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Arcology is a set of architectural design principles aimed toward the design of enormous habitats (hyperstructures) of extremely high human population density. These works generally use "arcology" as a count noun, referring to what architect Paulo Soleri calls a "hyperstructure": a self-contained structure containing a variety of residential and commercial facilities, possibly economically self-sufficient. Soleri's book The City in the Image of Man actually posited the use of arcologies in all accessible environments: in space, under the sea, etc.

Development

The term arcology is restricted mainly to theoretical discussions and fictional depictions, such as Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's Oath of Fealty or as elements in video game, such as SimCity 2000, Escape Velocity Nova, Deus Ex: Invisible War and Mass Effect.

The first mention of arcology can be found in HG Wells' When the Sleeper Wakes, published in 1899. A more in-depth description of arcology's design principles can be found in "The Last Redoubt" from The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson, first published in 1912. In it Hodason envisions structures complete with a full artificial ecology, agriculture, and public transport by mobile roadways.

Similar real-world projects

Many cities in the world have had proposed projects adhering to the design principles espoused archology, like Tokyo, and Dongtan near Shanghai. [1]. The first phase of Dongtan is scheduled to open by 2010.

Certain cities and urban projects exhibit some characteristic that reflect the design principles of archology. The +15 system in downtown Calgary, Alberta, Canada, is one example. It is a self-contained apparatus, with interconnected supermarkets, malls and entertainment complexes. The +15 is the world's most extensive pedestrian skywalk system with a total length of 16 km (10 miles).

Co-op City in the Bronx, New York City is another example, with many services provided on-site.

The Las Vegas Strip exhibit characteristics arcology inspired design. ^{[citation needed]} Most of the major casino resorts are connected by tunnels, footbridges, and monorails. It is possible to travel from Mandalay Bay at the south end of the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center, three miles to the north, without using streets. In many cases, it is possible to travel between several different casinos without ever going outdoors.

The McMurdo Station of the United States Antarctic Program and other scientific research stations on the continent of Antarctica may most closely approximate concept of an "arcology". Although by no means entirely self-sufficient (the U.S. Military "Operation Deep Freeze" resupply effort delivers 8 million gallons of fuel and 11 million pounds of supplies and equipment yearly^[1]) the base has a very insular character as a necessary shelter and protection from an extremely harsh environment, is geographically isolated from conventional support networks, and must avoid damage to the surrounding Antarctic ecosystem due to international treaty. It generates electricity with its own nuclear power plant, grows fruits and vegetables in a hydroponic green house^[2], and provides a full range of living and entertainment amenities.

In popular culture

Novels and comics

H.G. Wells's 1899 tale "When the Sleeper Wakes" describes a rudimentary version of pre-Solari arcology, having developed from the evolution of transportation. They are hotel-like and dominate the surrounding landscape, having replaced all towns and cities though preserving their names.^[3]

William Hope Hodgson's 1912 novel The Night Land features the first example of what we now would call an arcology, though the future Earthlings depicted — millions of years into the future, in fact — have different reasons for building their metallic pyramid.^[4]

In Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's collaboration Oath of Fealty (1982), much of the action is set in and around Todos Santos, an arcology built in a burnt-out section of Los Angeles that has evolved a separate culture from the city around it. Niven also occasionally refers to arcologies in his Known Space series, particularly in the stories involving Gil Hamilton.

In the novel The World Inside by Robert Silverberg, everyone lived in 'Urban Monads' that were self-contained three kilometer high hyperstructures. People hardly ever departed.

In Isaac Asimov's Robot Series, Earth's population lives in large hyperstructures simply called Cities. In Asimov's Empire and the The Foundation series, the capital planet Trantor of the galactic empire is a completely built-up planet, covered in its entirety with tall buildings and subterranean structures.

All the remaining cities of the Earth are hyperstructures in Peter F. Hamilton's Night's Dawn trilogy.

In the Judge Dredd comic stories, originally published in 2000 AD comic, the megalopolis of Mega-City One consists of many hundreds, if not thousands, of City Blocks, in which a citizen can be born, grow, live, and die without ever leaving.

William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy features various Arcologies, namely the "projects." It is a megastructure that has been constructed with electricity, heat, oxygen, and food that it produced.

David Wingrove's Chung Kuo series depicts a dystopian future Earth in which almost the entire population lives within several hyperstructures that are thousands of feet tall and span entire continents.

J.G. Ballard's 1975 novel "High Rise" featured a luxury arcology in which disparity between social classes among the residents eventually led to widespread anarchy and a reversion to primitive archetypes.

In Samuel Youd's 1967-68 trilogy of novels The Tripods, an alien race known as "The Masters" live in three huge domed archologies built on Earth to use as a base from which to colonise the planet. The structures are made from a golden material, and are capped with a crystal that replicates the atmospheric conditions of The Masters' home planet.

Films and television

Arcologies are common elements in futuristic anime and manga titles. An example would be the post-apocalyptic/cyberpunk series Appleseed by Masamune Shirow, in which hyperstructures dominate the skyline of the city Olympus.

In the 1982 film Blade Runner by Ridley Scott, the main offices of the fictional Tyrell Corporation (a Megacorp) resemble a hyperstructure; The Genom Tower arcologies (among other things) in the anime Bubblegum Crisis were partially inspired by the Tyrell hyperstructure; the series also features an underground "Geo City."

In the film Equilibrium, an arcology named Libria is the last human civilization, a society in which peace is kept by the forced administration of an injected liquid drug designed to completely suppress emotions.

In the science-fiction movie series The Matrix, the last human city, known as Zion, is a hyperstructure. Due to nuclear scarring of the earth's surface and atmosphere, the hyperstructure is buried deeply under ground. While ecologically sparse, the habitat's climate is controlled by complex machinery in the lower levels. The population is in the realm of 1 million. Due to the nature of the aggression from the machines, Zion is an example of a heavily fortified hyperstructure.

In the season four finale of the science fiction show Andromeda a large battle takes place in space around an antiquated space hyperstructure known simply as 'Arcology'.

In the episode "11:59" of Star Trek: Voyager's fifth season (original air date: May 5th, 1999), Earth's first self-contained ecosystem known as "The Millennium Gate" was referenced. Said to be one kilometer tall and began construction in 2001.

Video games

File:Simcity2000 Arcology.jpg

The "Launch Arco", from SimCity 2000

Will Wright's computer game SimCity 2000 allows the construction of four different types of arcologies. More primitive models hold quite a few people in exchange for producing considerable pollution, but later models are denser and cleaner. When 250 of the most advanced model, the "Launch Arco" (pictured), are built, an "exodus sequence" starts in which all Launch Arcos blast into space. This parallels parts of Soleri's book, in which hyperstructures were shown as being appropriate for environments in space, under the sea, in polar lands, etc.

Another Wright game, Spore, will feature bubbled cities that serve the same function. In Wright's 1990 SimEarth, "Nanotech Age" cities eventually advance to a mass exodus of the entire sentient species of the planet.

Two levels of the computer game Deus Ex: Invisible War posits a futuristic arcology, simply called the Arcology, on the edge of an ancient medina in Cairo.

The Domes seen in the 24th century in Chrono Trigger could be considered arcologies.

In the computer game Afterlife, the player controlling Heaven and Hell can eventually purchase Love Domes or Omnibulges. Functioning similarly to arcologies, these structures are the remnants of transcended/destroyed Heaven/Hells that are able to hold billions of souls.

In the Computer game Civilization: Call to Power, the "Arcology Advance," found in a near future part of the technology list, grants access to the Arcology building, which reduces overcrowding effects in its host city.

In the computer game Escape Velocity: Nova many planets that are part of the Auroran Empire have multiple arcologies on them. Many of their populations number in the hundreds of billions.

The tutorial in the computer game Dystopia takes place in Yggdrasil's first arcology.

The wholly self-sustained utopian society 'Rapture' in the computer game BioShock is an underwater example of an arcology.

Role-playing and table-top games

In the table-top strategy game Warhammer 40,000, hyperstructures, called "hives," are extremely common and are the main method of housing large populations. Arcologies are so widespread that some planets, Holy Terra and Mars amongst others, dubbed 'hive worlds', are constructed entirely of hyperstructures. Necromunda, an off-shoot game set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe, involves conflict between rival gangs on the hive world of Necromunda.

In the RPG Shadowrun, a number of hyperstructures such as the "Renraku Arcology" exist by 2050, most of which are mega-corporate controlled. A major theme to these is the desire of a large corporation to control every aspect of its employees' lives. A major meta-plot element was the sealing off of the aforementioned Renraku Arcology in Seattle when the advanced computer control system awakened into a self-aware AI named Deus.

In the RPG Trinity, a number of hyperstructures exist, with the largest being that of the New New York Arcology run by the Psi-Order Orgotek.

In the RPG Rifts, the capital of the Coalition States is the city of Chi-Town. Chi-town (as well as several other Coalition cities) is considered a "Mega-City", in that the entire city is housed inside one giant structure, which consists of more than thirty levels, each several stories high, and several sub-levels.

In R.Talsorian's follow up to Cyberpunk 2020, Cybergeneration, one of the player archetype Yo-Gangs was called the "Arcorunner". The character was a child who has grown up in the arcologies, knowing every aspect about them.

References

^ Modern Marvels: Sub-Zero. The History Channel.
^ Antarctic Hydroponics web site
^ Town In One Building by H.G. Wells from When the Sleeper Wakes
^ Template:Harvard reference

External links

Arcosanti.org – Official Webpage for a prototype arcological development in Arizona
Arcology.com – Useful links
The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson (Full text online)
Victory City
A discussion of arcology concepts

Usage of "arcology" vs. "hyperstructure":

Arcology.com ("An arcology in southern China" on front page)
Arcology ("An arcology is a self-contained environment...")
SculptorsWiki: Arcology ("The only arcology yet on Earth...")
Review of Shadowrun: Renraku Arcology ("What's an arcology? A self-contained, largely self-sufficient living, working, recreational structure...")

[1] Modern Marvels: Sub-Zero. The History Channel.

[2] Antarctic Hydroponics web site

[3] Town In One Building by H.G. Wells from When the Sleeper Wakes

[4] Template:Harvard reference

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 ===Video games===
 [[Image:Simcity2000 Arcology.jpg|thumb|200px|The "Launch Arco", from ''[[SimCity 2000]]'']]
-*[[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright's]] computer game ''[[SimCity 2000]]'' allows the construction of four different types of arcologies. More primitive models hold quite a few people in exchange for producing considerable pollution, but later models are denser and cleaner. When 349 of the most advanced model, the "Launch Arco" (pictured), are built, an "exodus sequence" starts in which all Launch Arcos blast into space. This parallels parts of Soleri's book, in which hyperstructures were shown as being appropriate for environments in space, under the sea, in polar lands, etc.
+*[[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright's]] computer game ''[[SimCity 2000]]'' allows the construction of four different types of arcologies. More primitive models hold quite a few people in exchange for producing considerable pollution, but later models are denser and cleaner. When 250 of the most advanced model, the "Launch Arco" (pictured), are built, an "exodus sequence" starts in which all Launch Arcos blast into space. This parallels parts of Soleri's book, in which hyperstructures were shown as being appropriate for environments in space, under the sea, in polar lands, etc.
 *Another Wright game, ''[[Spore (video game)|Spore]]'', will feature bubbled cities that serve the same function. In Wright's 1990 ''[[SimEarth]]'', "Nanotech Age" cities eventually advance to a mass exodus of the entire sentient species of the planet.