of Gagra was captured by the separatists and their allies. The first major massacres and ethnic-cleansing were committed during this time. [21]

My husband Sergo was dragged and tightened to the tree. Abkhaz woman named Zoya Tsvizba brought a tray with lots of salt on it. She took the knife and started to inflict wounds on my husband. After, she threw salt onto my husbands exposed wounds. They tortured him like that for ten minutes. After, they forced a young Georgian boy (they killed him after) to dig a whole with the tractor. They placed my husband in this whole and buried him alive. The only thing I remember him saying before he was covered with the gravel and sand was: “Dali take care of the kids![22]

After the fall of Gagra, the victors started to pillage, rape, and torture followed by summary executions of everyone who was captured and failed to flee the city in time. At 5:00 pm on October 1, civilians were rounded up and placed under the guard at the soccer stadium in downtown Gagra. On October 6, close to 50 civilians had been found hanging on electricity poles. Soon after, children, elderly, women and men who were detained on the soccer stadium were gunned down and dumped in mass graves not far from the stadium.

Russian military observer Mikhail Demianov (who was accused by the Georgian side of being the military advisor to the separatist leader Ardzinba) told Human Rights Watch:

When they [Abkhaz] entered Gagra, I saw Shamyl Basaev's battalion. I have never seen such a horror. They were raping and killing everyone who was captured and dragged from their homes. Abkhaz commander Arshba raped 14 years old girl and later gave an order to execute her. For the whole day I only could hear the screams and cries of the people who were brutally tortured. On the next day, I witnessed the mass execution of people on the stadium. They installed machine guns and mortars on the top and placed people right on the field. It took couple of hours to kill everybody[23]

UN observers started to investigate and gather all the facts concerning the war crimes during the fall of Gagra. The blame for cutting the heads off the dead was placed on Shamyl Basaev’s battalion. Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia Mikhail Jinjaradze was dragged out from his office and executed.

The Abkhaz separatists killed people of other nationalities as well, including those who tried to protect Georgians. After the city was seized, the streets were covered with bodies. Separatists destroyed the Baramidze, Chkhetia, Baramia, Gvazava, Dzidziguri, Absandze, Shonia, and Kutsia families, as well as many others[24]

Massacre in Kamani

Main article: Kamani massacre
File:Mamao andria da youri anuaa.jpg
Father Andria and Yuri Anua fell victims to the Abkhaz capture of the village.

After the failed attempt of the separatist forces and their allies to storm Sukhumi on March 14th, 1993, Abkhaz diverted their main forces to the northern side of the front line which divided Georgian held Sukhumi and separatist controlled territories. On July 4, the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus militia, Abkhaz formations, and Armenian Bagramyan battalion transported by allegedly Russian naval forces to the city of Tkhvarcheli began their offensive on the northern Sukhumi district. Georgian forces and local volunteer units stationed in the villages of Shroma, Tamishi and Kamani were taken by surprise. On July 5, after intensive fighting, Georgians lost as much as 500 people in a couple of hours. [25] The village of Kamani fell into the hands of separatist formations and their North Caucasian allies. Kamani was populated mainly by Svans (sub-ethnic group of the Georgian people) and by Orthodox nuns who had been living in the church of St George located in the center of the village. [26] The local villagers (including women and children) were massacred while the church of St George became a scene of blood bath. [27] The nuns were raped and killed in front of the orthodox priests, father Yuri Anua and father Andria. Both priests were taken outside of the church and questioned about the ownership of the land in Abkhazia. After answering that Abkhazia was neither Georgian nor Abkhaz land but God's, they were shot by a confederate soldier. Another priest was killed along with father Yuri Anua and father Andria, an ethnic Abkhaz who was forced to shoot father Andria before he was killed.[28] Approximately, 120 inhabitants of the village were massacred. Similar events took place in the villages of Shroma, Aguzera, Gulripsh, Labra and Tamishi. [29]

When the Abkhaz entered my house, they took me and my seven year old son outside. After forcing us to kneel, they took my son and shot him right in front of me. After they grabbed me by hair and took me to the nearby well. An Abkhaz soldier forced me to look down that well; there I saw three younger men and couple of elderly women who were standing soaked in water naked. They were screaming and crying while the Abkhaz were dumping dead corpses on them. Afterwards, they threw a grenade there and placed more people inside. I was forced again to kneel in front of the dead corpses. One of the soldiers took his knife and took the eye out from one of the dead near me. Then he started to rub my lips and face with that decapitated eye. I could not take it any longer and fainted. They left me there in a pile of corpses.[30]

Sukhumi

File:Abkhaziagenocide1.gif
September Massacre in Sukhumi.
Main article: Sukhumi Massacre

The shelling of Sokhumi (by Russians) is the most disgusting thing in this war. All the residents of Sokhumi remember the first shelling. It took place on 2 December 1992. The first rocket fell on Peace Street. They struck at crowded places. The next strategic 'target' was the town market which was hit with great precision. Eighteen people were killed that day. There were always lots of people in the market.[31]

On July 27, a similar agreement was signed as on September 3, 1992 in Gagra, with Russia and UN as mediators. Once again Georgians had withdrawn all heavy artillery, tank and significant number of its troops from Sukhumi. The Abkhaz separatist along with their allies were forced by the agreement to hold their advance and heavy bombardment of the city. The Georgian side was reassured by Russia that Sukhumi would not be attacked or bombed if Georgian army would complete its withdrawal. The Georgian troops along with their tanks were evacuated by the Russian military ships to the city of Poti. The city was left without any significant defense. A large number of civilians stayed in Sukhumi and all school were re-opened on September 1st. However, Abkhaz separatists, North Caucasian Volunteers, Cossacks and Russian special forces attacked Sukhumi on September 16th at 8 a.m.

It marked the beginning of 12 days non-stop fighting around the besieged Sukhumi with intensive fighting and human loss from the both sides. Georgians who stayed in the city with some weapons were left without any defense from artillery or mechanized units. The union of theater actors of Sukhumi joined fighting along with other civilians who decided to fight. The city was mercilessly bombed by Russian air forces and separatist artillery. On September 27, the city fell as Abkhaz, Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (CMPC) and Russian units stormed the House of the Government of Abkhazia. One of the most horrific massacres of this war has been waged on civilian population of Sukhumi after its downfall. During the storming of the city, close to 1,000 people perished as Abkhaz formations overrun the street of the city. The civilians who were trapped in the city were taken from their houses, basements and apartment building.

Russian journalist Dmitry Kholodov:[32]

...They captured a young girl. She was hiding in the bushes near the house where they killed her parents. She was raped several times. One of the soldiers killed her and mutilated her. She was cut in half. Near her body they left a massage: as this corpse will never be as one peace, Abkhazia and Georgia will never be united as well.[31]

File:Abkhaziagenocide2.gif
Georgian civilians massacred near Sukhumi, 1993.

The separatist and their allies captured Chairman of the Supreme Council Zhiuli Shartava, Mayor of Sukhumi Guram Gabiskiria, Mamia Alasania and other members of the Abkhaz government including the members of Sukhumi police. All of the captives were brutally massacred near the governmental building. The UN reports mention of Shartava being excessively tortured. [33]

The massacres continued after the fall of Sukhumi for about two weeks. Georgians who had failed to flee the city had been hiding in abandoned apartment buildings and house basements. Upon discovery by the militants, they were killed on the spot. One of the most brutal massacres of the war was committed during this period. Video materials show 5 year old child being brutally killed by Abkhaz militant in front of his mother on the streets of Sukhumi. Abkhaz nationals were also targeted during the Sukhumi massacres. Anyone who have tried to hide a Georgian refugee or helped in any way was condemned and killed. "Temur Kutarba, an Abhazian, was killed by an Adighe Soldier in front of his children, for not being an active in killing Georgians. V. Vadakaria, 23 and his Abhazian friend, who tried to defend him, both were killed."[34]

Ochamchire

Approximately 400 Georgian families were killed [35] during the Abkhaz offensive on Ochamchire. Similar to Gagra events of 1992, the local inhabitants were driven to the city soccer stadium Akhaldaba. [36] Men, woman and children were separated from each other. Within hours, the men were executed while woman and teenagers were raped and later killed. [37]According to witness accounts, Abkhaz separatist organized detention camps where teenege girls and woman were kept for 25 days. During this period they were systematically raped and abused. [38] Besides the atrocities being committed on civilians, more than 50 Georgian prisoners of war were executed. The mass killing of civilians also accured in other parts of Ochamchire district, mainly in Kochara (heavily populated by ethnic Georgians, pre-war estimates 5340 people lived in Kochara). Approximately 235 civilians were killed and 1000 houses were destroyed. [39]

"The Abkhazian separatist group captured sisters – Eka Jvania (17 years old) and Marina Jvania (14 years old), Leila Samushia and others in village Pshadi. They undressed them in front of their parents and neighbors, and raped them. After this the Abkhazians executed all of them by shooting."[40]

Gali

After the fall of Sukhumi, the only region in Abkhazia which maintained its large ethnic Georgian population was Gali. The ethnic composition of Gali region differed from the rest of Abkhazia. The region was mainly populated by ethnic Georgians and never experienced any military activity during the war. [41]In the beginning of 1994, Abkhaz separatists confronted by the reality of the large ethnic Georgian presence within the borders of Abkhazia continued its policy of ethnic cleansing and forced expulsion of ethnic Georgians. [42] United Nations observers witnessed the events of 94 as they unfolded. [43] Between February 8 and 13 Abkhaz separatist militia and their allies attacked the villages and populated areas of Gali region, killing, raping and destroying houses (approximately 4,200 houses were destroyed as the result). [44] Despite the presence of Russian CIS peacekeeping forces, the massacres and mass killing of ethnic Georgians was carried out between 1995-1996 which resulted in 450 death and thousands of IDPs fleeing eastwards. [45]In 1997, more than 1,300 civilians perished, thousands of houses burned and hundreds of cultural centers and churches looted. By 1998, almost all of ethnic Georgian population (approximately 50,000 people) in Gali region was forcefully driven out. [46]

Post-war period

File:Georefug.jpg
Georgian refugees from Abkhazia

For all those volunteers who have contributed in our victory, we shall reward them with residency and citizenship. [47]

"And out of group of 12 front line soldiers, 2 were Abkhazian, 2 were Armenian, 1 Armenian locally from Sukhumi, 1 from Yerevan who was too young to go fight the good fight in Karabakh, and the rest were either from the North Caucasus or from places like in Siberia. What were they motivated by? Looting. They had been promised houses with tangerine gardens. They had been promised cars." [48]

The legacy of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia had been devastating for the Georgian society. The war and the subsequent systematic ethnic cleansing produced about 270,000-300,000 of IDPs that fled to various Georgian regions, mostly in Samegrelo (Mingrelia) (112,208; UNHCR, June 2000). In Tbilisi and elsewhere in Georgia refugees occupy hundreds of hotels, dormitories and abandoned Soviet military barracks for temporary residency. Many of them have to leave for other countries, primarily to Russia, to search for work.

File:Kopalagallery.jpg
The 12th anniversary of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia which was held in Tbilisi in 2005. One of the visitors of the gallery recognized her dead son on the photograph.

Some 40,000 IDPs sporadically returned in the Gali district after the 1994 ceasefire accord. However, almost half of those returned were again forced to flee and over 1,500 Georgian houses burned to the ground in May 1998, when bloody clashes erupted between the Abkhaz forces and Georgian guerillas. The situation in the Gali district remains precarious. The government of Georgia regularly protests against the persecution of remaining Georgian population in the area. Despite numerous reports about hostage taking, robbery, forced labor and forced conscription in the Abkhaz forces, the Sukhumi-based de facto authorities resolutely oppose the Georgian and UN urges to allow the opening a UN Human Rights office in the separatist-controlled town of Gali.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians n Abkhazia between 1992-1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1998
  2. ^ http://www.abkhazeti.ru/pages/main/warabkhazia.html
  3. ^ Dr Andrew Andersen, Conflict in Abkhazia, YATT Publishing 2001
  4. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  5. ^ Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p 230
  6. ^ Amy McCallion, Separatism in Abkhazia, YETT Publishing, Washington, 2003
  7. ^ From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, December 6, 1994
  8. ^ http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=942
  9. ^ The Jamestown Foundation, Volume 1, Issue 57 (July 22, 2004), [1]
  10. ^ Murphy, Paul J. (2004), The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror, page 15. Brassey's, ISBN 1574888307
  11. ^ Quote by Valery Smir, "Komsomolskaya Pravda" December 19, 1992
  12. ^ SDHR. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994
  13. ^ Human Rights Watch report. Georgia/Abkhazia: Violations of the Laws of War and Russia's Role in the Conflict, page 27. Published in March, 1995
  14. ^ US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 120
  15. ^ Federal Practice: Exploring Alternatives for Georgia and Abkhazia by Bruno Coppieters, p. 32
  16. ^ Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, pp 12-13
  17. ^ From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, December 6, 1994
  18. ^ The conflict in Abkhazia: dilemmas in Russian 'peacekeeping' policy, Lynch, Dov, pp 36-37
  19. ^ Challenges to peacebuilding : managing spoilers during conflict resolution Newman Edward, p 282
  20. ^ DKholodov. Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992
  21. ^ Human Rights Watch Report, First draft made in December 1993 and submitted to Helsinki office.
  22. ^ S.Chervonnaia.Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994
  23. ^ HRWI. Human Rights Watch Interview, GL87650 Abkhazia, 1995
  24. ^ LOA. Labirinth of Abkhazia by Vakhtang Kolbaia, p 34, 1999
  25. ^ The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian 'Peacekeeping' Policy by Dov Lynch
  26. ^ Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, p 51
  27. ^ Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, p 51
  28. ^ Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, p 52
  29. ^ No peace, no war in the Caucasus: Secessionist conflicts in Chechnya, Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh by Edward W Walker
  30. ^ STD. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994 Chapter 11, p96
  31. ^ a b D.Kholodov. Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992
  32. ^ Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992
  33. ^ Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, October 12, 1993
  34. ^ Eye Witness account, UN observers report, 1994
  35. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  36. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  37. ^ State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994
  38. ^ The conflict in Abkhazia: dilemmas in Russian 'peacekeeping' policy, Lynch, Dov, p 34
  39. ^ The conflict in Abkhazia: dilemmas in Russian 'peacekeeping' policy, Lynch, Dov, pp 16-17
  40. ^ Report by Human Rights Watch Helsinki, March 1995
  41. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  42. ^ Briefing on Current Situation in Georgia and Implications for U.S. Policy, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, October 25, 1993
  43. ^ Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, October 12, 1994
  44. ^ S State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994
  45. ^ S State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994
  46. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  47. ^ Quote by Vladislav Ardzinba (Separatist leader), "Izvestiya" October, 1992
  48. ^ Briefing on Current Situation in Georgia and Implications for U.S. Policy, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Monday, October 25, 1993', p.7

Bibliography

External links

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