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'''Robert Schuman''' ([[June 29]] [[1886]]{{ndash}} [[September 4]] [[1963]]) was a noted [[Luxembourg|Luxembourg-born]] [[France|French]] politician, a [[Christian Democrat]] ([[Popular Republican Movement|M.R.P.]]) who is regarded as one of the founders of the [[European Union]].
'''Robert Schuman''' ([[June 29]] [[1886]]{{ndash}} [[September 4]] [[1963]]), French Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, was a noted [[Luxembourg|Luxembourg-born]] [[France|French]] Statesman, a [[Christian Democrat]] ([[Popular Republican Movement|M.R.P.]]) who is regarded as one of the founders of the [[European Union]], the [[Council of Europe]] and [[NATO]], the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
===Background===
===Background===
Robert Schuman's father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (1837–1900), was born a French citizen in Évrange, [[Moselle|Lorraine]], just across the border with Luxembourg. After Lorraine became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871 ([[Alsace-Lorraine]]), he became a German citizen. Robert's mother, Eugénie Duren (1864–1911), a Luxembourgian born in [[Bettembourg]], became a German citizen by marriage in 1884. Although born in the suburb of [[Clausen, Luxembourg|Clausen]], [[Luxembourg City]], Robert Schuman was German by virtue of the principle of ''[[jus sanguinis]].'' He renounced this nationality in favour of [[France|French]] nationality in 1919 when the Alsace-Lorraine region was returned to France. His mother tongue was [[Luxembourgish]] but was taught [[French language|French]] and [[German language|Standard German]] at school. Since he learned French only in school (which is mandatory in Luxembourg) he spoke it with a Luxembourg/Lorraine accent[http://www.fofa.lu/PDF_docs/150_Joer_Clausen.pdf].
Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister who was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions, Robert Schuman was an independent political thinker and activist. He was a man of several cultures. Robert Schuman's father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (1837–1900), was born a French citizen in Évrange, [[Moselle|Lorraine]], just across the border with Luxembourg. After Lorraine became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871 ([[Alsace-Lorraine]]), he became a German citizen. Robert's mother, Eugénie Duren (1864–1911), a Luxembourgian born in [[Bettembourg]], became a German citizen by marriage in 1884. Although born in the suburb of [[Clausen, Luxembourg|Clausen]], [[Luxembourg City]], Robert Schuman was German by virtue of the principle of ''[[jus sanguinis]].'' He renounced this nationality in favour of [[France|French]] nationality in 1919 when the Alsace-Lorraine region was returned to France. His mother tongue was [[Luxembourgish]] but was taught [[French language|French]] and [[German language|Standard German]] at school. Since he learned French only in school (which is mandatory in Luxembourg) he spoke it with a Luxembourg/Lorraine accent[http://www.fofa.lu/PDF_docs/150_Joer_Clausen.pdf].


Schuman pursued his secondary education at the [[Athénée de Luxembourg]] secondary school in Luxembourg, a former [[Jesuit]] College. He then decided to study at German universities, but since the Luxembourg secondary school diploma was not valid in Germany, he had to pass the entrance exam for this, the ''[[Abitur]]'', at the Kaiserliche Gymnasium in [[Metz]]. His university education in law, economics, political philosophy, theology and statistics took place in the German education system. He received his law degree after studying at the [[University of Bonn]], the University of Munich, the [[Humboldt University]] in [[Berlin]] and in [[Strasbourg]] in Alsace (then Germany).
Schuman pursued his secondary education at the [[Athénée de Luxembourg]] secondary school in Luxembourg, a former [[Jesuit]] College. He then decided to study at German universities, but since the Luxembourg secondary school diploma was not valid in Germany, he had to pass the entrance exam for this, the ''[[Abitur]]'', at the Kaiserliche Gymnasium in [[Metz]]. His university education in law, economics, political philosophy, theology and statistics took place in the German education system. He received his law degree after studying at the [[University of Bonn]], the University of Munich, the [[Humboldt University]] in [[Berlin]] and in [[Strasbourg]] in Alsace (then Germany).
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===Post war===
===Post war===
{{Christian Democracy expanded}}
{{Christian Democracy expanded}}
After the war Schuman rose to great prominence. He was Minister of Finance, then twice [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] from 1947–1948. He was part of the [[Third Force (France)|Third Force]] coalition governments which opposed to both the [[French Communist Party|Communists]] and [[Gaullism|Gaullists]]. He became [[Foreign Minister (France)|Foreign Minister]] in the latter year. Schuman's government proposed the creation of a European Assembly, the first government to do so. This proposal saw life as the Council of Europe and was created within the schedule Schuman had set. At the signing of its Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated there. In September 1948 as Foreign Minister, he announced before the United Nations General Assembly, France's aim to create a democratic organisation for Europe which a post-Nazi and democratic Germany could join. In 1949-50, he made a series of speeches in Europe and North America about creating a supranational European Community. This structure, he said, would create lasting peace between States.
After the war Schuman rose to great prominence. He was Minister of Finance, then [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] from 1947–1948, assuring parliamentary stability during a period of revolutionary strikes and attempted insurrection. He was part of the [[Third Force (France)|Third Force]] coalition governments which opposed to both the [[French Communist Party|Communists]] and [[Gaullism|Gaullists]]. Becoming [[Foreign Minister (France)|Foreign Minister]] in 1948, he retained the post in different governments until early 1953. Schuman's first government proposed the creation of a European Assembly, making the issue a governmental matter for Europe. This proposal saw life as the Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set. At the signing of its Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated there. He also announced a coming [[supranational]] union for Europe. In September 1948 as Foreign Minister, he had announced before the United Nations General Assembly, France's aim to create a democratic organisation for Europe which a post-Nazi and democratic Germany could join. In 1949-50, he made a series of speeches in Europe and North America about creating a supranational European Community. This structure, he said, would create lasting peace between Member States.


On [[May 9]] [[1950]], these principles of supranational democracy were announced in a Declaration jointly prepared by Paul Reuter, the legal adviser at the Foreign Ministry, his chef-de Cabinet, Bernard Clappier and [[Jean Monnet]] and two of his team.The French Government agreed to the Schuman Declaration which invited the Germans and all other European countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational Community with its five foundational institutions. On 18 April 1951 six founder members signed the [[Treaty of Paris (1951)]] that formed the basis of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]]. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, suprantional principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'. Three Communities have been created so far. The [[Treaties of Rome]], 1957, created the Economic community and the nuclear non-proliferation Community, [[Euratom]]. Together with intergovernmental machinery of later treaties, these eventually evolved into the [[European Union]]. The [[Schuman Declaration]], was made on 9 May 1950 and to this day [[May 9]] is designated [[Europe Day]].
On [[May 9]] [[1950]], these principles of supranational democracy were announced in a Declaration jointly prepared by Paul Reuter, the legal adviser at the Foreign Ministry, his chef-de Cabinet, Bernard Clappier and [[Jean Monnet]] and two of his team.The French Government agreed to the Schuman Declaration which invited the Germans and all other European countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational Community with its five foundational institutions. On 18 April 1951 six founder members signed the [[Treaty of Paris (1951)]] that formed the basis of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]]. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, suprantional principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'. Three Communities have been created so far. The [[Treaties of Rome]], 1957, created the Economic community and the nuclear non-proliferation Community, [[Euratom]]. Together with intergovernmental machinery of later treaties, these eventually evolved into the [[European Union]]. The [[Schuman Declaration]], was made on 9 May 1950 and to this day [[May 9]] is designated [[Europe Day]].

Revision as of 15:40, 23 June 2008

For others with the same name see Robert Schumann (disambiguation).
Robert Schuman
5th President of the European Parliament
1st of the European Parliamentary Assembly
In office
1958–1960
Preceded byHans Furler
Succeeded byHans Furler
132nd Prime Minister of France
4th Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic
In office
September 5, 1948 – September 11, 1948
Preceded byAndré Marie
Succeeded byHenri Queuille
130th Prime Minister of France
2nd Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic
In office
November 24, 1947 – July 26, 1948
Preceded byPaul Ramadier
Succeeded byAndré Marie
Personal details
BornJune 29 1886
DiedSeptember 4 1963
Political partyMRP

Robert Schuman (June 29 1886– September 4 1963), French Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, was a noted Luxembourg-born French Statesman, a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) who is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Biography

Background

Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister who was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions, Robert Schuman was an independent political thinker and activist. He was a man of several cultures. Robert Schuman's father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (1837–1900), was born a French citizen in Évrange, Lorraine, just across the border with Luxembourg. After Lorraine became part of the German Empire in 1871 (Alsace-Lorraine), he became a German citizen. Robert's mother, Eugénie Duren (1864–1911), a Luxembourgian born in Bettembourg, became a German citizen by marriage in 1884. Although born in the suburb of Clausen, Luxembourg City, Robert Schuman was German by virtue of the principle of jus sanguinis. He renounced this nationality in favour of French nationality in 1919 when the Alsace-Lorraine region was returned to France. His mother tongue was Luxembourgish but was taught French and Standard German at school. Since he learned French only in school (which is mandatory in Luxembourg) he spoke it with a Luxembourg/Lorraine accent[1].

Schuman pursued his secondary education at the Athénée de Luxembourg secondary school in Luxembourg, a former Jesuit College. He then decided to study at German universities, but since the Luxembourg secondary school diploma was not valid in Germany, he had to pass the entrance exam for this, the Abitur, at the Kaiserliche Gymnasium in Metz. His university education in law, economics, political philosophy, theology and statistics took place in the German education system. He received his law degree after studying at the University of Bonn, the University of Munich, the Humboldt University in Berlin and in Strasbourg in Alsace (then Germany).

War time

After the death of his mother in a coach accident, Schuman may have briefly considered the religious life, but resolved to pursue a lay apostolate. He remained single and celibate throughout his life. He became a lawyer, and was judged medically unfit for military call-up. (He served in a civilian capacity during the First World War, so never wore a German uniform). He was a member of the city council of Metz as well as the German Katholikentag. After the First World War, Alsace-Lorraine was retaken by France and Schuman became active in French politics. In 1919 he was first elected as député to parliament on a regional list, and later serving as the député for Thionville until 1958 with an interval during the war years. He made a major contribution to the drafting and parliamentary passage of the Lex Schuman by the French parliament. Schuman also investigated and patiently uncovered postwar corruption in the Lorraine steel industries.

In 1940, because of his expertise on Germany, Schuman was called to become a member of Paul Reynaud's wartime government. Later that year, he was arrested for acts of resistance and protest against Nazi methods. He was interrogated by the Gestapo. Thanks to an honourable German, he was saved from being sent to Dachau. Transferred as a personal prisoner of the vicious Nazi Gauleiter Joseph Buerckel, he escaped in 1942 and joined the French Resistance. Although his life was still at risk, he spoke to friends about a Franco-German and European reconciliation that must take place after the end of hostilities, as he had already done in 1939-40.

Post war

Template:Christian Democracy expanded After the war Schuman rose to great prominence. He was Minister of Finance, then Prime Minister from 1947–1948, assuring parliamentary stability during a period of revolutionary strikes and attempted insurrection. He was part of the Third Force coalition governments which opposed to both the Communists and Gaullists. Becoming Foreign Minister in 1948, he retained the post in different governments until early 1953. Schuman's first government proposed the creation of a European Assembly, making the issue a governmental matter for Europe. This proposal saw life as the Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set. At the signing of its Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated there. He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe. In September 1948 as Foreign Minister, he had announced before the United Nations General Assembly, France's aim to create a democratic organisation for Europe which a post-Nazi and democratic Germany could join. In 1949-50, he made a series of speeches in Europe and North America about creating a supranational European Community. This structure, he said, would create lasting peace between Member States.

On May 9 1950, these principles of supranational democracy were announced in a Declaration jointly prepared by Paul Reuter, the legal adviser at the Foreign Ministry, his chef-de Cabinet, Bernard Clappier and Jean Monnet and two of his team.The French Government agreed to the Schuman Declaration which invited the Germans and all other European countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational Community with its five foundational institutions. On 18 April 1951 six founder members signed the Treaty of Paris (1951) that formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, suprantional principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'. Three Communities have been created so far. The Treaties of Rome, 1957, created the Economic community and the nuclear non-proliferation Community, Euratom. Together with intergovernmental machinery of later treaties, these eventually evolved into the European Union. The Schuman Declaration, was made on 9 May 1950 and to this day May 9 is designated Europe Day.

As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO. Schuman also signed the Treaty of Washington for France.The defensive principles of Nato's Article 5 were also repeated in the European Defence Community Treaty which failed as the French National Assembly declined to vote its ratification. Schuman was a proponent of an Atlantic Community. This was strongly resisted by Communists, ultranationalists and Gaullists.

European politics

Schuman later served as Minister of Justice before becoming the first President of the European Parliamentary Assembly (the successor to the Common Assembly) which bestowed on him by acclamation the title 'Father of Europe'. He is considered one of the founding fathers of the European Union. In 1958 he received the Karlspreis, an Award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace, commemorating Charlemagne, ruler of what is today France and Germany, who resided and is buried at Aachen. He was also a knight of the Order of Pope Pius IX.

Celibate, modest and un-ostentatious, Schuman was an intensely religious man and Bible scholar. He was strongly influenced by the writings of Pope Pius XII, St. Thomas Aquinas and Jacques Maritain. It was announced on 15 May 2004 that the diocesan investigation of the cause of beatification would soon conclude, this might have as its result that Schuman will be declared "Blessed" by the Roman Catholic Church.[citation needed]

Miscellaneous

The Schuman District of Brussels (including a metro station, square and railway station) is named in his honour. Around the square ("Rond Point Schuman") can be found various European institutions, including the Berlaymont building which is the headquarters of the European Commission, as well as key European Parliament buildings. A Social Science University named after him lies in Strasbourg, France.

In Luxembourg there are:

In Ireland there is:

  • A building in the University of Limerick named the "Robert Schuman" building. This building is commonly referred to by the students of the University simply as "the Schuman", or jokingly as "the Shoeman".

Schuman's place of birth house was restored by the European Parliament and can be visited; as can his home in Scy-Chazelles just outside Metz.

In Aix-en-Provence, a town in Bouches-du-Rhone, France, there is an Avenue Robert Schumann, which homes the three university buildings of the town.

place of birth house was restored by the European Parliament and can be visited; as can his home in Scy-Chazelle just outside Metz.

Schuman's First Government, November 24 1947– July 26 1948

Changes

Schuman's Second Government, September 5 1948– September 11 1948

File:2002 Belgium 100 euro 3 Pioneers back.JPG
Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification gold coin

Schuman in numismatics

Schuman has left such a legacy behind, that he was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification coin, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak and Konrad Adenauer.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Schuman.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Preceded by Minister of Justice
1955–1956 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of France
1947–1948 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of France
1948 		Succeeded by

Template:Heads of Government of France

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