Jump to content

Wild Hunt: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
wording
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:Aasgaardreien peter nicolai arbo mindre.jpg|thumb|325px|The wild hunt: ''Åsgårdsreien (1872) by [[Peter Nicolai Arbo]]]]
[[Image:Aasgaardreien peter nicolai arbo mindre.jpg|thumb|325px|The wild hunt: ''Åsgårdsreien (1872) by [[Peter Nicolai Arbo]]]]


The '''Wild Hunt''' was a folk myth prevalent in former times across Northern, Western and Central Europe.<ref name="Shön1">Schön, Ebbe. (2004). ''Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition''. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 91-89660-41-2 pp. 201-205.</ref> The fundamental premise in all instances is the same: a phantasmal group of huntsmen with the [[accoutrement]]s of [[hunting]], horses, hounds, etc., in mad pursuit across the skies or along the ground, or just above it.<ref>Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Wild Hunt", p 437. ISBN 0-394-73467-X</ref> It is often a way to explain thunderstorms.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
The '''Wild Hunt''' was a legend prevalent in former times across Northern, Western and Central Europe.<ref name="Shön1">Schön, Ebbe. (2004). ''Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition''. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 91-89660-41-2 pp. 201-205.</ref> The fundamental premise in all instances is the same: a phantasmal group of huntsmen with the [[accoutrement]]s of [[hunting]], horses, hounds, etc., in mad pursuit across the skies or along the ground, or just above it.<ref>Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Wild Hunt", p 437. ISBN 0-394-73467-X</ref> It is often a way to explain thunderstorms.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}


The hunters may be the dead, or the fairies (often in folklore connected with the dead).<ref>K. M. Briggs, ''The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature'', p 49-50 University of Chicago Press, London, 1967</ref> The hunter may be an unidentified lost soul, a deity or spirit of either gender, or may be a historical or legendary figure like [[Dietrich of Berne]], the Danish king [[Valdemar Atterdag]], [[Woden]]<ref name="Shön1"/> (or other reflexes of the same god, such as [[Alemannic]] ''Wuodan'' in ''Wuotis Heer'' of [[Central Switzerland]], [[Swabia]] etc.), or [[Arawn]].
The hunters may be the dead, or the fairies (often in folklore connected with the dead).<ref>K. M. Briggs, ''The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature'', p 49-50 University of Chicago Press, London, 1967</ref> The hunter may be an unidentified lost soul, a deity or spirit of either gender, or may be a historical or legendary figure like [[Dietrich of Berne]], the Danish king [[Valdemar Atterdag]], [[Woden]]<ref name="Shön1"/> (or other reflexes of the same god, such as [[Alemannic]] ''Wuodan'' in ''Wuotis Heer'' of [[Central Switzerland]], [[Swabia]] etc.), or [[Arawn]].
Line 25: Line 25:
One of the origins postulated for the modern [[Harlequin]] is [[Hellequin]], a stock character in French passion plays. Hellequin, a black-faced emissary of the devil, is said to have roamed the countryside with a group of demons chasing the damned souls of evil people to Hell. The physical appearance of Hellequin offers an explanation for the traditional colours of Harlequin's mask (red and black).<ref name=Grantham>Grantham, B., Playing Commedia, A Training Guide to Commedia Techniques, Nick Hern Books, London, 2000</ref>
One of the origins postulated for the modern [[Harlequin]] is [[Hellequin]], a stock character in French passion plays. Hellequin, a black-faced emissary of the devil, is said to have roamed the countryside with a group of demons chasing the damned souls of evil people to Hell. The physical appearance of Hellequin offers an explanation for the traditional colours of Harlequin's mask (red and black).<ref name=Grantham>Grantham, B., Playing Commedia, A Training Guide to Commedia Techniques, Nick Hern Books, London, 2000</ref>


The myth of the Wild Hunt has through the ages been modified to accommodate other gods and folk heroes, among them [[King Arthur]] and, more recently, in a [[Dartmoor]] [[folk legend]], [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]].
The legend of the Wild Hunt has through the ages been modified to accommodate other gods and folk heroes, among them [[King Arthur]] and, more recently, in a [[Dartmoor]] [[folk legend]], [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]].


In certain parts of Britain, the hunt is said to be that of hell-hounds chasing sinners or the unbaptised. In [[Devon]] these are known as Yeth Hounds, and in Somerset as Gabriel Ratchets.
In certain parts of Britain, the hunt is said to be that of hell-hounds chasing sinners or the unbaptised. In [[Devon]] these are known as Yeth Hounds, and in Somerset as Gabriel Ratchets.
Line 108: Line 108:
The Wild Hunt also appears in the classic computer game ''Darklands'' as a recurring event.
The Wild Hunt also appears in the classic computer game ''Darklands'' as a recurring event.


The Wild Hunt also appears in the RPG ''Morrowind'' in an in-game history book about elf mythology.
The Wild Hunt also appears in the RPG ''Morrowind'' in an in-game history book about elf lore.


In [[Mercedes Lackey]]'s [[urban fantasy]] novel ''[[The Chrome Circle]]'', protagonist and human mage Tannim and his companion in the book, the half-[[kitsune]], half-[[dragon]] Shar encounter the Wild Hunt in their attempts to escape the darker, more evil-controlled pockets of [[Underhill]].
In [[Mercedes Lackey]]'s [[urban fantasy]] novel ''[[The Chrome Circle]]'', protagonist and human mage Tannim and his companion in the book, the half-[[kitsune]], half-[[dragon]] Shar encounter the Wild Hunt in their attempts to escape the darker, more evil-controlled pockets of [[Underhill]].
Line 122: Line 122:
In [[Guy Gavriel Kay]]'s trilogy ''[[The Fionavar Tapestry]]'' the Wild Hunt appear as eight lawless kings traveling the universe. While their leader is Owein, they all follow a child rider. They bring randomness to the world, making freedom possible despite the Weaver's chosen patterns.
In [[Guy Gavriel Kay]]'s trilogy ''[[The Fionavar Tapestry]]'' the Wild Hunt appear as eight lawless kings traveling the universe. While their leader is Owein, they all follow a child rider. They bring randomness to the world, making freedom possible despite the Weaver's chosen patterns.


The book ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]'' contains a chapter which attempts to make parallels between the myth of the wild hunt and the phenomenon of Scandinavian [[black metal]].
The book ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]'' contains a chapter which attempts to make parallels between the legend of the Wild Hunt and the phenomenon of Scandinavian [[black metal]].


In [[Arnold Schönberg]]'s oratorium [[Gurrelieder]] the Wild Hunt appears in a third part. Danish king Waldemar was in love with Tove, who was murdered at jealous queen's bidding. Waldemar damned God and then Waldemar himself was laid under a curse to ride with his dead company until the day of judgement.
In [[Arnold Schönberg]]'s oratorium [[Gurrelieder]] the Wild Hunt appears in a third part. Danish king Waldemar was in love with Tove, who was murdered at jealous queen's bidding. Waldemar damned God and then Waldemar himself was laid under a curse to ride with his dead company until the day of judgement.

Revision as of 13:57, 24 June 2008

The wild hunt: Åsgårdsreien (1872) by Peter Nicolai Arbo

The Wild Hunt was a legend prevalent in former times across Northern, Western and Central Europe.[1] The fundamental premise in all instances is the same: a phantasmal group of huntsmen with the accoutrements of hunting, horses, hounds, etc., in mad pursuit across the skies or along the ground, or just above it.[2] It is often a way to explain thunderstorms.[citation needed]

The hunters may be the dead, or the fairies (often in folklore connected with the dead).[3] The hunter may be an unidentified lost soul, a deity or spirit of either gender, or may be a historical or legendary figure like Dietrich of Berne, the Danish king Valdemar Atterdag, Woden[1] (or other reflexes of the same god, such as Alemannic Wuodan in Wuotis Heer of Central Switzerland, Swabia etc.), or Arawn.

It has been variously referred to as the Wild Hunt, Woden's Hunt, the Raging Host (Germany), Herlathing (England), Mesnee d'Hellequin (Northern France), Cŵn Annwn (Wales) Cain's Hunt, Ghost Riders (North America), Herod's Hunt, Gabriel's Hounds, Asgardreia ("Asgard ride"), and in Cornwall "the devil's dandy dogs."[4]

Seeing the Wild Hunt was thought to presage some catastrophe such as war or plague, or at best the death of the one who witnessed it.[citation needed] Mortals getting in the path of or following the Hunt could be kidnapped and brought to the land of the dead. A girl who saw Wild Edric's Ride was warned by her father to put her apron over her head to avoid the sight.[5] Others believed that people's spirits could be pulled away during their sleep to join the cavalcade.[6]

Middle Ages

A mask representing a Perchten - a follower of Perchta, sometimes leader of the Wild Hunt.

Medieval legends are mostly from Germany. Historical figures reported to have participated in the Wild Hunt were St. Guthlac (683–714), and Hereward the Wake (died ca. 1070). In Orderic Vitalis's history, he reports such a cavalcade seen in January 1091, which he asserts were "Herlechin's troop" (familia Herlechini; cf. Harlequin).[7] From the 12th century, there are testimonies from England: In the Peterborough Chronicle, the chronicler attests the Wild Hunt's appearance at the appointment of a disastrous abbot for the monastery. Around the year 1132 , the anonymous monk wrote:

Þa huntes waeron swarte and micele and lardlice, and here hondes ealle swarte and bradegede and lardlice, and hi ridone on swarte hors and on swarte bucces....
("Then the hunters were black and large and terrifying, and their hounds were all black and broad-eyed and terrifying, and they rode on black horses and black goats....").

This particular Wild Hunt was banished by the intervention of the monks of the monastery and the local nobility.

The leaders were known by many names, including Wodan (or Woden), Knecht Ruprecht (or Krampus), Berchtold (or Berchta), Holle (or Hulda), and Selga. Another look the leader of the wild hunt would have is that of a blue skeleton or a skeleton radiating an eerie blue light.

While these Wild Hunts are recorded by clergymen, and portrayed as diabolic, late medieval English romance like Sir Orfeo, the hunters are rather from a fairy otherworld, where the Wild Hunt was the hosting of the fairies; its leaders also varied, but they included Gwydion, Gwynn ap Nudd, King Arthur, Nuada, King Herla, Woden, the Devil and Herne the Hunter. Many legends are told of their origins, as in that of "Dando and his dogs" or "the dandy dogs": Dando, wanting a drink but having exhausted what his huntsmen carried, declared he would go to hell for it. A stranger came and offered a drink, only to steal Dando's game and then Dando himself, with his dogs giving chase. The sight was long claimed to have been seen in the area.[8] Another legend recounted how King Herla, having visited the Fairy King, was warned not to step down from his horse until the greyhound he carried jumped down; he found that three centuries had passed during his visit, and those of his men who dismounted crumbled to dust, and he and his men are still riding, because the greyhound has yet to jump down.[9]

Post-medieval legend

The Wild Hunt is known from the post-medieval folklore of Germany, Ireland, Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, and to a lesser extent Norway. One of the origins postulated for the modern Harlequin is Hellequin, a stock character in French passion plays. Hellequin, a black-faced emissary of the devil, is said to have roamed the countryside with a group of demons chasing the damned souls of evil people to Hell. The physical appearance of Hellequin offers an explanation for the traditional colours of Harlequin's mask (red and black).[10]

The legend of the Wild Hunt has through the ages been modified to accommodate other gods and folk heroes, among them King Arthur and, more recently, in a Dartmoor folk legend, Sir Francis Drake.

In certain parts of Britain, the hunt is said to be that of hell-hounds chasing sinners or the unbaptised. In Devon these are known as Yeth Hounds, and in Somerset as Gabriel Ratchets.

It can be compared to other ghostly troops, such as the Santa Compaña in Galicia, a procession of the dead that recruits those who meet it; and the chasse-galerie, or bewitched canoe, of Québec.

Origins

As Kris Kershaw has exhaustively documented (Kershaw 2001), the ritual re-enactment of the Wild Hunt was a cultural phenomenon documented among many Gaulish and Germanic peoples. In its Germanic manifestations the Harii painted themselves black to attack their enemies in the darkness. The Heruli, nomadic, ecstatic wolf-warriors, dedicated themselves to Wodan.

The Norse god Odin in his many forms, astride his eight-legged steed Sleipnir, came to be deeply associated with the Wild Hunt in Scandinavia because of his aspect of berserking. Odin acquired another aspect (to add to his many other names and attributes) in this context, that of the Wild Huntsman, along with Frigg. The passage of this hunt was also referred to as Odin's Hunt. People who saw the passing hunt and mocked it were cursed and would mysteriously vanish along with the host; those that joined in sincerity were rewarded with gold (H. A. Guerber, 1922). In the wake of the passing storm (which the Hunt was often identified with), a black dog would be found upon a neighboring hearth. To remove it, it would need to be exorcised similar to the custom for removing changelings. However, if it could not be removed by trickery, it must be kept for a whole year and carefully tended.

According to H. A. Guerber: "The object of this phantom hunt varied greatly, and was either [that of] a visionary boar or wild horse, white-breasted maidens who were caught and borne away bound only once in seven years, or the wood nymphs, called Moss Maidens, who were thought to represent the autumn leaves torn from the trees and whirled away by the wintry gale." Whatever the case, the Hunt was most often seen in the autumn and winter, when the winds blew the fiercest.

Otto Höfler (1934) and other authors of his generation emphasized the identification of the hunter with Odin, looking for the traces of an ecstatic Odin cult in more recent customs from German-speaking areas.

In view of this, John Lindow of the University of California, Berkeley (Lindahl et al. 2002:433) notes that more recent scholarship "would argue a basis in an Indo-European warrior cult in which young warriors imbued with the life force fight with the characteristics of animals, especially, those of wolves, and are initiated into a warrior band [...]."

Odin's Hunt in Sweden

In Sweden, Odin's hunt was heard but rarely seen, and a typical trait is that one of Odin's dogs was barking louder and a second one fainter. Beside one or two shots, these barks were the only sounds that were clearly identified. When Odin's hunt was heard, it meant changing weather in many regions, but it could also mean war and unrest. According to some reports, the forest turned silent and only a whining sound and dog barks could be heard.

It is clear that the belief in Odin's hunt remained most widespread in the Swedish region of Götaland, where numerous toponyms testify to very early worship of Odin. It is also notable that the Odin of folklore retains a considerable number of external traits from his origins in Norse mythology. Moreoever, it appears that the beliefs in Odin maintained a strong position in the region from pagan times until modern times.

File:Odin's hunt.jpg
Odin continued to hunt in Swedish folklore. Illustration by August Malmström.

It should, however, be noted that the recent legends do not spontaneously connect the name Odin with a divinity. During the centuries, Odin turned into a legendary character, who is often demon like and dangerous, without any clear connection with the Odin of Norse mythology. In western Sweden and sometimes in the east as well, it has been said that Odin was a nobleman or even a king who had hunted during the Sundays and therefore was doomed to hunt down and kill supernatural beings until the end of time.

According to certain accounts, Odin does not ride, but travels in a wheeled vehicle, something that Thor of Norse mythology was wont to do.

There are several examples of origin legends where Odin appears. In Gärdlösa on Öland, there is a story that Odin once went across the Alvar of Högrum and tied his horse to a crag of rock. The crag was splintered when the strong horse pulled in the cord, and then the horse threw himself on the ground, and so the bottomless swamp of Gladvattnet was created.

In parts of Småland, it appears that people believed that Odin hunted with large birds when the dogs got tired. When it was needed, he could transform a bevy of sparrows into an armed host.

If houses were built on former roads, they could be burnt down, because Odin did not change his plans if he had formerly travelled on a road there. Not even charcoal kilns could be built on disused roads, because if Odin was hunting the kiln would be ablaze.

One tradition maintains that Odin did not travel further up than an ox wears his yoke, so if Odin was hunting, it was safest to throw oneself onto the ground in order to avoid being hit. In Älghult in Småland, it was safest to carry a piece of bread and a piece of steel when going to church and back during Christmas. The reason was that if one met the rider with the broad-rimmed hat, one should throw the piece of steel in front of oneself, but if one met his dogs first, one should throw the pieces of bread instead.

[11]

Leader of the Wild Hunt

Others: In Germany: the Squire of Rodenstein and Hans von Hackelberg (both Sabbath-breakers).

[21]

Adaptations

William Butler Yeats evoked the Wild Hunt in "The Hosting of the Sidhe", the opening poem in his collection inspired by Gaelic faery lore, The Celtic Twilight (1893, 1903) [2]

The Wild Hunt, led by Garanhir, is the central motif in Alan Garner's The Moon of Gomrath.

The Wild Hunt, presided by Arawn and run by the Cwn Annwn, are a key plot point in Diana Wynne Jones's 1975 fantasy novel Dogsbody.

The Wild Hunt is also a central plot component in Raymond E. Feist's popular 1988 fantasy novel, Faerie Tale.

The Riders by Tim Winton, essentially tells the tale a one man's particular wild hunt, and men on horses pre-sage the beginnings and ends of the hunt.

Legends of the Wild Hunt have been used by science fiction author Julian May in her series Saga of Pliocene Exile (British series title, Saga of the Exiles)."

Black metal band Bathory used Peter Nicolai Arbo's painting Åsgårdsreien as the cover for their 1988 album Blood Fire Death. The instrumental intro track Oden's Ride Over Nordland, and portions of A Fine Day To Die include thunderous noise and wild horse cries to paint an aural picture of the Hunt.

Peter Beagle's novel Tamsin has the Wild Hunt as one of the main themes, along with some other Celtic beliefs.

Similarly, Nigel Kneale tied the legend to a racial memory introduced by prehistoric Martian attempts at colonizing Earth in the famous television serial Quatermass and the Pit.

In the 1940s, Stan Jones encoded the story of the Wild Hunt in his country song "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky" (song written some time around 1948), which transposes the story to a group of cowboys who chase the devil's herd of cattle through the night skies, tormented by madness and thirst.

In Susan Cooper's series The Dark Is Rising, the Hunt is led by Herne the Hunter and is responsible for driving back the Dark (the enemy in the series), after seeing the six signs collected by Will Stanton, one of the main characters.

In The Bitterbynde Trillogy by Cecilia Dart-Thornton the Wild Hunt is led by Huon, a powerful "unseelie wight" who chases with his hell-hounds through the skies of Erith in search of the main protagonist.

The Wild Hunt also appears in the classic computer game Darklands as a recurring event.

The Wild Hunt also appears in the RPG Morrowind in an in-game history book about elf lore.

In Mercedes Lackey's urban fantasy novel The Chrome Circle, protagonist and human mage Tannim and his companion in the book, the half-kitsune, half-dragon Shar encounter the Wild Hunt in their attempts to escape the darker, more evil-controlled pockets of Underhill.

One of Franz Liszt's twelve piano studies, the Études Transcendantales (1838/51), is based on the Wild Hunt, and entitled Wilde Jagd.

The Wild Hunt is also the focus of a "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" novel, "Child of the Hunt"

In Dead Beat, Jim Butcher's seventh novel of The Dresden Files, the Hunt is lead by a malevolent wyldfae called the Erlking.

In the Warhammer Fantasy milieu, the Wild Hunt is an aspect of the Wood Elves and their mystical king-in-the-woods, Orion (cognate with Arawn?).

In Guy Gavriel Kay's trilogy The Fionavar Tapestry the Wild Hunt appear as eight lawless kings traveling the universe. While their leader is Owein, they all follow a child rider. They bring randomness to the world, making freedom possible despite the Weaver's chosen patterns.

The book Lords of Chaos contains a chapter which attempts to make parallels between the legend of the Wild Hunt and the phenomenon of Scandinavian black metal.

In Arnold Schönberg's oratorium Gurrelieder the Wild Hunt appears in a third part. Danish king Waldemar was in love with Tove, who was murdered at jealous queen's bidding. Waldemar damned God and then Waldemar himself was laid under a curse to ride with his dead company until the day of judgement.

In the Meredith Gentry books by Laurell K. Hamilton, the Hunt appear as the Sluagh, led by a mixed-race Sidhe named Sholto. In the Meredith books, the Hunt are the legion of Fey too twisted and strange even for the Unseelie Court. They are Queen Andais' secret weapon, to be unleashed upon those Fey of her court who go into hiding to escape her wrath.

In Mistral's Kiss by Laurell K. Hamilton, the Wild Hunt is part of the Sluagh and is awakened as magic beings to return to the Unseelie Court.

In The Harlequin by Laurell K. Hamilton, the Wild Hunt is mentioned in relation to the vampire council and the only vampire policing group, the Harlequin.

In A Wizard Abroad by Diane Duane, Nita invokes the Wild Hunt as part of a plan to destroy the Fomori (also called Drow) in order to weaken the Lone Powery in the guise of Balor of the Evil Eye

In Urban Shaman by C. E. Murphy, The Wild Hunt pursues the protagonist Siobhan Walkingstick (anglicized to Joanna Walker).

In The Tir Alainn Trilogy by Anne Bishop, the wild hunt is led by Diana, the lady of the Moon- female leader of the Fea, and consists of Shadow Hounds, which go to the Human Realm to hunt prey, being non-human and human.

In The Books of Magic run by Peter Gross the wild hunt is a group of hunters whose purpose is to slay weaker gods so new ones can take their place in the cosmic order of things.

In World's End, the first book of the Age of Misrule (series) by Mark Chadbourn, the characters are chased by the Wild Hunt, led by the Erl King.

In Joan Vinge's Hugo award winning novel, The Snow Queen, a secondary character, in charge of the hunting of the exotic, valuable creatures called mers, is named Herne.

In the role-playing game Exalted, "Wyld Hunt" is the term for the Realm's expeditions to destroy Celestial Exalts.

In Mike Mignola's Hellboy, Hellboy is asked to tend to a lame a hunting dog of the beheaded ghost of King Vold as he hunts for a mermaid. An upcoming Hellboy miniseries is titled The Wild Hunt.

In Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time series, the Great Hunt has similarities, although it comprises great heroes of the past called upon by the magical Horn of Valere to aid the user of the Horn.

In the computer RPG series The Witcher, The King of the Wild Hunt appears around Geralt to remind him of his mortality, and that his death is inevitable. The Wild Hunt appears to be a Grim Reaper figure in the computer game.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Schön, Ebbe. (2004). Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 91-89660-41-2 pp. 201-205.
  2. ^ Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Wild Hunt", p 437. ISBN 0-394-73467-X
  3. ^ K. M. Briggs, The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature, p 49-50 University of Chicago Press, London, 1967
  4. ^ Encyclopaedia of the Celts: Devil's Dandy Dogs - Diuran the Rhymer
  5. ^ Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Infringement of fairy privacy", p 233. ISBN 0-394-73467-X
  6. ^ Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy, p 307, ISBN 0-631-18946-7
  7. ^ Noted by Harold Peake, "17. Horned Deities", Man 22 (February 1922, pp. 27-29) p. 28..
  8. ^ K. M. Briggs, The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature, p 49. University of Chicago Press, London, 1967.
  9. ^ K. M. Briggs, The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature, p 50–1. University of Chicago Press, London, 1967.
  10. ^ Grantham, B., Playing Commedia, A Training Guide to Commedia Techniques, Nick Hern Books, London, 2000
  11. ^ Schön, Ebbe. (2004). Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 91-89660-41-2 pp. 201-205.
  12. ^ K. M. Briggs, The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature, p 51. University of Chicago Press, London, 1967.
  13. ^ Joaquim Maideu, "Llibre de cançons: crestomatia de cançons tradicionals catalanes", p. 50. ISBN 8-476-02319-7.
  14. ^ Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Wild Hunt", p 436. ISBN 0-394-73467-X.
  15. ^ De Nugis Curialium by Walter Map.
  16. ^ Hole, Christina. Haunted England: A Survey of English Ghost Lore. p.5. Kessinger Publishing, 1941.
  17. ^ English Folklore
  18. ^ Woden, Odin and the Runes
  19. ^ Looking for the Lost Gods of England
  20. ^ Ronald Hutton, "Paganism in the Lost Centuries", p 169, Witches, Druids, and King Arthur, ISBN 1-85285-397-2.
  21. ^ Ruben A. Koman, Dalfser Muggen Profiel, Bedum 2006. [1]

20. Margherita Lecco, Il Motivo della Mesnie Hellequin nella Letteratura Medievale, Alessandria (Italy), Edizioni dell'Orso, 2001

Bibliography

  • Jean-Claude Schmitt, Ghosts in the Middle Ages: The Living and the Dead in Medieval Society (1998), ISBN 0-226-73887-6 and ISBN 0-226-73888-4
  • Kris Kershaw, The One-Eyed God: Odin and the Indo-Germanic Mannerbunde, Journal of Indo-European Studies, (2001).
  • Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, John Lindow (eds.) Medieval Folklore: A Guide to Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs, Oxford University Press (2002), p. 432f. ISBN 0-19-514772-3
  • Otto Höfler, Kultische Geheimbünde der Germanen, Frankfurt (1934).
  • Ruben A. Koman, 'Dalfser Muggen'. - Bedum : Profiel. - With a summary in English, (2006).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Hunt&oldid=221433618"