Charles the Bald: Difference between revisions
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==Struggle against his brothers== |
==Struggle against his brothers== |
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He was born on [[13 June]] [[823]] in [[Frankfurt]], when his elder brothers were already adults and had been assigned their own ''regna'', or subkingdoms, by their father. The attempts made by Louis the Pious to assign Charles a subkingdom, first [[Alemannia]] and then the country between the [[Meuse]] and the [[Pyrenees]] (in 832, after the rising of [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]]) were unsuccessful |
He was born on [[13 June]] [[823]] in [[Frankfurt]], when his elder brothers were already adults and had been assigned their own ''regna'', or subkingdoms, by their father. The attempts made by Louis the Pious to assign Charles a subkingdom, first [[Alemannia]] and then the country between the [[Meuse]] and the [[Pyrenees]] (in 832, after the rising of [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]]) were unsuccessful. The numerous reconciliations with the rebellious Lothair and Pepin, as well as their brother [[Louis the German]], [[List of rulers of Bavaria|King of Bavaria]], made Charles' share in [[Aquitaine]] and Italy only temporary, but his father did not give up and made Charles the heir of the entire land which was once Gaul and would someday be France. At a diet near [[Crémieux]] in 837, Louis the Pious bade the nobles do homage to Charles as his heir. This led to the final rising of his sons against him and Pepin of Aquitaine died in 838, whereupon Charles received that kingdom, finally once and for all. Pepin's son [[Pepin II of Aquitaine|Pepin II]] would be a perpetual thorn in his side. |
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The death of the emperor in 840 led to the outbreak of war between his sons. Charles allied himself with his brother Louis the German to resist the pretensions of the new emperor Lothair I, and the two allies defeated Lothair at the [[Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye]] on [[June 25]] [[841]]. In the following year, the two brothers confirmed their alliance by the celebrated [[Oath of Strasbourg|Oaths of Strasbourg]]. The war was brought to an end by the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in August 843. The settlement gave Charles the Bald the kingdom of the West Franks, which he had been up till then governing and which practically corresponded with what is now France, as far as the [[Meuse]], the [[Saône]], and the [[Rhône River|Rhône]], with the addition of the [[Marches#Catalonia and the .22Spanish Marches.22|Spanish March]] as far as the [[Ebro]]. Louis received the eastern part of the [[Carolingian Empire]], known as the [[East Francia]] and later [[Germany]]. Lothair retained the imperial title and the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]]. He also received the central regions from [[Flanders]] through the [[Rhineland]] and [[Burgundy]] as king of [[Middle Francia]]. |
The death of the emperor in 840 led to the outbreak of war between his sons. Charles allied himself with his brother Louis the German to resist the pretensions of the new emperor Lothair I, and the two allies defeated Lothair at the [[Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye]] on [[June 25]] [[841]]. In the following year, the two brothers confirmed their alliance by the celebrated [[Oath of Strasbourg|Oaths of Strasbourg]]. The war was brought to an end by the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in August 843. The settlement gave Charles the Bald the kingdom of the West Franks, which he had been up till then governing and which practically corresponded with what is now France, as far as the [[Meuse]], the [[Saône]], and the [[Rhône River|Rhône]], with the addition of the [[Marches#Catalonia and the .22Spanish Marches.22|Spanish March]] as far as the [[Ebro]]. Louis received the eastern part of the [[Carolingian Empire]], known as the [[East Francia]] and later [[Germany]]. Lothair retained the imperial title and the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]]. He also received the central regions from [[Flanders]] through the [[Rhineland]] and [[Burgundy]] as king of [[Middle Francia]]. |
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Revision as of 17:09, 6 July 2007
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Charles the Bald (numbered Charles II of France and the Holy Roman Emperor) (French: Charles le Chauve, German: Karl der Kahle) (13 June 823 – 5 or 6 October, 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875-877) and king of West Francia (840-877), was the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious, by his second wife Judith.
Struggle against his brothers
He was born on 13 June 823 in Frankfurt, when his elder brothers were already adults and had been assigned their own regna, or subkingdoms, by their father. The attempts made by Louis the Pious to assign Charles a subkingdom, first Alemannia and then the country between the Meuse and the Pyrenees (in 832, after the rising of Pepin I of Aquitaine) were unsuccessful. The numerous reconciliations with the rebellious Lothair and Pepin, as well as their brother Louis the German, King of Bavaria, made Charles' share in Aquitaine and Italy only temporary, but his father did not give up and made Charles the heir of the entire land which was once Gaul and would someday be France. At a diet near Crémieux in 837, Louis the Pious bade the nobles do homage to Charles as his heir. This led to the final rising of his sons against him and Pepin of Aquitaine died in 838, whereupon Charles received that kingdom, finally once and for all. Pepin's son Pepin II would be a perpetual thorn in his side.
The death of the emperor in 840 led to the outbreak of war between his sons. Charles allied himself with his brother Louis the German to resist the pretensions of the new emperor Lothair I, and the two allies defeated Lothair at the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye on June 25 841. In the following year, the two brothers confirmed their alliance by the celebrated Oaths of Strasbourg. The war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Verdun in August 843. The settlement gave Charles the Bald the kingdom of the West Franks, which he had been up till then governing and which practically corresponded with what is now France, as far as the Meuse, the Saône, and the Rhône, with the addition of the Spanish March as far as the Ebro. Louis received the eastern part of the Carolingian Empire, known as the East Francia and later Germany. Lothair retained the imperial title and the Iron Crown of Lombardy. He also received the central regions from Flanders through the Rhineland and Burgundy as king of Middle Francia.
Reign in the West
The first years of Charles' reign, up to the death of Lothair I in 855, were comparatively peaceful. During these years the three brothers continued the system of "confraternal government", meeting repeatedly with one another, at Koblenz (848), at Meerssen (851), and at Attigny (854). In 858, Louis the German, invited by disaffected nobles eager to oust Charles, invaded the West Frankish kingdom. Charles was so unpopular that he was unable to summon an army, and he fled to Burgundy. He was saved only by the support of the bishops, who refused to crown Louis king, and by the fidelity of the Welfs, who were related to his mother, Judith. In 860, he in his turn tried to seize the kingdom of his nephew, Charles of Provence, but was repulsed. On the death of his nephew Lothair II in 869, Charles tried to seize Lothair's dominions, but by the Treaty of Mersen (870) was compelled to share them with Louis the German.
Besides these family disputes, Charles had to struggle against repeated rebellions in Aquitaine and against the Bretons. Led by their chiefs Nomenoë and Erispoë, who defeated the king at Ballon (845) and Juvardeil (851), the Bretons were successful in obtaining a de facto independence. Charles also fought against the Vikings, who devastated the country of the north, the valleys of the Seine and Loire, and even up to the borders of Aquitaine. Several times Charles was forced to purchase their retreat at a heavy price. Charles led various expeditions against the invaders and, by the Edict of Pistres of 864, made the army more mobile by providing for a cavalry element, the predecessor of the French chivalry so famous during the next 600 years. By the same edict, he ordered fortified bridges to be put up at all rivers to block the Viking incursions. Two of these bridges at Paris saved the city during its siege of 885-886.
Emperor
In 875, after the death of the Emperor Louis II (son of his half-brother Lothair), Charles the Bald, supported by Pope John VIII, traveled to Italy, receiving the royal crown at Pavia and the imperial insignia in Rome on December 29. Louis the German, also a candidate for the succession of Louis II, revenged himself by invading and devastating Charles' dominions, and Charles had to return hastily to Francia. After the death of Louis the German (28 August 876), Charles in his turn attempted to seize Louis' kingdom, but was decisively beaten at Andernach on October 8, 876. In the meantime, John VIII, menaced by the Saracens, was urging Charles to come to his defence in Italy. Charles again crossed the Alps, but this expedition was received with little enthusiasm by the nobles, and even by his regent in Lombardy, Boso, and they refused to join his army. At the same time Carloman, son of Louis the German, entered northern Italy. Charles, ill and in great distress, started on his way back to Gaul, but died while crossing the pass of Mont Cenis at Brides-les-Bain, on the 5th or 6th of October 877.
Legacy
Charles was succeeded by his son, Louis. Charles seems to have been a prince of education and letters, a friend of the church, and conscious of the support he could find in the episcopate against his unruly nobles, for he chose his councillors from among the higher clergy, as in the case of Guenelon of Sens, who betrayed him, and of Hincmar of Reims.
Finally, it is unlikely that Charles was actually bald. Rather, the epithet the Bald is thought to be early medieval humour and historians generally agree that he was probably quite hirsute, with a full head of hair and a beard.
Family
Charles married Ermentrude, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléans, in 842. She died in 869. In 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine, but none of the children he had with her played a part of any importance.
With Ermentrude:
- Judith (844-870), who married Ethelwulf of Wessex and Baldwin I of Flanders
- Louis the Stammerer (846-879)
- Charles the Child (847-866)
- Carloman (died 876)
- Lothar (-865)
- Ermentrud (-877)
- Hildegard
- Gisela
- Rotrud (b.850)
With Richilde:
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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